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Integrals S23

The document provides an overview of integral calculus topics including indefinite integrals, definite integrals, and basic integration rules. It defines the indefinite integral as the antiderivative of a function and the definite integral as having boundaries. Examples are given of common integration rules like power, log, trigonometric, and area calculation rules. The key aspects covered are the differences between indefinite and definite integrals and how to set up and calculate definite integrals.

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Jovi Ann Quartel Miralles
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52 views5 pages

Integrals S23

The document provides an overview of integral calculus topics including indefinite integrals, definite integrals, and basic integration rules. It defines the indefinite integral as the antiderivative of a function and the definite integral as having boundaries. Examples are given of common integration rules like power, log, trigonometric, and area calculation rules. The key aspects covered are the differences between indefinite and definite integrals and how to set up and calculate definite integrals.

Uploaded by

Jovi Ann Quartel Miralles
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MAJORSHIP MENTORSHIP

- MATHEMATICS –
Prepared by: tcsantos

Calculus C
Topics:

A. Basic Integration
B. Indefinite Integral
C. Definite Integral

Integral Calculus

Integration/ Antidifferentiation
is the procedure of finding the integral or antiderivative.

𝐼𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙/𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔(𝑥), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛


∫ 𝒈(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝑪 , where C is the constant of the integration
It can be read as “the antiderivative of g with respect to x is f(x) plus C”

A INTEGRAL or ANTIDERIVATIVE is the opposite of derivative

Constant Rule
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑘 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝐶 , 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑘

Constant Multiple Rule


∫ 𝑘𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

Power Rule 𝑥4
𝑥 𝑛+1 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
𝑛
∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝐶 , 𝑛 ≠ −1 4
𝑛+1

Log Rule
1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥| + 𝐶, 𝑥≠0
𝑥

Sum or Difference Rule 2


∫ 3𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥3 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
Try this !
∫(3𝑥 4 − 5𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

Trigonometric Integrals

∫ sin(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ cssc(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −ln | csc x + cot x | + 𝐶

∫ cos(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥) + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑥) + 𝐶

∫ tan(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = −ln | cos 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 (𝑥) = − cot(𝑥) + 𝐶

∫ cot(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln | sin 𝑥| + 𝐶 ∫ csc(𝑥) cot(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑥) + 𝐶

∫ sec(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ln | sec x + tan x | + 𝐶 ∫ sec(𝑥) tan(𝑥) = sec(𝑥) + 𝐶

Try these!

1. ∫ − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2. ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Indefinite Integral and Definite Integral

INDEFINITE INTEGRAL
has no boundaries next to the integration sign. Its solution is the integral/ antiderivative.

DEFINITE INTEGRAL
has boundaries called limits of integration, next to the integration sign. Its solution is a
real number.

Indefinite Integral
Indefinite integral of f(x) with respect to x.

∫ 𝑓(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Definite Integral
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

∫ 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛

𝑓(𝑥) 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑


𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡

𝑏 − 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
Special Properties of the Integral

𝑏 𝑎
1. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫𝑏 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥, 𝑎 > 𝑏
𝑎
2. ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 0

Try this! Try this!


5 7
∫ −3𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 3𝑥 2 − 2 𝑑𝑥
2 7

Area of a Region Bounded by Two Graphs

Find the area of a region bounded by two graphs of two functions: y= f(x) and y= g(x)
Example:

Find the area of the area of the region bounded by the graphs of f(x)= 2x + 1 and g(x)= x 2 + 1.

To calculate the points of intersection, we set


f(x) equal to g(x) and solve

𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑔(𝑥)
2𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 − 2) = 0
𝑥 = 0 ,𝑥 = 2

The graphs intersect at x=0 and x= 2

“Things grow stronger when you integrate”

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