MAJORSHIP MENTORSHIP

- MATHEMATICS –
Prepared by: tcsantos

Abstract Algebra
Abstract algebra is the set of advanced topics of algebra that deals with abstract
algebraic structures rather than the usual number systems. It is a broad field of
mathematics, concerned with algebraic structures such as groups, rings, and vector
spaces.

Group Theory
• Group theory is the study of groups.
• Gauss developed but did not publish parts of the mathematics of group theory, but
Galois is generally considered to have been the first to develop the theory.
• Group theory is a powerful formal method for analyzing abstract and physical
systems in which symmetry is present and has surprising importance in physics,
especially quantum mechanics.

Group
• A group G is a finite or infinite set of elements together with a binary operation
(called the group operation) that together satisfy the four fundamental properties
of closure, associativity, the identity property, and the inverse property.
• The operation with respect to which a group is defined is often called the "group
operation," and a set is said to be a group "under" this operation.

If there are a finite number of elements, the group is called a finite group and the number
of elements is called the group order of the group.

Cyclic group

• A cyclic group is a group that can be generated by a single element X (the group
generator).
• Cyclic groups are Abelian.
• A cyclic group of finite group order n is denoted C n, or Zn, Shanks 1993, p. 75),
and its generator X satisfies Xn=I, where I is the identity element.
 PRODUCT OF PERMUTATIONS

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
𝐴=( ), 𝐵=( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1

Product of AB
The product AB means “B first, then A”

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( )
( ) ( ) 3
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 𝟑 4 2 2 3 4 1

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1 1 2 3 4
( )
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 𝟒 2 2 3 4 1

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1 ( )
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3 4 2
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 𝟐 2 3 4 1
 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( ) 1 2 3 4
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1 ( )
3 4 2 1
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
( ) ( )
𝟏 3 4 2 2 3 4 1

INVERSE OF PERMUTATION

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
𝐴=( ), 𝐵=( )
1 3 4 2 2 3 4 1

1 2 3 4
𝐴=( )
1 3 4 2
1 2 3 4
𝐴−1 = ( )
1 4 2 3

1 2 3 4
( )
1 3 4 2 1 2 3 4
( )
1
𝟏 2 3 4
( )
1 3 4 2

1 2 3 4
( )
1 3 4 2 1 2 3 4
( )
1 2
1 𝟐 3 4
( )
1 3 4 2

1 2 3 4
( )
1 3 4 2 1 2 3 4
( )
1 2 3
1 2 𝟑 4
( )
1 3 4 2

1 2 3 4
( ) 1 2 3 4
1 3 4 2 ( )
1 4 2 3
1 2 3 𝟒
( )
1 3 4 2
 • A Cayley table is a multiplication table for a finite group. Also called group
multiplication tables. The Cayley table for a group G helps us with computation:
we can easily look up group products and even the inverses of elements.

UNITS IN A RING

The units in a ring are those elements which have an inverse under multiplication.

Find a unit in Z8={1,2,3,4,5,6,7}

Ring: ℤ / 8 ℤ , the integers mod 8

“The pure mathematician, like the musician, is a free creator of his world of ordered
beauty.” - Bertrand Russell