Node.

js Framework December 30, 1899

Seminar Report
On
Node.js Framework
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
Of
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
[B.C.A]
Year 2023-2024
SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:
Vishruti R. Malaviya Prof. Anahita Pithawala

BCA-6th SEMESTER
Submitted to:

SHRI SHAMBHUBHAI V. PATEL COLLEGE OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE & BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Affiliated to

Veer Narmad South Gujarat University

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Acknowledgement

S1

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Index

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Abstract

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1.History
1.1 Overview
Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment that executes
JavaScript code server-side. It is built on the V8 JavaScript runtime engine, which is the same
engine that powers the Google Chrome browser. Node.js allows developers to use JavaScript
for server-side scripting, enabling the development of scalable and high-performance network
applications.

1.2 history of Node.js

The history of Node.js is fascinating! It all began in 2009, when Ryan Dahl created the first
version of Node.js. He wanted to create a fast and lightweight runtime environment for
JavaScript, and he chose to use the Google Chrome V8 JavaScript engine as the foundation
for Node.js. The first release of Node.js was met with great enthusiasm by developers, and it
quickly gained popularity as a platform for developing server-side applications.

 2009: Birth of Node.js

Node.js was created by Ryan Dahl and was first released in 2009. Dahl aimed to
develop a server-side technology that could provide low-latency and high-
throughput applications by using non-blocking, event-driven I/O.

 2010: npm (Node Package Manager) Introduced

npm was introduced as the package manager for Node.js. It quickly became a
vital part of the Node.js ecosystem, allowing developers to share and reuse code
easily.

 2011: Joyent Takes Over Node.js Development

Joyent, a cloud computing company, took over the stewardship of Node.js. Ryan
Dahl's role in development gradually diminished, and Isaac Schlueter became the
lead maintainer.

 2012: Node.js 0.8 and the Introduction of Streams

Node.js version 0.8 was a significant release that introduced the Streams API,
enhancing the handling of data streams in applications.

 2013: io.js Fork

Some developers expressed dissatisfaction with the pace of Node.js development

and formed a fork called io.js. This led to the development of features and
improvements outside the official Node.js repository.

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 2015: Node.js and io.js Reunification

In a landmark move, the Node.js and io.js communities reconciled, leading to the
formation of the Node.js Foundation. This reunification aimed to consolidate
efforts and resources for the benefit of the entire Node.js ecosystem.

 2015: Node.js 4.0 and the Introduction of Long-Term Support (LTS)

Node.js 4.0 was released as the first LTS version, signaling a commitment to
providing stable and reliable releases for an extended period. LTS versions are
supported for 30 months.

 2016: Node.js 6.0 and the Release of Node.js LTS Schedule

Node.js 6.0 introduced several new features and performance improvements. The
Node.js project adopted a predictable LTS schedule to facilitate planning for
enterprises and developers.

 2018: Node.js 10.0 and Node.js Foundation Joins OpenJS

Foundation

Node.js 10.0 was released, bringing new features and improvements. The
Node.js Foundation joined forces with the JS Foundation to create the OpenJS
Foundation, which aimed to promote the growth and sustainability of JavaScript
and web technologies.

 2019: Node.js 12.0 and Introduction of Worker Threads

Node.js 12.0 was a major release introducing experimental support for Worker
Threads, enabling developers to run JavaScript code in parallel threads for
improved performance.

 2020: Node.js 14.0 and Node.js 15.0

Node.js 14.0 became the new LTS version, bringing enhancements and
improvements. Additionally, Node.js 15.0 was released, targeting developers
who wanted to experiment with the latest features.

 2021: Node.js 16.0 and Continued Growth

Node.js 16.0 was released, featuring updates and improvements. The Node.js
community continued to grow, with a focus on enhancing performance, security,
and developer experience.

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2.Introduction
Node.js is an open-source and cross-platform JavaScript runtime environment. It is a
popular tool for almost any kind of project!

Node.js runs the V8 JavaScript engine, the core of Google Chrome, outside of the
browser. This allows Node.js to be very performant.

A Node.js app runs in a single process, without creating a new thread for every
request. Node.js provides a set of asynchronous I/O primitives in its standard library
that prevent JavaScript code from blocking and generally, libraries in Node.js are
written using non-blocking paradigms, making blocking behavior the exception rather
than the norm.

When Node.js performs an I/O operation, like reading from the network, accessing a
database or the filesystem, instead of blocking the thread and wasting CPU cycles
waiting, Node.js will resume the operations when the response comes back.

This allows Node.js to handle thousands of concurrent connections with a single

server without introducing the burden of managing thread concurrency, which could
be a significant source of bugs.

Node.js has a unique advantage because millions of frontend developers that write
JavaScript for the browser are now able to write the server-side code in addition to the
client-side code without the need to learn a completely different language.

In Node.js the new ECMAScript standards can be used without problems, as you don't
have to wait for all your users to update their browsers - you are in charge of deciding
which ECMAScript version to use by changing the Node.js version, and you can also
enable specific experimental features by running Node.js with flags.

2.1 features of Node.js

Key features of Node.js include:
 Non-blocking I/O:

Node.js is designed to handle a large number of simultaneous connections

without blocking the execution of other tasks. This is achieved through the use of
asynchronous, event-driven programming.

 Event-driven architecture:

Node.js follows an event-driven programming model, where actions trigger

events, and event listeners handle those events. This approach allows for efficient
handling of concurrent requests.

 Single programming language:

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Node.js allows developers to use JavaScript for both client-side and server-side
scripting. This uniformity simplifies development and promotes code reusability.

 Extensive npm ecosystem:

Node.js comes with npm (Node Package Manager), a vast ecosystem of open-
source libraries and modules that simplify the development process. Developers
can easily leverage existing packages or share their own.

 Scalability:

Due to its non-blocking, event-driven architecture, Node.js is well-suited for

building scalable network applications. It can handle a large number of
simultaneous connections with low-latency responses.

 Cross-platform:

Node.js is cross-platform and can run on various operating systems, including

Windows, macOS, and Linux, providing flexibility for developers.

 Community support:

Node.js has a vibrant and active community of developers who contribute to its
growth. This community support results in continuous improvements, updates,
and a wealth of resources for developers.

Node.js is commonly used for building real-time applications, APIs (Application

Programming Interfaces), microservices, and server-side components of web applications. Its
efficiency and scalability make it a popular choice for developers looking to build fast and
responsive applications.

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2.2 Components of Node.js

Node.js is a runtime environment for executing JavaScript code on the server side. It
comprises several key components that work together to enable the development and
execution of server-side applications. Here are the main components of Node.js:

 V8 JavaScript Engine:

Role: The V8 JavaScript engine is an open-source JavaScript engine

developed by Google. It is responsible for executing JavaScript code in the
Node.js runtime environment.

Functionality: V8 compiles JavaScript code into machine code for faster

execution. It includes a garbage collector to manage memory.

 Libuv Library:

Role: Libuv is a multi-platform support library that provides essential

functionalities for Node.js, such as handling asynchronous I/O operations,
managing events, and implementing the event loop.

Functionality: Libuv enables Node.js to work efficiently by handling tasks

like file system operations, networking, and concurrency.

 Core Modules:

Role: Node.js comes with a set of built-in modules that provide essential
functionalities for developers. These core modules cover a wide range of tasks,
from handling file systems to managing HTTP requests.

Examples: fs (File System), http (HTTP server and client), events

(EventEmitter for handling events), util (utility functions), and more.

 npm (Node Package Manager):

Role: npm is the official package manager for Node.js. It allows developers to
discover, install, and manage third-party packages (libraries and tools) for
their Node.js applications.

Functionality: npm simplifies dependency management and facilitates the

sharing of code among developers. It comes bundled with Node.js
installations.

 Event-driven Architecture:

Role: Node.js follows an event-driven, non-blocking I/O model. This means

that asynchronous operations are central to its design, allowing it to handle a
large number of concurrent connections efficiently.

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Functionality: Events are used to trigger actions, and event listeners handle
those actions. This architecture makes Node.js suitable for building scalable
and responsive applications.

 Express.js (Optional):

Role: While not a core part of Node.js, Express.js is a popular web application
framework built on top of Node.js. Many developers use Express.js to simplify
the process of building robust and scalable web applications.

Functionality: Express.js provides features for routing, middleware support,

template engines, and more, streamlining the development of web
applications.

These components work together to provide a robust and efficient runtime environment for
server-side JavaScript development. Developers can leverage these components to build
scalable, high-performance applications, taking advantage of Node.js's event-driven and non-
blocking architecture.

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2.3 .Why Node.js?

Node.js has gained widespread popularity in the realm of server-side development, owing to
its unique features and advantages that cater to the demands of modern web applications. At
the core of Node.js lies the ability to use JavaScript, traditionally a client-side language, for
server-side programming as well. This unification of the development stack streamlines the
coding process, fostering code reusability and reducing the learning curve for developers who
are already familiar with JavaScript.

One of the key strengths of Node.js is its event-driven, non-blocking I/O model. This design
allows Node.js to efficiently handle numerous concurrent connections without resorting to
traditional multithreading. Asynchronous programming in Node.js enables developers to
initiate tasks and move on to other operations while waiting for I/O operations to complete.
This results in enhanced performance and scalability, making Node.js particularly well-suited
for applications that require real-time capabilities.

Underpinning Node.js is the V8 JavaScript engine, developed by Google. This engine

compiles JavaScript code into native machine code, facilitating rapid execution and optimal
performance. Leveraging the Libuv library, Node.js achieves cross-platform compatibility by
providing a consistent abstraction for I/O operations and event handling across various
operating systems, including Windows, macOS, and Linux.

A pivotal component of the Node.js ecosystem is npm (Node Package Manager), a

comprehensive repository of open-source libraries and modules. npm simplifies dependency
management, allowing developers to discover, install, and manage third-party packages
seamlessly. This extensive collection of packages fosters collaboration and accelerates
development by enabling the reuse of proven solutions.

Node.js shines in scalability, making it an excellent choice for building applications that
demand handling a large number of simultaneous connections. Its event-driven architecture
and non-blocking I/O lend themselves well to scenarios like real-time applications, where
responsiveness is crucial. This scalability is complemented by Node.js's versatility,
supporting the development of various applications, including web servers, RESTful APIs,
and microservices.

The community surrounding Node.js is another driving force behind its success. The
community's active participation results in continuous improvements, regular updates, and an
abundance of documentation and resources. Developers benefit from a collaborative
environment where knowledge sharing and problem-solving are commonplace.

While Node.js itself provides a robust foundation, the Express.js framework, although not an
intrinsic part of Node.js, further enhances its capabilities. Express.js simplifies the
development of web applications by offering features like routing, middleware support, and
template engines.

In summary, Node.js has emerged as a favored choice for server-side development due to its
unification of JavaScript, efficient event-driven architecture, fast execution with the V8
engine, cross-platform compatibility through Libuv, a vast npm ecosystem, scalability, and an

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active community. Its flexibility and ability to handle asynchronous operations make it an
ideal platform for building modern, high-performance web applications and services.

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4.Architecture of Node.js
Node.js uses the “Single Threaded Event Loop” architecture to handle multiple
concurrent clients. Node.js Processing Model is based on the JavaScript event-based model
along with the JavaScript callback mechanism.

Now let’s understand each part of the Node.js architecture and the workflow of a web server
developed using Node.js.

Parts of the Node.js Architecture:

 Requests

Incoming requests can be blocking (complex) or non-blocking (simple), depending upon

the tasks that a user wants to perform in a web application

 Node.js Server

Node.js server is a server-side platform that takes requests from users, processes those
requests, and returns responses to the corresponding users

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 Event Queue

Event Queue in a Node.js server stores incoming client requests and passes those requests
one-by-one into the Event Loop.

 Thread Pool

Thread pool consists of all the threads available for carrying out some tasks that might be
required to fulfill client requests

 Event Loop

Event Loop indefinitely receives requests and processes them, and then returns the
responses to corresponding clients

 External Resources

External resources are required to deal with blocking client requests. These resources can
be for computation, data storage, etc.

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4.Example
4.1Example of Node js Application
In summary, these applications chose Node.js for its speed, scalability, and ability to
handle real-time features efficiently. Node.js's event-driven, non-blocking architecture
makes it well-suited for applications with a large user base and concurrent
connections, providing a responsive and high-performance user experience.

1.Netflix:
Lowers Startup time with Node.js

Netflix is the world’s biggest global provider of video streaming including movies
and television series, available in over 190 countries. As of July 2020, Netflix reported
over 192 million subscribers worldwide, with more than 72 million in the U.S itself.Until
2015, it was using a JAVA backend, which was useful for data management but offered
poor user-wait times. Since Javascript frontend didn’t communicate efficiently with the
JAVA backend, Netflix decided to move to Node.js to leverage the performance benefits
of node.js.

=>Why Netflix moved to Node.js?

 Monolithic application design made it hard to scale the application with the
growing user base.
 The transition from the backend to the frontend was not smooth, resulting in
higher load time, often causing latency at the end-user level.
 UI customization as per user needs was hard to achieve due to synchronous
loading.
 JAVA’s bulky build time reduced development and deployment speeds.

=>Benifit of Node.js to Netflix?

 A dramatic 70% lower startup time. Netflix interface that took 5-10 seconds
earlier, now just took a little over 1 second.
 JAVA’s 40 minute startup time came down to 1 minute with Node.js.
 The application became microservice oriented, making it easy to break up the UI
in smaller segments, rather than one large block.
 As Node is also Javascript, the backend to frontend transition was significantly
improved.

2.Linkedin:

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improve it’s app performance with node.js

LinkedIn is a business-oriented social networking service found in 2002 in

Mountain View, California. LinkedIn allows users to invite anyone (whether a site
user or not) to become a connection.

It is available in 24 languages.

Linkedin, the world’s largest professional network, has more than 690 million
users. It is also one of the biggest apps that deploy Node.js in production.

LinkedIn uses Node.js to empower the server side of its mobile app.

=>Why Linkedin moved to Node.js?

LinkedIn chose Node.js for its speed and ability to handle multiple connections
simultaneously.

This is crucial for a platform with millions of users who may be accessing the service
concurrently.

employing Node.js as their backend, they moved from synchronous to asynchronous

request processing, which offers much faster interface loading speeds.

=>Benifit of Node.js to Linkedin?

Node.js app helped LinkedIn reduce their resource usage and improved app
performance.

 LinkedIn was able to reduce the machines used to host their app by a ratio of
10:1.
 The client and server both came under the Javascript regime, making it easier for
development teams to handle the client-server interaction.
 The code was simplified across the board, making it more modular and less state-
dependent

3.NASA:
improve database access time with Node.js

NASA, the aeronautics pioneer, was facing difficulties in consolidating its dispersed
legacy databases related to EVA Spacesuits. It made it difficult for scientists to access
databases for research purposes. Data access was slow and required rummaging through
multiple locations to get the data for proper research.

Collin Estes, who designed the Node.js enterprise architecture for NASA, describes
how the system needed an API-driven architecture. When you ask which companies use
Node.js, you don’t expect NASA, but it’s true for the following reasons.

=>Why Choose Node.js?

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 Data recorded by Spacesuits were spread across different locations.

 Most of NASA’s space mission data is siloed in sealed databases that are hard to
query and sort.
 NASA was operating on-premise data centers, which weren’t cloud-ready.
 Many of NASA’s existing applications were Javascript dependent.

=>Benifit of Node.js to Linkedin?

 300% improvement in the time needed to access the database, allowing users to
get desired data sets in seconds and not hours.
 The Node.js microservices architecture made it possible to move legacy
databases to the cloud and make them available to users via APIs.
 The earlier 28-step database reading process came down to 7 steps with Node.js.
Scientific research is done with much greater ease in much less time.
 Smooth connection of legacy Oracle and SQL Server databases to new cloud
databases via data API modules.

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5.Application

 Data streaming:

Node.js provides a built-in stream module that allows you to work with streams.
Streams are objects that let you read or write data in chunks, rather than loading
the entire dataset into memory. There are several types of streams, including
Readable, Writable, and Duplex streams.

 Iot Applications:

Node.js can be applied in the context of IoT, where it can handle the
communication between devices, process data from sensors, and interact with
other IoT components in a real-time and efficient manner.

 Complex SPAs:

single-page apps, you should choose it to build complex single-page

apps.Because it is asynchronous, scalable, and fast, Node. js is the best choice for

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building complex SPAs. It is small and easy to use, which makes it perfect for
making single-page apps.

 Rest API Server:

REST stands for REpresentational State Transfer. REST is web standards based
architecture and uses HTTP Protocol. It revolves around resource where every
component is a resource and a resource is accessed by a common interface using
HTTP standard methods. REST was first introduced by Roy Fielding in 2000.

A REST Server simply provides access to resources and REST client accesses
and modifies the resources using HTTP protocol. Here each resource is identified
by URIs/ global IDs. REST uses various representation to represent a resource
like text, JSON, XML but JSON is the most popular one.

 web applications:

Node.js is a versatile technology that can be utilized to build both the backend
and frontend components of web applications. It offers a consistent, JavaScript-
based development environment, making it easier for developers to work on both
sides of the application.

It's particularly advantageous in scenarios where real-time capabilities,

scalability, and asynchronous operations are essential, and it can be paired with
frontend frameworks and libraries to create full-stack web applications.

 Real-time Chats:

Real-time chat is any online communication tool that enables the live
transmission of text, video, or audio messages from a sender to a receiver. Real-
time chats can take the form of one-to-one or one-to-many group chats built on
instant messaging (IM) or Internet Relay Chat (IRC) technologies.

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6.Comparative technology

=>Node.js vs Laravel

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=>Node.js vs Flask

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8.Advantages & Disadvantages

8.1 Advantages of Node.js
 Easy to learn

Most developers have a good grasp of JavaScript for it being one of the most popular
programming languages.

Developers who are already good in JavaScript find it easy to use Node.js at the
backend. It is quite easy to learn Nodejs and it also consumes lesser time.

 High performance

As mentioned earlier, Node.js interprets the JavaScript code through Google’s V8

JavaScript engine. The engine compiles JavaScript code directly into the machine
code. Hence, it becomes easy to implement the code. Moreover, it can be done
quickly and in an effective manner.

 single programing language

With Node.js, both the server-side and client-side of an application can be written in
JavaScript, streamlining development and making it easier for developers to switch
between frontend and backend tasks.

With Node.js it becomes possible for developers to write the server-side application in
JavaScript. This means that when you hire node js developers they can write both
front-end and back-end applications in JavaScript using a runtime environment.

 Fast Execution

Node.js is built on the V8 JavaScript engine, which compiles JavaScript code directly
into machine code, resulting in fast execution times. This makes Node.js well-suited
for handling I/O-bound operations and building high-performance applications.

 Cross-platform

Node.js is cross-platform, running on various operating systems such as Windows,

macOS, and Linux. This allows developers to build applications that can run
seamlessly across different environments.

 Enterprise Adoption

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Node.js is widely adopted by large enterprises such as Netflix, LinkedIn, and

Walmart, who leverage its performance, scalability, and flexibility to build mission-
critical applications and services.

8.2 Disadvantages of Node.js

 Api not stable

In Node.js there are frequent API changes. API stands for Application
Programming Interface and it keeps on changing. Every new API comes with
backward-incompatible changes. This means that the developers will have to change
the code to make it compatible with the latest version of the Node.js API.

 Library support system is not strong

Compared to other languages, JavaScript does not have a robust and well-
equipped library system.

As a result, users are forced to take support from the commonly available library for
executing tasks, such as processing and handling database operations, Object-
Relational Mapping, XML parsing, etc.

This makes it difficult for developers to implement common programming tasks using
Node.js.

 callback-based programming model

Node.js relies heavily on callback functions to handle asynchronous

operations. While callbacks provide a way to manage asynchronous code execution,
they can lead to complex and nested code structures, often referred to as “callback
hell.” This can make code harder to read, understand, and maintain. Although newer
asynchronous patterns like Promises and async/await have been introduced to mitigate
this issue, legacy codebases may still heavily rely on callbacks.

 limited standard library

Compared to some other programming languages, Node.js has a relatively

limited standard library. While it provides essential functionalities for building web
servers, networking, and file system operations, many other common functionalities
require external libraries. Although the Node Package Manager (NPM) ecosystem is
vast and offers numerous third-party packages, relying on external dependencies may
introduce security risks, compatibility issues, and maintenance challenges.

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9.Future enhancement

Predicting specific future enhancements for Node.js is challenging, as it depends on

the direction of the Node.js project, the needs of the developer community, and emerging
trends in web development. However, we can speculate on potential areas of improvement or
enhancement based on current trends and challenges in the JavaScript ecosystem. Here are a
few possibilities:

 Deploying GraphQL:
Client apps can interact with data using the query language GraphQL. It is a
system that is not dependent on any specific data sources, therefore it does not matter
where the data is kept for the purposes of organizing its operations. It is regarded as
the most intriguing and widely used technology in app development.

 Serveless no hardware:
It allows developers to concentrate on designing apps rather than maintaining
infrastructure. As a result, serverless benefits include more deployments, greater
flexibility and lower costs.

 Mean and Mern Stack:

The two preeminent stacks, MEAN (MongoDB, Express.js, Angular, Node.js)
and MERN (MongoDB, Express.js, React.js, Node.js), will continue to hold the top
spots in the creation of mobile applications. Building single-page web applications
can be done using these reliable solutions.

 Real-Time Applications:
Real-time apps were quite popular. Real-time apps with high user involvement
deliver not only a plethora of fantastic features but also speed. These apps offer a
variety of features, such as gamification, social media integration, live chat, ad
servers, stock market functionality, and more. Node.js meets all of the ecosystem's
standards.

 Internet of Things:
Node.js is a fantastic platform that JavaScript provides for building IoT apps.
To better capitalize on microservices, real-time capabilities, and data-centric
strategies, the bulk of well-known IoT organizations have already started employing
experts to develop Node. js-based IoT apps.

 Fast and Flexible app solutions:

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Today's market requires faster growth strategies. In this category, Node.JS

triumphs. Team members have plenty of time to examine and update the application
because it is quickly developed and distributed owing to a number of unique
technologies.

 Microservices:
If you want to create an enterprise-level project, microservices are a necessity.
They add several features to improve efficiency and debugging and support for server
outlook. In your project, Node.js enables easy access to and utilization of
Microservices. Microservices are popular because they generate serverless models,
which make large-scale applications easy to build.

 Cloud Computing:
These days, moving to the cloud to improve performance and reduce expenses
is nothing new. Due to its serverless architectural feature, Node.js proved
tremendously efficient in building a cloud-based app. Google has made a number of
Node.js tools available to developers due to the popularity of Node.js. These
resources can assist you in developing cloud apps more quickly.

Reasons Why Node.js has a Promising Future

Node.js was referred to be the "digital transformation" by the IT community. Node.js gives a
solid foundation for developing microservices, delivering useful mobile apps, or integrating
non-web systems with serverless frameworks.
The IoT is the actual future of the IT business, which is constantly searching for long-term
solutions. The Internet of Things (IoT) technology will endure despite ongoing research and
development.
Node.js is a powerful tool for challenging software infrastructures and is the backbone of the
as-a-service paradigm. It leads the Node.js development firm to meet the sector's demands.
Businesses need as-a-service and server-less programming to function, and Node.js excels in
both areas.

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10.Conclusion

Node.js is a fantastic programming framework that enables you to create products that can
hasten the expansion of your organization.
The two main characteristics to make Node.js the most sought-after platform in the future are
its high flexibility and scalability.
In addition, Node.js, which has a strong debugging approach, is a dependable way to meet the
changing needs of businesses and advance them.
To master this technology and tap into its immense potential, consider enrolling in
Knowledge Hut's Node.js course.

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10.References
https://www.simplilearn.com/understanding-node-js-architecture-article

https://www.simform.com/blog/companies-using-nodejs/

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