Calculation Principle of

Type of Energy Heat energy

Physical State
Physical Conservation of Energy Electrical
No change change
Heater
State Energy Power, P
Energy cannot be destroyed
Specific Latent
Use Q = mc∆θ Q = ml
Heat Heat
or created but can be __________
T(ºC) Potential Object fall from
Energy high position
from one form to another
Heat Energy Heat Energy Moving object
=
Kinetic stopped
_____________ ____________
Energy due to friction
t(s)

PRACTICE MAKE PERFECT!!!! [EXAM LEFT 20days……..HAVE I STARTED??]

1 2 How much of heat energy T(ºC) 6 At a waterfall, water can fall through a vertical
Temperature (oC) is required to raise the distance of 800m.Estimate the difference in
temperature of a 4kg iron temperature between the water at the base &
bar from 32oC to 52oC? the top of the waterfall.
100
C (ciron = 452Jkg-1oC-1)
80
A B
t
60

40

20
3 A bottle containing 1.5kg of T(ºC) 7 Find the time taken by T(ºC)
water at 34oC is put into a a 1KW heater to change
t(s)
40 80 120 160 200 refridgerator, what is the 2kg of ice at 0oC to water
A solid of mass 2 kg is heated by a 400W heater. temperature of water after at 100ºC. Assume that
The above graph show the temperature vs time 157500J of heat has been no heat is lost to the
for the substance. Assume that no heat is lost removed from the water surrounding.
to the surroundings. (cwater = 4200Jkg-1oC-1) (l ice = 3.4 x 105Jkg-1)
t t
(a) Explain what is happening in the region AB

(b) What is the melting point of the solid?

(c) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the solid? 4 An electric kettle has a T(ºC) 8 How much heat is required
power rating of 2.4kW. to change 2 kg of water at
How long does it take the 30ºC to steam at 100ºC?
kettle to heat up 4.4kg of Assume that no heat loss
tap water from 28oC to the surrounding.
to 100oC?
t

(d) Calculate the latent heat of fusion of the solid?

5 A bullet travelling at a velocity of 360ms-1 was 9 Determine the quantity θ (oC)

stopped by a wall. If the specific heat capacity of heat released when
20
of the bullet is 150Jkg-1oC-1, what is the increase 500g of water at 20oC
in the temperature of the bullet? is cooled to become ice
at the temperature of
-10
(e) Calculate the specific heat capacity of the liquid? -10oC
5 -1
(l ice = 3.36 x 10 Jkg
(cwater = 4.2KJkg-1, cice = 2.1 Jkg-1 oC-1)
10 An electric kettle contains 3.4kg of water at 15oC 13 A steel ball bearing of mass of 0.02kg and 16 A block of ice of mass m1 is at temperature of
(a) Calculate the amount of heat required to boil temperature 95oC is placed into 0.2kg of water 0ºC. The ice is dropped into hot water of
away all the water after the boiling point has at 24oC in a cup. What is the temperature when mass m2 at a temperature of 100oC. What is
been reached? the ball bearing achieved thermal equilibrium? the relationship between the m1 and m2?
[latent heat of vaporisation = 2.26 X 106Jkg-1] (csteel = 450Jkg-1oC-1) Given the final temperature= 10oC
T(ºC)
T(ºC) T(ºC)

T(ºC) T(ºC)
t
t t

(b)If the power of the heater is 2.4kW, what is

the time taken?
t t

11 An aluminium can of mass 200g contains 14 A iron spoon of mass 50.0g is at temperature of
250g of water. The can is then placed in a 20oC. The spoon is used to stir coffee which is at a
revision
freezer at -5oC. If the initial temperature of temperature of 90oC. The final temperature
the can and water is 28oC, find the reached by the spoon & coffee is 89ºC. The mass
Liquid in thermometer
quantity of heat has to be removed from the of the coffee is 200g. Calculate the specific heat
water & the can so temperature fall to -5oC capacity of the coffee (ciron = 452Jkg-1oC-1)
Mercury vs alcohol
[cice = 2Jg-1oC-1, cAl =0.9Jg-1oC-1, lice = 340Jg-1] coffee spoon
Range -39oC-357oC 115OC -78OC
Al Sensitive to
∆T
T(ºC) T(ºC) T(ºC) T(ºC)
Readibility
Stick to wall
of thermometer
Expand
unifomly
Wet
t t t t
the tube
Cost
Properties
of Liquid

12 A mass of 50g of aluminium at a temperature of 15 m1g of water at 10oC and m2 of water at 80oC
98oC is immersed in 80g of water at 12oC. are mixed. The final temperature of mixture is
Assuming that no heat lost to the surroundings, 50oC. Assuming that no heat loss to surrounding
what is the temperature of the mixture? Find the ratio of m1 :m 2
(cal = 0.88Jkg-1 oC-1) T(ºC) T(ºC)
Food for thought

Don’t go against the grain….

FULL steam ahead…

T(ºC) T(ºC)
t t Act NOW….

A stitch in time may save nine…

No point crying over split milk

t t
when result is released….
 Aim To determine the _______Heat Capacity of a SOLID To determine the _______Heat Capacity of a LIQUID
Variables
Power supply from the heater Power supply from the heater
Manipulated

Responding Temperature of the aluminium block Temperature of the water

Constant Period of heating Period of heating

Aluminium block, electric immersion heater, Water, electric immersion heater, measuring cylinder
Apparatus
thermometer, electrical power supply, stop watch, thermometer, electrical power supply, stop watch,
abestos sheet, a little oil, electronic balance abestos sheet, electronic balance
& Material

Experiment

Setup

(1) The apparatus is set up as shown above. (1) The apparatus is set up as shown above.
(2) The mass of an aluminium block is __________, m (2) The polystrene cup is ___________, m1
using electronic balance and ________. using electronic balance and recorded.
(3) Some _____ is poured into the hole before a (3) 200cm3 of water is _______ into the cup
thermometer is inserted. (4) The cup & its content are __________ again, m2
(4) The Al block is placed on an __________ (5) The cup is placed on an ____________
& ______________with felt & ______________with felt.
(5) The __________ temperature,θ 1oC of the Al block (6) The _______ temperature,θ 1oC at the water
Procedure
is recorded is recorded
(6) An immersion heater of power P W is used as shown. (7) An immersion heater of power P W is used as shown.
(7) The heater is __________ & stop watch (8) The heater is __________ & stop watch
are started simultaneously. are started _________________
(8) After a certain time, t (say 10 minutes), (9) After a certain time, t (say 10 minutes),
the power is switched ____. the power is switched ____.
(9) The __________ temperature, θ2 is recorded (10) The __________ temperature, θ2 is recorded

(1) Heat supplied by the heater = (1) Heat supplied by the heater =

(2) Heat absorbed by Al block = (2) Heat absorbed by the water =

Result &

(3) Assuming all ___________energy (3) Assuming all ___________energy

is converted to _____________energy is converted to _____________energy

Heat supplied by heater = Heat absorbed by Al Heat supplied by heater = Heat absorbed by H2O

= =
Calculation

Specific heat capacity Specific heat capacity

c = c =
of aluminium of H2O

(1) The specific heat capacity obtained from the experiment (1) The specific heat capacity obtained from the experiment
is _________than the standard value due to is _________than the standard value due to
__________ to the surrounding ____________ to the surrounding

(2) Heat loss to the surrounding is reduced by (2) Heat loss to the surrounding is reduced by
(a) Insulating the Al block with _______ or ____________ (a) _____________ cup is used
Discussion
(b) Placing the Al block on an _________ sheet (b) Insulating the cup with ______ & _______
(c) Heating the aluminium ___________ (c) Placing the cup on an _________ sheet

(3) Oil is poured into the holes of the Al block to improve

________ contact between Al & thermometer

Conclusion The specific heat capacity of aluminium : c= The specific heat capacity of water is : c=
 Aim To determine the _______Heat Capacity of FUSION To determine the _______Heat Capacity of VAPORISATION
Variables
Power supply from the heater Power supply from the heater
Manipulated

Responding Mass of ice melted Mass of water

Constant Period of heating Period of heating

Crushed ice, filter funnel, 2 set of similar heater Water, beaker, electric immersion heater
Apparatus
2 sets of retort stand, electrical power supply, stop watch, electrical power supply, stop watch, thermometer
electronic balance electronic balance, measuring cylinder
& Material

Experiment

B
A
Setup

Set A Set B

(1) Two sets of apparatus are set up as shown above. (1) The apparatus is set up as above.
(2) Two filter funnels are filled with __________ (2) A 500ml beaker is filled with _________
of a __________ mass as shown above
(3) The heater for apparatus A is ______________to an (3) The beaker is placed onto an _______________.
power supply whereas for apparatus B is ______________ (4) The heater is completely _______________ in water
to power supply (5) The power supply is switched ______ &
(4) When water dripped at a _________ rate, wait for the water to ________.
Procedure the heater is switched ___. (6) When the water is boiling, the electronic balance
(5) Beaker A & B is replaced with an _______ beaker respectively reading is ________ as m 1 and the stop-watch
and the stop watch is started _________________. is __________
(6) After a suitable time (say 5 minutes), the masses of (7) After a certain time interval (say 10 minutes),
water collected in the beaker A & beaker B the power supply is switched ____
are ___________ & _____________ as m1 & m2 respectively. (8) When the temperature of water drop below _______
(7) Switch off the power supply and the mass of the water is __________, m2.

Result & (1) Heat supplied by the heater = (1) Heat supplied by the heater =

Calculation (2) The mass melted by heater only = (2) The mass of water boiled away =

(3) Heat absorbed by the ice = (3) Heat absorbed by the water =
during fusion by heater only during vaporisation

(4) Assuming all __________________ (4) Assuming all __________________

is converted to _________________ is converted to _________________

Heat supplied by heater = Heat absorbed by ice Heat supplied by heater = Heat absorbed by water

= =

Latent heat capacity Latent heat capacity

l = l =
of fusion for ice of vaporisation of water

Discussion (1) The latent heat capacity obtained from the experiment (1) The latent heat capacity obtained from the experiment
is _________than the standard value due to is _________than the standard value due to
loss of heat to surrounding loss of heat to surrounding

(2) Crushed ice is used because _________surface area for (2) The heater must be ________ immersed to avoid lost of heat to
a more ____________ absorption of heat surrounding.

(3) Apparatus A is setup as a ___________ so that the mass of (3) Evaporation of the water during the _______ time of experiment
ice melted by the ______________, can be determined. is very _________. Hence can be neglected &
& a control set is _____ necessary

Conclusion The Latent heat capacity of fusion for ice : / = The Latent heat capacity of vaporisation of water: / =
 Application of EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION BOILING
Molecule Refridgerator Air Conditioner
__________ of liquid _____________ liquid
involved

Rate

Temperature ____ temperature At ______________only

Effect on
the liquid ____________ constant
temperature
Liquid freon ( a volatile liquid) is flows through
1 Change of liquid to ____
the expansion valve into the coils in the evaporator
Similarities 2 Latent heat of vaporization is ________________
freezer compartment in the room
3 affected by __________________ pressure

Evaporation Rate (ER) Boiling point (BP) The freon gas is drawn away The ________ air is drawn in

by a electronic pump, & passed over the

E.R = f( type of liquid) BP = f( type of liquid)
reducing the pressure for
cooling coils of evaporator
the oncoming liquid to evaporate
Different liquid have different ___________________ forces

between the molecules causing

The freon evaporates by _____________ the latent heat of vaporisation from the
the latent heat of vaporisation required also different
air & food inside
Σ surface Quantities of room
E.R BP
area of liquid Impurities the freezer compartment
Bigger surface
Presence of impurities
The air is blown back
greater ___________ for
The food become ________
prevent the liquid molecules into the room as ______ air.
fast molecules to escape
from escaping
Temperature
E.R The vaporized freon gas flows into a compressor
of liquid
from the surface of liquid.
Higher temperature
which _______________ the gas to a ________ pressure
So,liquid molecules
> molecules have ________
required > K.E
kinetic energy to escape
The _______ freon gas is flows through the coils of condenser
Factors Air
E.R
movement
BP Patm
where heat is _________________ to air blown over the coils
Greater air movement Higher Patm
by conduction to the cooling fins fitted
Moving air carries _______ Molecules required > K.E by a fan
to the condenser coil
the liquid that escaped
to _______ against the
& prevent the molecules freon ________ releases the ________________________________ to the
higher Patm as it _______
____________ to the liquid surroundings, it cooled & condenses to ________. The heat is _____________

E.R Humidity of air

Application of
The cooled ________ freon then flows at _____________ pressure through
> humid the air
HIGH PRESSURE
> water vapour above the expansion valve into the coils of the evaporators

the surface liquid

The cooled freon flows
increase the chance The cycle is ___________. .
at ______ pressure to the
of escaped molecules So the cold air in the vicinity of the
expansion valve & the cycle
to _________ with them & freezer compartment ____________ to the
is _______________
bottom of the of the refridgerator space
___________ into the liquid
Pressure > cook normal
The temperature in the
faster _____ air rises to the freezer compartment
cooker pot refrigerator/air conditioner is
under H2O boiled
> heat can be __________ where is it colded. By this process regulated by a __________
Reason High at ________
to cook the food of convection, the entire space which control the operation
Pressure temperature before the liquid turning into gas within the refrigerator is cooled of the compressor