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Lesson 3 - Logic & CT Types of Logic

This document discusses the four main types of logic: informal logic, formal logic, symbolic logic, and mathematical logic. It provides details on each type, including that informal logic uses deductive and inductive reasoning for arguments in everyday life, formal logic uses syllogisms to make inferences, symbolic logic uses symbols to accurately map out arguments, and mathematical logic uses mathematical symbols to prove theoretical arguments. It also discusses the importance of logic in healthcare, with one nurse explaining that critical thinking is necessary for problem-solving and decision-making. However, it notes there are also limitations to logic, such as its inability to fully handle partial truths, limitations of logical languages, difficulties with uncertainty, and representing human perceptions.

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116 views16 pages

Lesson 3 - Logic & CT Types of Logic

This document discusses the four main types of logic: informal logic, formal logic, symbolic logic, and mathematical logic. It provides details on each type, including that informal logic uses deductive and inductive reasoning for arguments in everyday life, formal logic uses syllogisms to make inferences, symbolic logic uses symbols to accurately map out arguments, and mathematical logic uses mathematical symbols to prove theoretical arguments. It also discusses the importance of logic in healthcare, with one nurse explaining that critical thinking is necessary for problem-solving and decision-making. However, it notes there are also limitations to logic, such as its inability to fully handle partial truths, limitations of logical languages, difficulties with uncertainty, and representing human perceptions.

Uploaded by

fordsantiago01
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC AND CRITICAL

THINKING
LESSON 3

DR. FRANCIS JAY H. RAMOS


TYPES OF LOGIC
The four main types of logic are:

• The principles embedded in the science look to determine whether an


argument is valid, accurate premises that prove a conclusion true, or invalid,
premises proven to be false and or do not prove its conclusion. To arrive at a
valid conclusion, a person can use deductive reasoning, which focuses on
larger sources of information to prove a generalized conclusion, and inductive
reasoning, which focuses on a smaller pool of given information to prove a
conclusion's truth.
TYPES OF LOGIC
The four main types of logic are:

• Informal logic : Uses deductive and inductive reasoning to make arguments


• Formal logic: Uses syllogisms to make inferences
• Symbolic logic: Uses symbols to accurately map out valid and invalid
arguments

• Mathematical logic: Uses mathematical symbols to prove theoretical


arguments
TYPES OF LOGIC
The four main types of logic are:

1. Informal logic :

• Informal logic is a broad term for any of the various methods of analyzing
and evaluating arguments used in everyday life. Informal logic is commonly
regarded as an alternative to formal or mathematical logic. Also known as
non-formal logic or critical thinking.

• This is the reasoning and arguments you make in your personal exchanges
with others. Premises: Nikki saw a black cat on her way to work. At work,
Nikki got red. Conclusion: Black cats are bad luck.
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TYPES OF LOGIC
The four main types of logic are:

2. Formal logic:

• Formal logic is the science of deductively valid inferences or of logical truths.


It is a formal science investigating how conclusions follow from premises in a
topic-neutral way. When used as a countable noun, the term "a logic" refers
to a logical formal system that articulates a proof system.

• People use formal logic. It's used throughout philosophy, linguistics,


mathematics, and science. Whenever you need to test whether an argument
is valid, you're using the tools of formal logic, even if not explicitly.
TYPES OF LOGIC
The four main types of logic are:
3. Symbolic logic:

• In symbolic logic, a letter such as p stands for an entire statement. It may, for
example, represent the statement, "A triangle has three sides." In algebra, the
plus sign joins two numbers to form a third number. In symbolic logic, a sign
such as V connects two statements to form a third statement.

• Symbolic logic is useful for analyzing the theoretical limits of ideal digital
computers. Symbolic logic techniques can be used to establish what
functions a computer can and cannot compute (in principle, that is, with no
limits on the size of memory or the amount of time available).
TYPES OF LOGIC
The four main types of logic are:

4. Mathematical logic:

• Mathematical logic is the study of formal logic within mathematics. Major


subareas include model theory, proof theory, set theory, and recursion theory.

• It requires using so many skills at the same time, like problem-solving, math,
language, etc.,

• Mathematical logic is often used for logical proofs. Proofs are valid arguments
that determine the truth values of mathematical statements
Performance of LOGIC IN HEALTH CARE
• Some experts describe a person's ability to question belief systems, test
previously held assumptions, and recognize ambiguity as evidence of critical
thinking.

• Others identify speci c skills that demonstrate critical thinking, such as the
ability to identify problems and biases, infer and draw conclusions, and
determine the relevance of information to a situation.

• Such in the case of logic in health care…


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Performance of LOGIC IN HEALTH CARE
IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC IN NURSING PRACTICE

• Nicholas McGowan, BSN, RN, CCRN, has been a critical care nurse for 10 years
in neurological trauma nursing and cardiovascular and surgical intensive care.
He de nes critical thinking as "necessary for problem-solving and decision-
making by healthcare providers. It is a process where people use a logical
process to gather information and take purposeful action based on their
evaluation."

• "This cognitive process is vital for excellent patient outcomes because it


requires that nurses make clinical decisions utilizing a variety of di erent lenses,
such as fairness, ethics, and evidence-based practice," he says.

• NURSE JOURNAL The Value of Critical Thinking in Nursing


2022
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HOWEVER THERE ARE LIMITATIONS OF LOGIC
Limitation of Logic
4 Limits Of Logic

• It was discussed that logic is a formal discipline of creating and


validating reason.

• The value of logic lies in its correctness. That is to say that formal logic can be
shown to be correct, given basic assumptions about existence and
knowledge.

• As such, it is widely used to prove theories, solve problems and make


decisions. In some cases it's used to fully automate decisions. If logic's
strength is its correctness, its limitations are related to its range.
Limitation of Logic
4 Limits Of Logic

1. Partial Truths

• It should be noted that some forms of logic, can handle partial truths.
Limitation of Logic
4 Limits Of Logic

2. Language

• Each form of logic represents observations in a formal language of logic.


These languages impose limitations that don't exist in natural language. In
other words, logic languages can't represent or consider the subtleties of a
natural language such as French.
Limitation of Logic
4 Limits Of Logic

3. Uncertainty

• Some forms of logic fail to handle uncertainty, although this is studied by a


eld known as probabilistic logic. Any form of logic that can't handle
uncertainty has di culty with real world decision making because uncertainty
is common.
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Limitation of Logic
4 Limits Of Logic
4. Human Perception

• Using logic to create something that people are passionate about such as
architecture tends to have low value. It is notoriously di cult to codify
perceptions such as aesthetics, emotion or cultural concepts.

• For example, if you were to write a movie review with formal logic, humans
would typically view the results as lacking insight. Arti cial intelligence could
review a lm by looking at people's opinions about similar lms and
assimilating them. Such approaches are a facade of judgment that can
generally be viewed as low value.
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SEATWORK / ACTIVITY

• RESEARCH PAPER
• 1 PAGE REPORT (NOT LESS THAN 250 WORDS)

• “Indicate and present the relevance of critical


philosophical thinking to the medical sciences
and clarify the limitations therein.”

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