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FCE 231 Lesson 5 Lecture Notes

This document contains lecture notes on stresses on inclined planes and principal stresses and strains. It defines principal planes as the two planes where shear stress is zero, and principal stresses as the maximum and minimum normal stresses on these planes. It provides equations to calculate stresses on inclined planes based on normal stresses σx and σy and shear stress τxy. It also describes methods to determine the principal stresses and planes, including using equilibrium equations and finding the angle where shear stress is maximized. An example calculates principal stresses given σx, σy and τxy values at a point.

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19 views21 pages

FCE 231 Lesson 5 Lecture Notes

This document contains lecture notes on stresses on inclined planes and principal stresses and strains. It defines principal planes as the two planes where shear stress is zero, and principal stresses as the maximum and minimum normal stresses on these planes. It provides equations to calculate stresses on inclined planes based on normal stresses σx and σy and shear stress τxy. It also describes methods to determine the principal stresses and planes, including using equilibrium equations and finding the angle where shear stress is maximized. An example calculates principal stresses given σx, σy and τxy values at a point.

Uploaded by

ochiengsteve7286
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FCE 231 – STRENGTH OF MATERIALS 1A

LESSON 5
LECTURE NOTES
Contents of Lesson 5

1) Expressions of stresses on an inclined plane


(contd.)
2) Principal Planes and stresses
3) Maximum Shearing Stresses
Stresses on an Inclined Plane
(contd.)
It was shown earlier that the stresses on an inclined
plane are described by Equation 1 reproduced
below:
xCx1  x cos  .C cos   y sin  .C sin   xy sin  .C cos   xy cos  .C sin  

Simplifying Equation above gives Equation 2 as


follows:
 C.1)  xC cos  . cos    yC sin  sin    xy C cos  .sin    xyC sin  . cos  
Stresses on an Inclined Plane
(contd.)
Equation 2 is further simplified to the following:
  x cos 2   y sin 2   2xy sin  cos 
(Eq.3)

Similarly, resolving forces in direction parallel to


the inclined plane (i.e. direction of shearing
stress ) gives the following:
 Cx1   x sin  .C cos   y cos  .C sin   xy cos  .C cos   xy sin  .C sin  
(Eq.4)
Stresses on an Inclined Plane
(contd.)
Simplifying Equation 4 gives:
 C.1  xC cos  .sin    yC sin  . cos    xy C cos  . cos    xy C sin  . sin  
Eq. 5
Equation 5 simplifies further to the following:

  xcos  . sin    ysin  . cos    xy cos 2   sin 2  


Eq. 6
Stresses on an Inclined Plane
(contd.)
Equations 3 and 6 can be expresses in terms of 2  by
making use of the following double angle formulae:
(i)cos 2 = cos2  - sin2  = 2cos2  - 1 (since cos2  + sin2  = 1)

2 1
cos  = 2 (cos 2 + 1)

2 1
(ii)sin  = 2 (1 - cos 2)

1
(iii)sin2  = 2sin  cos   sin  cos  = 2 sin 2
Stresses on an Inclined Plane
(contd.)
Then the expressions in Eq. 3 and Eq. 6 are
written more conveniently in the form:
  xcos 2  1  y1  cos 2   xy sin 2
1 1
2 2
Eq.7
  x  y   x  y  cos 2  xy sin 2
1 1
2 2
Or:
   x  y sin 2  xy cos 2
1
2
Eq. 8 and Eq. 9
Stresses on an Inclined Plane
(contd.)
Eq. 8 and Eq. 9 give the values of the normal stress
() and shear stress () at any inclined plane at a
given angle  for known values of stresses, x
and y.

Similarly, using Eq. 8 and Eq. 9, it is possible to get


the plane at an angle  on which the shear stress
 is zero. The plane are of special interest and are
referred to as the Principal Planes.
Principal Planes and Principal
Stresses
Consider the expression for the shear stress on an
inclined plane (see Eq. 9 reproduced below):

   x  y sin 2  xy cos 2


1
2
Shear stress is zero when  = or:
 x  y sin 2  xy cos 2  0
1
2
1
x  y sin 2  xy cos 2
2
Principal Planes and Principal
Stresses (contd.)
Rearranging the above expressions gives:
2xy
tan 2 
x  y

i.e: 2  tan 1 2xy or tan12xy


 180 0
x  y x  y

Or: 1 2xy 1 2xy


  tan 1
or tan 1
 90 0
2 x  y 2 x  y
Principal Planes and Principal
Stresses (contd.)
The foregoing shows that in a two dimensional
stress system, there are two planes, separated
by 900, on which the shearing stress is zero.

These planes are known as PRINCIPAL PLANES


and the corresponding values of  are known
as PRINCIPAL STRESSES.
Direction of Principal Planes
Consider Eq. 8 which is the general expression of
the normal stress on an inclined plane.
  x  y   x  y  cos 2  xy sin 2
1 1
2 2
The maximum value of  exists when the
following condition is satisfied:
d
0
d
Direction of Principal Planes
(contd.)
d
i.e.  x  y sin 2  2xy cos 2  0
d
2xy
tan 2  (same as Eq. 10)
x  y
It has been demonstrated that:
• The maximum value of  occurs on the planes
of zero shear.
• Therefore, the PRINCIPAL STRESSES define
the maximum and minimum direct stresses in
the material.
Values of Principal Stresses
Methods 1:
– Substituting the values of  in the general equation
for  i.e. eq. 8 i.e. the use of the following equations
simultaneously:

1 2xy 1 2xy
  tan 1
or tan 1
 90 0
2 x  y 2 x  y

  x  y   x  y  cos 2  xy sin 2


1 1
2 2
Values of Principal Stresses
(contd.)
Method 2:
The principal stresses can be calculated more
directly without finding the principal planes.
Y

C
 

x
 xy
 xy

y
X
Values of Principal Stresses
(contd.)
Method 2 (contd.)
• Assume that the principal plane is at an angle  to
0y;
• Consider equilibrium of the triangular block in x
and y directions;
• Eliminate  between the two equations;
• Obtain a quadratic equation in  with two
solutions giving maximum and minimum values of
stress:  1 and  2, which are the Principal
stresses.
Exercises on Values of Principal
Stresses
By using the equilibrium of a block in directions
X and Y, show that the values of the Principal
stresses on a plane inclined at an angle  to
the vertical are given by:

 1  x  y   x  y   4xy 


1 1 2 2

2 2

 2  x  y   x  y   4xy 


1 1 2 2

2 2
Exercises on Values of Principal
Stresses (contd.)
At a point of a material, the two dimensional
stress system is defined by:
x= 60.0 MN/m2, tensile
y= 45.0 MN/m2, compressive
xy= 37.5 MN/m2, sheering
Where x,y, xy and are the stresses on the
two planes parallel to x and y axes
respectively.
Evaluate the values and directions of the
PRINCIPAL STRESSES.
Maximum Shearing Stresses
The principal planes define directions of zero
shearing stress; on some intermediate plane
the shearing stress attains a maximum value.
The shearing stress  has already been given in
terms of x,y, and xy and is reproduced
below:
   x  y sin 2  xy cos 2
1
2
Maximum Shearing Stresses
(contd)
 achieves maximum value when d/d=0.
See Lesson 6
1. Maximum Shear Stress
2. Method 3 of Evaluation of Principal Stresses

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