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Activity 4: Review of Related Literature

(Individual Requirement)

Name of Student: ROTONI, YANNAH LEI A.

Part I:
Instructions: Find two (2) relevant full text scholarly literature related to your approved group research problem. Accomplish a synthesis table using the
given format below. Be mindful of the expected format: Century Gothic font 11, single spaced, landscape.

Synthesis Table
Design
Participants (who, how many):
Author, Title & Year of Research Objectives Findings Conclusions and Recommendations
Data Gathering Tools and
Publication, DOI (1 point each) (1 point each) (1 point each)
treatment
(2 points each)

Author/s: a. Examine the effects of Design: The study found that Conclusions:
COVID-19 on university university students
Ángela Serrano students: The research aims This is a cross-sectional study. demonstrated generally high The study found that university
Sarmiento, Roberto to investigate the impact of The document mentions that the levels of resilience during the students in a situation of
Sanz Ponce, and Aurelio the COVID-19 crisis on university students were analyzed COVID-19 confinement, confinement demonstrated a
González Bertolín university students, during the COVID-19 regardless of their sex, age, generally high level of resilience,
including the consequences confinement, indicating that the living arrangements, academic independent of sex, age, living
for education systems in study was conducted at a specific year, or degree. The factors arrangements, academic year, and
terms of access, quality, point in time. The data collected analyzed, including degree. Students over 25 years and
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Title: equity, and management. from the students' self-report scale

persistence/tenacity/self- males had slightly higher scores on
provided insights into their efficacy, control under resilience. Students from the health
Resilience and COVID- b. Identify strengths resilience levels during the pressure, adaptability and sciences showed a higher ability to
19. An Analysis in highlighted by university confinement period. However, it's support networks, and control adapt to change and deal with
University Students students: The study seeks to important to note that the and purpose, were challenges. However, caution
during Confinement identify the strengths that document does not provide significantly related to the should be exercised in interpreting
university students information on the duration of the construct of resilience. the results due to the heterogeneous
highlight in themselves study or whether data was Students over 25 years old and sample size.
during the challenging collected from the samemale students had higher
Year of Publication:
circumstances caused by participants over time. scores on resilience, while Recommendations:
2021 the COVID-19 pandemic. students living alone or with The study suggests that educational
people other than their parents
c. Determine the level of policies and restrictive measures
also perceived themselves as
resilience among university Participants: pertaining to school and university
DOI: more resilient. Additionally,
students:The research aims closures should be re-examined.
to measure the level of The study included a total of 253 students from the health Policies should be put in place to
https://doi.org/10.3390/ university students from different sciences showed a higher
resilience that university meet the needs identified, such as
educsci11090533 universities in the city of ability to adapt to change and
students possess and their addressing the learning gap, lack of
ability to cope with the Valencia, Spain. The participants deal with the challenges of resources, and absence of emotional
challenges posed by the were both graduate and confinement. However, support. Future research should
COVID-19 crisis. postgraduate students studying for caution should be exercised in include larger sample sizes,
various degrees. The majority of interpreting the results due to compare students in confinement
d. Explore the relationship the participants were female the heterogeneous sample size with those not in confinement, and
between resilience and students, making up 88.1% of the and the need for further studies test for certain psychological and
various factors: The study sample, while male students with larger sample sizes to psychiatric criteria. Additionally,
aims to examine the accounted for the remaining confirm certain conclusions. future research should examine the
relationship between 11.9%. The age range of the role of certain criteria, the impact of
resilience and factors such participants varied, with 39.9% in isolation duration on self-perceived
as age, type of degree the 17-20 age group, 45.1% in the resilience, and include other
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pursued, sex, academic 21-24 age group, and 15% over stakeholders such as basic
year, and living the age of 25. The breakdown by education students.
arrangements. field of knowledge showed that
10.3% were students in the social
sciences, 5.6% in the health
sciences, 63.9% in the learning
sciences, 11.5% in engineering or
the exact sciences, and 8.7% were
pursuing postgraduate studies.

Data gathering tools and

treatment:

The data for this study was

gathered from 253 university
students in Valencia, Spain. The
participants were selected using
intentional non-probabilistic
sampling. They were asked to
complete the Connor-Davidson
Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 23), a
23-item questionnaire measuring
resilience. The scale's reliability
was assessed using Cronbach's
alpha, and the factors of the scale
were analyzed using principal
component factor analysis. The
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participants also provided

information on their socio-
demographic variables, such as
age, sex, level of study, field of
knowledge, and living
arrangements. The data collection
process ensured that participants
were aware of the voluntary and
anonymous nature of their
participation.

Author/s: The research objective of Design: The study examined the Conclusions:
the study is to explore the relationship between
Melissa Versteeg, presence of indirect This is a cross-sectional study. resilience, academic The study found that students with
Rutger F. Kappe, and predictive effects from The document mentions that a belonging, social integration, high resilience reported the highest
Carlijn Knuiman academic belonging, social final sample of 1,332 students was and engagement in higher levels of academic belonging,
integration, and a serial included in the study, indicating education students during the social integration, and engagement
mediating effect between that data was collected at a single COVID-19 pandemic. The compared to other student groups.
the two. The study aims to point in time. The study aimed to findings revealed that students The model explained 26% of the
Title:
assess the predictive model explore the presence of indirect with high resilience reported variance, indicating adequate fit.
Predicting Student fit between student groups predictive effects and assess the highest levels of academic However, the total effects of the
Engagement: The Role based on resilience levels. predictive model fit between belonging, social integration, model were marginally
of Academic Belonging, The research also highlights different student groups, and engagement compared to insignificant.
Social Integration, and the need for interventions suggesting a cross-sectional other student groups. The
design. Recommendations:
Resilience During that stimulate resilience, model explained 26% of the
COVID-19 Emergency academic belonging, and variance in engagement, Interventions geared toward
Remote Teaching social integration to indicating adequate fit. stimulation of resilience, academic
enhance student Participants: belonging, and social integration
engagement in higher The study also found that the
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education. Future research The participants in the study were total predictive effect of the can provide significant engagement
directions include higher education (HE) students. hypothesized model for all benefits for all higher education
Year of Publication: examining different The document does not provide higher education students was students studying via Emergency
resilience profiles, specific details about the 0.137, with indirect effects Remote Teaching (ERT) in the
2022
analyzing predictive characteristics of the participants accounting for 67.79% of the Netherlands. It is important for
stability among different such as their age, gender, or total effects. Higher levels of higher education institutions (HEIs)
resilience groups, and academic program. However, it resilience predicted higher to consider student resilience
DOI: assessing adaptability to mentions that all full-time HE levels of academic belonging characteristics when designing
shifts between online and enrollers, studying for no more and social integration, which interventions, as different resilience
https://doi.org/10.3389/
face-to-face teaching. than 4 years, who identified as in turn predicted higher profiles may require different
fpubh.2022.849594
male or female were included in engagement. The strongest approaches. Future research should
the final sample. The final sample predictive effect involved the continue examining predictive
consisted of 1,332 students with a pathway via academic models during ERT and face-to-
mean age of 21.62 years (SD = belonging, accounting for face teaching, analyze predictive
3.162). 78.73% of the total indirect stability among different resilience
effect. groups, and incorporate other
relevant aspects of engagement.
For students with low
Data gathering tools and resilience, the total predictive
treatment: effects of the model did not
The data for this study was reach significance. However, a
gathered through an online survey full serial mediation model
administered to students at a was present, with the largest
University of Applied Sciences. partial predictive effect from
Prior to participating in the study, social integration compared to
students were required to provide other groups.
online consent. The survey Overall, the findings suggest
collected information on various that academic belonging and
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variables, including resilience, social integration play

academic belonging, social important roles in mediating
integration, and engagement. The the effect of resilience on
data was then analyzed using engagement in higher
statistical software, specifically education students during the
IBM SPSS Statistics for COVID-19 pandemic. The
Windows, Version 27.0, and the study provides valuable
extension Macro PROCESS insights into the mechanisms
(version 3.5). between resilience and
engagement and highlights the
need for tailored engagement
strategies for different student
groups.

Author/s: The research objectives of Design: The study included 314 Conclusions:
the study were to assess undergraduate nursing
Aidah Alkaissi, Nizar B. resilience among This cross-sectional study adhered students, with a response rate The study found that undergraduate
Said, Shorooq Qadous, undergraduate nursing to the Strengthening the Reporting of 92.4%. The majority of nursing students in Palestine
Mahdia Alkony, and students in Palestine and to of Observational Studies in students were non-smokers, reported relatively high levels of
Omar Almahmoud identify predictors of high Epidemiology statement. born and raised in the occupied trait, state, and combined resilience.
or low resilience among Undergraduate nursing students in Palestinian territories, and There was a positive correlation
future nurses. The study all academic years were recruited lived in rural areas. The study between state and trait resilience
aimed to gather data on the and asked to complete a found that having a study scores. Having a daily study routine
Title:
level of resilience among questionnaire that contained the routine on a daily basis was was associated with higher
Factors associated with nursing students and to Trait Resilience Scale and the associated with higher trait, resilience scores. The absence of
perceived resilience determine factors that may State-Resilience Scale. Multiple state, and combined resilience chronic diseases, not experiencing
among undergraduate influence their resilience linear regression models were scores. Other factors that addiction issues, living in Israeli
nursing students: levels. The researchers used to identify predictors of predicted higher resilience seized areas, and living in a house
findings of the first sought to contribute to the higher resilience scores and to scores included not having with enough rooms per sibling were
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cross-sectional study in understanding of resilience control for potentially chronic diseases, not also predictors of higher resilience
Palestine in the context of nursing confounding factors. experiencing addiction issues, scores. Being in the first academic
education and to inform living in Israeli-seized areas, year and living in urban areas were
decision-making and policy and living in a house with predictors of state resilience scores.
development in academia to enough rooms per sibling.
Year of Publication: Participants:
support the well-being and These findings were consistent
2023 academic success of In this study, a total of 290 with previous studies that Recommendations:
nursing students. undergraduate nursing students showed the influence of family
completed the questionnaire, routines and support on Based on the findings, it is
resulting in a response rate of resilience. recommended that nursing
DOI:
92.4%. The students were invited educators and stakeholders in
https://doi.org/10.1186/ from the first, second, third, and academia focus on supporting
s12912-023-01325-6 fourth academic years, with nursing students in developing
response rates ranging from resilience and transitioning into
85.7% to 96.1%. About half of the their future nursing practice.
nursing students were male, and Creating a learning culture
the majority were 20 years and characterized by trustworthiness
older. Most of the students were may promote resilience among
non-smokers, born and raised in nursing students. Further studies are
the occupied Palestinian needed to explore the relationship
territories, and lived in rural areas. between resilience scores,
Additionally, more than half of perceived well-being, willingness
the students lived with their to care, and the future success of
parents and needed to commute to nursing students in Palestine.
the university.

Data gathering tools and

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treatment:

The study utilized a questionnaire

as the primary data gathering tool.
The questionnaire consisted of
three sections, collecting
sociodemographic, economic, and
academic variables of the nursing
students. The questionnaire was
originally developed in English,
as English is the language of
instruction in the nursing
programs taught in Palestine. To
avoid confusion, each item was
translated into Arabic by the
researchers who were fluent in
both Arabic and English. The
accuracy of the translation was
ensured through forward- and
back-translations.

The questionnaire included items

related to gender, age, smoking
status, place of birth and
residence, living arrangements,
parents' education level, housing
situation, household income, part-
time employment, chronic
diseases, addiction issues,
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academic year, grade point

average (GPA), study routine, and
daily hours of social media
connection.

The data collected through the

questionnaire were entered into
the Statistical Package for the
Social Sciences (SPSS) for
analysis. The normality of
distribution was assessed using
absolute skewness and kurtosis
values. Differences in resilience
scores among the nursing students
were compared using Student's t-
test, and correlations between
scores were examined using
Pearson's correlations. Multiple
linear regression models were
used to identify predictors of
higher resilience scores and
control for potential confounding
factors.

Author/s: 1. Hypothesis 1: To Design: a. Academic burnout remained Conclusion:

determine whether the stable over time, while
Maria Isabel Ríos- dimensions of academic A longitudinal design with two resilience and psychological The study found that academic
Risquez, Mariano burnout, resilience, and points of data collection in the well-being increased. burnout remained stable over time,
García-Izquierdo, psychological well-being second and fourth academic years, while resilience and psychological
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Emiliana de los Ángeles remain stable over time, separated by an 18-month b. Emotional exhaustion was well-being increased in nursing
Sabuco-Tebar, César with no significant interval, was used over the period found to be the most relevant students. Emotional exhaustion was
Carrillo-Garcia, and differences between 2014–16. The reason for selecting dimension of academic identified as the most relevant
Carmen Solano-Ruiz measurements at T1 and the second and fourth academic burnout when predicting dimension of academic burnout in
T2. years as measurement points was psychological well-being in predicting psychological well-
due to the duration of the degree nursing students. being. The findings highlight the
2. Hypothesis 2: To itself (four years) and to the fact importance of promoting and
Title: examine the relationship c. Resilience at the beginning developing resilience in nursing
that students start their clinical
between emotional practices in the second year. This of the study did not predict students to prevent burnout and
Connections between
exhaustion and cynicism gap enabled the assessment of psychological well-being at the improve well-being.
academic burnout,
(dimensions of academic possible changes in the variables end of the study.
resilience, and
burnout measured at T1) under study (Boersma & Recommendation:
psychological well- d. Higher levels of resilience
and psychological well- Lindblom, 2009).
being in nursing were associated with greater Based on the results, it is
being at T2, with the
students: a longitudinal psychological well-being, recommended to include the
prediction that higher levels
study while higher levels of learning of useful strategies for
of emotional exhaustion
and cynicism will lead to Participants: emotional exhaustion and emotional control and management
worse psychological well- cynicism were associated with in the training curriculum for
A class of nursing students at the worse psychological well- nursing students. Resilience
Year of Publication: being at T2. Additionally, University of Murcia, Spain, being. promotion and development should
to investigate the
2018 participated in the study. There be initiated during the educational
association between were no exclusion criteria. A total e. There was no bidirectional process to improve the well-being
academic efficacy of 218 valid questionnaires were longitudinal connection of nursing students and enhance the
(measured at T1) and collected at T1 and a total of 113 between the variables quality of health care they provide.
DOI: psychological well-being at at T2. The final participation rate analyzed. Future research should focus on
T2, with the prediction that
https://doi.org/10.1111/ was 51.8 % (at T2 versus T1). analyzing the effect of resilience
higher academic efficacy
jan.13794 The sample (at T2) had a mean f. Resilience at the beginning training programs on preventing
will lead to greater age of 24.42 years old (SD 5.27; of the study influenced academic burnout in nursing
psychological well-being at range = 21–46 years old) and a resilience at the end of the
T2. study, while emotional
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3. Hypothesis 3: To explore minority represented by men exhaustion, cynicism, and students.

the relationship between (24.8 %). Regarding marital academic efficacy at the
resilience (measured at T1) status, 56.6 % were unmarried, beginning of the study
and psychological well- 34.5 % had a partner and 8 % influenced their respective
being at T2, with the were married; 73.5 % of variables at the end of the
prediction that higher participants indicated that they study.
resilience at T1 will lead to were studying nursing full time
greater psychological well- and 23.9 % indicated that they g. The variables of sex,
being at T2. also worked. emotional exhaustion at the
beginning of the study, and
resilience at the end of the
study explained 32% of the
Data gathering tools and variance in psychological well-
treatment: being at the end of the study.
The questionnaires were
distributed in person by members
of the research team. All students
participated voluntarily and under
informed verbal consent;
confidentiality and anonymity of
the data were ensured. The data
gathering tools used in this study
were the Connor-Davidson
Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), the
General Health Questionnaire
(GHQ-12), and the Maslach
Burnout Inventory Student Survey
(MBI-SS). The CD-RISC is a 10-
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item scale that measures resilience

in university students. The GHQ-
12 is a questionnaire that assesses
psychological well-being. The
MBI-SS is used to measure
burnout in students. These tools
were chosen to collect data on the
variables of interest in the study.

Part II. Present the above synthesized literature in 1-2 paragraphs with correct paraphrasing that present the relevant information and
citations (7 points)
The first three studies talk about the living arrangement of students and how it affects their academic resilience. In the first study entitled “Resilience
and COVID-19. An Analysis in University Students during Confinement,” it was stated that students, both male and female, between the ages of 17 and 21, who
were studying for degrees in the health sciences and who were not living with their parents, presented the following profile as those who demonstrated the highest
rates of resilience in relation to the sociodemographic variables examined. On the other hand, according to Versteeg et al. (2022), there are no significant
correlations were found between either study year, or living arrangements, and the independent variables. Lastly, in the study of Alkaissi et al. (2023),
undergraduate nursing students who lived in a dormitory/residence had significantly higher resilience compared to those who did not live in a dormitory/residence.
All in all, these results prove that the living arrangement of a student affects his/her academic resilience but it still depends on the individual on how they manage
other contributing factors such as physical, emotional, mental, and financial problems on top of their academic matters.
In the study entitled “Connections between academic burnout, resilience, and psychological well-being in nursing students,” it focused on academic
burnout, resilience, and psychological well-being in nursing students. It talked about the negative consequences of academic burnout and the importance of fostering
student resilience. According to Rios-Risquez et al. (2018), the study is needed because only few studies have investigated academic burnout, resilience and
psychological well-being in pre-professional nursing students using a longitudinal study. It is vital to identify if nursing students experience academic burnout and
how it affects their resilience, psychological well-being, and academic performance so that the curriculum can be modified wherein these student nurses will not
experience academic burnout and will have better mental health status. Also, knowing if the student nurses are not resilient enough will make way for the
administrators to conduct seminars and training wherein they will be challenged and their resilience will be enhanced.
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Part III. Present the reference list of the two (2) related literature following the correct APA 7TH edition format (3 points)

1. Sarmiento, Á. S., Ponce, R., & Bertolín, A. G. (2021). Resilience and COVID-19. An Analysis in University Students during Confinement. Education Sciences,
11(9), 533. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci11090533

2. Versteeg, M., Kappe, R., & Knuiman, C. (2022). Predicting Student Engagement: The role of academic belonging, social integration, and resilience during
COVID-19 Emergency Remote teaching. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.849594

3. Alkaissi, A., Said, N. B., Qadous, S., Alkony, M., & Almahmoud, O. (2023). Factors associated with perceived resilience among undergraduate nursing students:
findings of the first cross-sectional study in Palestine. BMC Nursing, 22(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-023-01325-6

4. Ríos‐Risquez, M. I., Izquierdo, M. G., De Los Ángeles Sabuco ‐Tebar, E., Carrillo-García, C., & Solano ‐Ruiz, C. (2018). Connections between academic burnout,
resilience, and psychological well‐being in nursing students: A longitudinal study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 74(12), 2777–2784.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13794

Note: please find attached a sample of an accomplished learning activity 2.1 and the corresponding scoring guide

RATING SCALE
POINTS SCORE
Table Literature 1 5
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Literature 2 5
Synthesis Contains at least the research design, participants, and 2
findings/conclusions
Shows connections of the literature to each other 2
Clear, easy to understand, meets the technical aspects of writing, sentence 2
construction, word choice, grammar, and spelling

Citation 1
Reference list Reference 1 (Complete, correct format) 1
Reference 2 (Complete, correct format) 1
Source Primary source 1
Peer-reviewed professional journal or other approved sources 1
Current (published within the last 5 years) 1
Content of chosen Relevant to the study 2
literature
TOTAL 24

Activity 5: Background of the Study

(Group Activity)
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Instruction:

Based on the individual related literatures that were synthesized, develop a draft of the background of your group research.
You may add other relevant literatures as need to logically present the background information about your research and to clearly
articulate the gap in knowledge/ rationale for conducting your research.

Note: This is a non-graded activity but is relevant in the progressive completion of your research proposal. Use the research proposal
template.