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Summary of Link Power Design

1) The transmission formula relates the received power (Pr) to the transmitted power (Pt), antenna gains (Gt, Gr), losses along the path (Lp, La, etc.), and noise temperature (Ts). 2) Key factors that determine antenna gain include the antenna diameter, wavelength, and aperture efficiency. 3) Noise temperature is the sum of noise contributions from components in the system and is used to calculate noise power. Reducing noise temperature results in improved signal-to-noise ratio.

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26 views2 pages

Summary of Link Power Design

1) The transmission formula relates the received power (Pr) to the transmitted power (Pt), antenna gains (Gt, Gr), losses along the path (Lp, La, etc.), and noise temperature (Ts). 2) Key factors that determine antenna gain include the antenna diameter, wavelength, and aperture efficiency. 3) Noise temperature is the sum of noise contributions from components in the system and is used to calculate noise power. Reducing noise temperature results in improved signal-to-noise ratio.

Uploaded by

abdish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Summary of Link Power Design

EE418: Satellite Communications


Summary by Dr. Ali Muqaibel
𝑃
• For an isotropic source, the flux density is 𝐹 = 4𝜋𝑅𝑡 2 W/m2.
• Antenna gain is the increase in power in a given direction compared to isotropic antenna
𝑃(𝜃)
𝐺(𝜃) = 𝑃 .
0 /4𝜋

• Effective isotropic radiated power, EIRP = Pt Gt watts


𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐴𝑟
• The power available to a receive antenna of area Ar m2 is , 𝑃𝑟 = 𝐹 × 𝐴𝑟 = 4𝜋𝑅 2

• Effective Aperture Area 𝐴𝑒 , , 𝐴𝑒 = 𝐴𝑝ℎ𝑦 × 𝜂


4𝜋𝐴
• Antennas have (maximum) gain ,G, related to the effective aperture area as 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆2 𝑒.
𝐷2 𝜋𝐷 2
• For a circular aperture, 𝐴𝑝ℎ𝑦 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝜋 . → 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = ( ) ×𝜂
4 𝜆
• A rule of thumb to calculate a reflector antenna beamwidth in a given plane as a function of the
75𝜆
antenna dimension in that plane is given by: 𝜃3𝑑𝐵 ≅ 𝐷
30,000 30,000
• Assuming for instance a typical aperture efficiency of 0.55 gives: 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 ≅ (𝜃 2 =𝜃
3𝑑𝐵 ) 3𝑑𝐵 𝐻 𝜃3𝑑𝐵 𝐸
𝜆 2
• So the received power is 𝑃𝑟 = 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 (4𝜋𝑅)
4𝜋𝑅 2 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
• Free Space Loss or Path Loss =𝐿𝑝 = ( ) ➔ 𝑃𝑟 =
𝜆 𝐿𝑝
• Other effects need to be accounted for in the transmission equation:
𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
𝑃𝑟 =
𝐿𝑝 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑡𝑎 𝐿𝑟𝑎 𝐿𝑝𝑜𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑟

o La = Losses due to attenuation in atmosphere


o Lta = Losses associated with transmitting antenna
o Lra = Losses associates with receiving antenna
o Lpol = Losses due to polarization mismatch
o Lother = (any other known loss - as much detail as available)
o Lr = additional Losses at receiver (after receiving antenna)
• If Pt = Power into antenna, and Lt = Loss between power source and antenna, then Pt =Pout /Lt.

• The transmission formula can be written in dB as:


𝑃𝑟 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐿𝑡𝑎 − 𝐿𝑝 − 𝐿𝑎 − 𝐿𝑝𝑜𝑙 − 𝐿𝑟𝑎 − 𝐿𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 + 𝐺𝑟 − 𝐿𝑟

• C/N: carrier/noise power


• C/No: carrier/noise p.s.d.

• Noise Temperature
𝑇 [°𝐾] = 𝑇[°𝐶] + 273,
5
𝑇 [°𝐾] = (𝑇[°𝐹] − 32) + 273, 9
• The power available from thermal noise 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑇𝑠 𝐵 (dBW),
where k = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38x10-23 J/K(-228.6 dBW/HzK),

𝑁 𝑘𝑇𝑠 𝐵
𝑁0 = = = 𝑘𝑇𝑠 (dBW/Hz)
𝐵 𝐵
• Dealing with noise temperature is easy 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑇𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 + 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑛𝑎 + 𝑇𝐿𝑁𝐴 + 𝑇𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑇𝑅𝑋
• But, we must:
o Calculate the effective noise temperature of each contribution
o Reference these noise temperatures to the same location
𝑇 𝑇𝐼𝐹
𝑇𝑆 = [𝑇𝑅𝐹 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛 + 𝐺 𝑚 + 𝐺 ]
𝑅𝐹 𝑚 𝐺𝑅𝐹

𝑇 𝑇𝐼𝐹
• 𝑃𝑛 = 𝐺𝐼𝐹 𝐺𝑚 𝐺𝑅𝐹 𝑘𝐵 [𝑇𝑅𝐹 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛 + 𝐺 𝑚 + 𝐺 ]
𝑅𝐹 𝑚 𝐺𝑅𝐹
• How can we make N as small as possible?
𝑇 𝑇
• 𝑇𝑆 = [𝑇𝑅𝐹 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛 + 𝐺 𝑚 + 𝐺 𝐺𝐼𝐹 ] ≅ 𝑇𝑅𝐹 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝐹 𝑚 𝑅𝐹
• Modeling Lossy Elements
o All lossy elements reduce the amount of power transmitted through them:. They affect both:
▪ Carrier or signal power
▪ Noise power
o The noise temperature contribution of a loss is: 𝑇no = 𝑇𝑝 (1-G) in 𝐾 𝐺 = 1/𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
o where 𝐺 is the “gain” (smaller than unit) of the lossy element, also called transmissivity
(𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡 /𝑃𝑖𝑛) and 𝑇𝑛𝑜 is the physical temperature of the loss. Note the temperature is at the
output of the loss.
[𝑆/𝑁] 𝑁
• Noise Figure 𝐹𝑁 = [𝑆/𝑁] 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘𝑇 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝐵 𝐺 0 𝑁
• Noise Temperature: 𝑇𝑑 = 𝑇0 (𝐹𝑛 − 1)
• G/T Ratio of Earth Stations:
System Figure of Merit
𝐶 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟 𝜆 2 𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝜆 2 𝐺𝑟
=( )( ) =( )( ) ( )
𝑁 𝑘𝑇𝑠 𝐵𝑛 4𝜋𝑅 𝑘𝐵𝑛 4𝜋𝑅 𝑇𝑠
• If the C/N ratios for each of the linear bent pipe transponder links are available:
−1
𝐶 𝐶 −1 𝐶 −1 𝐶 −1
( ) = [( ) + ( ) + ⋯ + ( ) ]
𝑁 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑁 1 𝑁 1 𝑁 𝑛

so long as the noise is uncorrelated between the links

• For baseband processing links: 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐵𝐸𝑅1 + 𝐵𝐸𝑅2 + ⋯ + 𝐵𝐸𝑅𝑛

𝜋𝐷 2
𝐺 =( ) ×𝜂
𝜆

𝑃𝑡 𝐺𝑡 𝐺𝑟
𝐶 𝑃𝑟 𝑃𝑟 =
= 𝐿𝑝 𝐿𝑎 𝐿𝑡𝑎 𝐿𝑟𝑎 𝐿𝑝𝑜𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑟
𝑁 𝐾𝑇𝑠 𝐵

𝑇𝑚 𝑇𝐼𝐹
𝑇S = [𝑇𝑅𝐹 + 𝑇𝑖𝑛 + + ] 𝐿𝑎 ∝ 𝑓
𝐺𝑅𝐹 𝐺𝑚 𝐺𝑅𝐹 2
4𝜋𝑅
𝐿𝑝 = ( )
𝜆

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