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15me62t U4 Sy

The document discusses part programming for CNC machines. It describes what a part program is and the elements it contains, including coordinate values, preparatory codes, and miscellaneous codes. It also discusses coordinate systems used in part programming, different types of dimensioning (absolute and incremental), axis naming conventions, and definitions of reference positions including machine zero, work zero, and tool home position. Finally, it outlines the typical structure of a part program block.

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Seema Pinto
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39 views6 pages

15me62t U4 Sy

The document discusses part programming for CNC machines. It describes what a part program is and the elements it contains, including coordinate values, preparatory codes, and miscellaneous codes. It also discusses coordinate systems used in part programming, different types of dimensioning (absolute and incremental), axis naming conventions, and definitions of reference positions including machine zero, work zero, and tool home position. Finally, it outlines the typical structure of a part program block.

Uploaded by

Seema Pinto
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit IV: CNC PART PROGRAMING

4.1. Part Programming:

Part program is a alpha numeric code written to control the movement of the
machine tool. It contains the following details

 The specific co-ordinates indicating the position for tool movement.


 These coordinate values are prefixed with preparatory codes to indicate the type of
movement required such as point to point, straight line or circular interpolation.
 The coordinate values are suffixed with miscellaneous codes for initiating machine
tool functions. Ex: machine start, machine stop, spindle clockwise, spindle anti
clockwise, etc
 Then additional details such as spindle speed, feed and the required tool numbers to
perform machining in desired sequence are added.
 All of these codes together form a block of information.
 And many block of information together forms a PART PROGRAM.
4.2. Coordinate systems:

The Cartesian coordinate system is used for locating any section or point on
any drawing, machine or part along three mutually perpendicular axis as shown in the
figure. The four sections are called as quadrants. The quadrants are formed in the
plane where X and Y axes cross each other. The quadrants are numbered in counter
clockwise direction as I, II, III and IV. The centre is called as origin where both X
axis and Y axis cross each other. The Z axis is perpendicular to both X and Y axis and
goes through the origin.

From the origin to right the X values are positive and to the left X values are
negative. From the origin upwards all the Y values are positive and downwards Y
values are negative.

Each point in 2D Cartesian coordinate system is represented by two values i.e, (x,y).

Any point in I quadrant will have both X and Y value positive i.e, (+,+).

Any point in II quadrant will have X negative and Y value positive i.e, (-,+).

Any point in III quadrant will have both X and Y value negative i.e, (-,-).
Any point in IV quadrant will have X value positive and Y value negative i.e,
(+,-).

4.3. Dimensioning:
There are two types of dimensioning
a. Absolute dimensioning.
b. Incremental dimensioning.
4.3.1. Absolute dimensioning:

In this system of dimensioning all dimensions are taken from a single point
called datum point or origin. Absolute dimensioning is represented by G90 code.
This is most commonly used method of dimensioning drawings for part production on
CNC machines.

This method has definite advantages and some disadvantages. For example, if
the hole 2 is put wrong location, the hole 3 will not be affected. This is one reason
why absolute dimensioning is used more often than incremental dimensioning.
4.3.2. Incremental dimensioning:
In this system the measurement is taken from hole to hole as shown in the
figure. This method of dimensioning is called as absolute dimensioning. It proves
advantageous for machining a complicated pocket or part. It is denoted by the
preparatory function G91.
Proper care should be taken while using this method because, if one hole ex.
Hole 2 is wrongly located then all the remaining holes which are created in reference
to Hole2 will be incorrectly positioned.

4.4. Axis and Motion Nomenclature:

The axis and motion nomenclature is required to simplify the programming.


The methodology used is Right handed Cartesian system, assuming the tool moves
relative to the work-piece. For X and Y axis the positive direction of movement is that
which causes an increasing positive dimension on the work-piece. And in case of Z
axis positive dimension means the tool moves away from the work-piece.
A, B, and C are the rotary axis of motion around X, Y and Z respectively.

X- axis: The X axis is always horizontal and parallel to the work holding surface.

If Z axis is also parallel to X axis (as in horizontal machining centre), the


positive X axis is to the right (when looking from the spindle to work-piece).

When Z axis is vertical (as in vertical machining centre), the positive X axis is
to the when looking from the spindle.

Y-axis: The Y axis is perpendicular to both X and Y axis. The positive direction of Y
axis can be determined by reference to the right hand rule.

Z-Axis: The axis of the main machine spindle is denoted as Z-axis. It can be the axis
of the tool spindle (as in machining centres) or the axis about which the work-piece
rotates (as in turning centres). The Z axis is positive in a direction from the work-
piece towards the spindle.

4.5. Definitions of Reference positions:

There are three reference positions on CNC machine.

1. Machine zero point.


2. Work zero point.
3. Tool home position.

1. Machine zero point:


At this point coordinates of all axes are zero. Tool moves with respect to this
point and position of all axes can be seen on computer screen. Machine zero is
decided by manufacturer of machine.

2. Work zero point:

For preparing a program, first tool path is prepared according to operation


sequence and then coordinates of all points are determined. These coordinates are
determined by considering an original point on the job where all the axes intersect and
coordinates of that point are zero. This original point is known as work zero point.

3. Tool home position:

The position where the tool is placed away from work zero point as well as
machine zero point for sake of safety of tool, job and machine is known as home
position or tool home position. The tool is changed only at home position

3.6. Structure of a Part Program:

A part program consists of a string of block which define sequence of


operation of a machining process on a NC machine tool.

A part program block contains the following

1. Optional block skip (/)


2. Sequence or block number (N)
3. Preparatory functions (G)
4. Dimensional information (X, Y, Z, etc)
5. Decimal point (.)
6. Feed rate (F).
7. Spindle rate (S).
8. Tool number (T).
9. Tool offset function (D).
10. Miscellaneous functions (M, H etc)
11. End of block (EOB / *)
3.6.1. Word Addressed system

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