Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
REGION VI-WESTERN VISAYAS
SCHOOL DIVISION OF ILOILO CITY
FORT SAN PEDRO NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Sto. Rosario Street, Iloilo City

Term Paper

Entitled

Different types of graphs and their use

In partial fulfillment of the subject Business Mathematics for

Grade 11 Accountancy, Business and Mathematics (ABM) Learners of K to 12 Curriculum

Submitted by

Rysa Bacolod

Julienne Gayorgor

Renalyn Villaula

Chymice Sales

Submitted to

MR. RODULFO C. PERACULLO JR.

Mathematics Teacher

March 15, 2024

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Describe the different
kinds of graphs and its
essential parts for data
presentation

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Did you know that numbers that are independent of one another are displayed using bar
graphs.Did you know pie charts illustrate the division of a whole into its component in. Did
you know Line graphs allow you to see the evolution of numbers over time.Did you know
cartesian graphs feature numbers on both axes, they make it possible to illustrate how
changes in one item effect changes in another.Also graphs can help us better visualize data
linkages, trends, and patterns. Graphs are effective tools for providing data in an
understandable and interpretable visual format. They are crucial for data analysis and
communication because they offer a straightforward and succinct means of communicating
complicated information. In order to create successful visualizations that effectively represent
the intended information, it is imperative to understand the basic components of a graph.
Topic is all about on how the graph and it essentially part to represent data. Do you know
how to use the ms excel spss programs to compute and present graphical u representation of
business data? So our topic describe or present on how you can unn n use the MS Excel
programs to compute, are topic explain well on how you can use the Ms excel and how you
can analyze and interpret the data presented on a graph/table.

Bar Graphs: Bar graphs are helpful for comparing values between several groups or
categories. They are made up of bars that are either vertical or horizontal, and each bar's
height or length indicates the size of the data.

Important components:

Bars: Show the values of the data.

Axis: Usually consists of a horizontal (x-axis) or vertical (y-axis) axis that are used to
identify the groups or categories that are being compared.

Title: Gives a synopsis of the information shown in the graph.

Line Graphs: Line graphs are a great way to show relationships between variables or trends
over time. They are made up of data points with lines connecting them, each point denoting a
different value.

Important components: Data points: Show distinct values.

Lines: Join data points to illustrate patterns or trends.

Axis: Usually consists

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 Table of Contents:

•Bar graph……………………………………………………………………………………2

•Line graph…………………………………………………………………………………...3

•Histogram……………………………………………………………………………………5

•Piechart………………………………………………………………………………………6

•Exponentialgraphs…………………………………………………………………………..6

•Logarithmicgraphs………………………………………………………………………….7

•Trigonometricgraphs………………………………………………………………………..8

•Frequency distribution graph…………………………………………………………….8

III

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 Creating a bar chart or any kinds of graphs is a great way to compare data that's separated
into categories. Microsoft Word makes it easy to create many types of graphs, including
simple but attractive bar charts, using their Chart tool. We'll show you how to insert a Chart
into your Microsoft Word document and use it to illustrate your own data.

1. Click the insert tab in Microsoft Word. It’s at the top of Word.
2. Click Chart on the toolbar. It's the vertical bar graph icon in the toolbar at the top of
Word. Depending on your version, it may be on a panel called "Illustrations."
3. Select the Bar option. You'll see it in the left panel.

4. Double-click the bar chart format you want. You can select any of the bar charts in the right
panel to choose that type of chart. This places the chart in a spreadsheet window that looks
like Excel.
 The Clustered and 3-D Clustered bar charts are helpful for comparing values across
categories.[2]
 Stacked bar and 3-D Stacked bar charts are best for showing the relationship of individual
items to a whole.
 The 100% Stacked and 3-D 100% Stacked bar charts compare the percentage each value
contributes across multiple categories.

5. Replace the sample data with your own data. Now that you have the basic chart format, you
can just swap out the example information with your own data to display your chart.

 You can close the spreadsheet window when you're finished. If you need to
edit the data again, click the chart to select it, click the Chart Design tab at the
top, and then click Edit Data on the toolbar.
6. Edit your chart details. While the chart is selected, you'll see four icons at its top-right
corner. You can use these icons to make your data look exactly as you want.
 Click the first icon, which looks like a curved line over a set of horizontal
lines, to display and select from a variety of layout and text-wrapping options.
 Click the + to show or hide chart elements, including axes, category and series
names, grid lines, legends, and more.
 Click the paintbrush icon at the top-right corner of the chart to choose a
different chart style.
7. Select different chart elements to view options in the Format panel. As you click different
chart elements, such as the bars or grid lines, the Format panel on the right side of Word will
change to show you editing options for the selected element.

 For example, if you click text on your chart, you can change the text
color and outline in the right panel.
 You can change the colors of the chart by clicking Change Colors on
the Chart Design tab.
 For more formatting options, click the Chart Design tab at the top of
Word—it's only visible when the chart is selected. This is also where
you'll find options for changing the chart type, editing the data, and
choosing a different color scheme.

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2
Frequency Distribution Graph

All these graphs are used in various places to represent a specific set of data concisely. The
details of each of these graphs (or charts) are explained below in detail which will not only
help to know about these graphs better but will also help to choose the right kind of graph for
a particular data set.

Statistical Graphs

A statistical graph or chart is defined as the pictorial representation of statistical data in

graphical form. The statistical graphs are used to represent a set of data to make it easier to
understand and interpret statistical information. The different types of graphs that are
commonly used in statistics are given below.

Bar Graph

Bar graphs are the pictorial representation of grouped data in vertical or horizontal
rectangular bars, where the length of bars is proportional to the measure of data. The chart’s
horizontal axis represents categorical data, whereas the chart’s vertical axis defines discrete
data.

Bar graphs are the pictorial representation of data (generally grouped), in the form of vertical
or horizontal rectangular bars, where the length of bars are proportional to the measure of
data. They are also known as bar charts. Bar graphs are one of the means of data handling in
statistics.

The collection, presentation, analysis, organization, and interpretation of observations of data

are known as statistics. The statistical data can be represented by various methods such as
tables, bar graphs, pie charts, histograms, frequency polygons, etc. In this article, let us
discuss what is a bar chart, different types of bar graphs, uses, and solved.

What is Bar Graph?

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The pictorial representation of grouped data, in the form of vertical or horizontal rectangular
bars, where the lengths of the bars are equivalent to the measure of data, are known as bar
graphs or bar charts.

The bars drawn are of uniform width, and the variable quantity is represented on one of the
axes. Also, the measure of the variable is depicted on the other axes. The heights or the
lengths of the bars denote the value of the variable, and these graphs are also used to compare
certain quantities. The frequency distribution tables can be easily represented using bar charts
which simplify the calculations and understanding of data.

The three major attributes of bar graphs are:

•The bar graph helps to compare the different sets of data among different groups easily.

•It shows the relationship using two axes, in which the categories are on one axis and the
discrete values are on the other axis.

•The graph shows the major changes in data over time.

Line Graph Definition

A line graph or line chart or line plot is a graph that utilizes points and lines to represent
change over time. It is a chart that shows a line joining several points or a line that shows the
relation between the points. The graph represents quantitative data between two changing
variables with a line or curve that joins a series of successive data points. Linear graphs
compare these two variables in a vertical axis and a horizontal axis.

Types of Line Graphs

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The following are the types of the line graph. They are:

Simple Line Graph: Only one line is plotted on the graph.

Multiple Line Graph: More than one line is plotted on the same set of axes. A multiple line
graph can effectively compare similar items over the same period of time.

Compound Line Graph: If information can be subdivided into two or more types of data. This
type of line graph is called a compound line graph. Lines are drawn to show the component
part of a total. The top line shows the total and line below shows part of the total. The
distance between every two lines shows the size of each part.

Line Graph

A graph that utilizes points and lines to represent change over time is defined as a line graph.
In other words, it is a chart that shows a line joining several points or a line that shows the
relation between the points. The diagram depicts quantitative data between two changing
variables with a straight line or curve that joins a series of successive data points. Linear
charts compare these two variables on a vertical and horizontal axis.

A line graph is a unique graph which is commonly used in statistics. It represents the change
in a quantity with respect to another quantity. For example, the number of muffins sold in a
week, which we can represent with the help of this graph. This variation is usually plotted in
a two-dimensional XY plane. If the relation including any two measures can be expressed
utilizing a straight line in a graph, then such graphs are called linear graphs. Thus, the line
graph is also called a linear graph. Here, we are going to discuss what a line graph is, its types
procedure to draw a line graph, and examples in detail.

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Histogram

A histogram chart displays the frequency of discrete and continuous data in a dataset using
connected rectangular bars. Here, the number of observations that fall into a predefined class
interval represented by a rectangular bar.

In statistics, a histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of data. The

histogram is represented by a set of rectangles, adjacent to each other, where each bar
represent a kind of data. Statistics is a stream of mathematics that is applied in various fields.
When numerals are repeated in statistical data, this repetition is known as Frequency and
which can be written in the form of a table, called a frequency distribution. A Frequency
distribution can be shown graphically by using different types of graphs and a Histogram is
one among them. In this article, let us discuss in detail about what is a histogram, how to
create the histogram for the given data, different types of the histogram, and the difference
between the histogram and bar graph in detail.

What is Histogram?

A histogram is a graphical representation of a grouped frequency distribution with continuous

classes. It is an area diagram and can be defined as a set of rectangles with bases along with
the intervals between class boundaries and with areas proportional to frequencies in the
corresponding classes. In such representations, all the rectangles are adjacent since the base
covers the intervals between class boundaries. The heights of rectangles are proportional to
corresponding frequencies of similar classes and for different classes, the heights will be
proportional to corresponding frequency densities.

In other words, a histogram is a diagram involving rectangles whose area is proportional to

the frequency of a variable and width is equal to the class interval.

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Pie Chart

A pie chart used to represent the numerical proportions of a data set. This graph involves
dividing a circle into various sectors, where each sector represents the proportion of a
particular element as a whole. This is also called a circle chart or circle graph.

A pie chart is a type of graph that represents the data in the circular graph. The slices of pie
show the relative size of the data, and it is a type of pictorial representation of data. A pie
chart requires a list of categorical variables and numerical variables. Here, the term “pie”
represents the whole, and the “slices” represent the parts of the whole.

What is a Pie Chart?

The “pie chart” is also known as a “circle chart”, dividing the circular statistical graphic into
sectors or sections to illustrate the numerical problems. Each sector denotes a proportionate
part of the whole. To find out the composition of something, Pie-chart works the best at that
time. In most cases, pie charts replace other graphs like the bar graph, line plots, histograms,
etc.

Exponential Graphs

Exponential graphs are the representation of exponential functions using the table of values
and plotting the points on a graph paper. It should be noted that the exponential functions are
the inverse of logarithmic functions. In the case of exponential charts, the graph can be an
increasing or decreasing type of curve based on the function. An example is given below,
which will help to understand the concept of graphing exponential function easily.

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For example, the graph of y = 3x is an increasing one while the graph of y = 3-x is a
decreasing one.

Graph of y = 3x:

Graph of y = 3-x

Logarithmic Graphs

Logarithmic functions are inverse of exponential functions and the methods of plotting them
are similar. To plot logarithmic graphs, it is required to make a table of values and then plot
the points accordingly on a graph paper. The graph of any log function will be the inverse of
an exponential function. An example is given below for better understanding.

For example, the inverse graph of y = 3x will be y = log3 {x} which will be as follows:

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Trigonometric Graphs

Trigonometry graphs are plotted below for the 6 trigonometric functions, which include sine
function, cosine function, tangent function, cotangent function, cosec function, and sec
function. Visit trigonometry graphs to learn the graphs of each of the functions in detail along
with their maximum and minimum values and solved examples.

Graphic representation of inverse trigonometric functions: Inverse trigonometric functions

are the functions that are also called arc functions. These are arcsine, arccosine, arctangent,
arc-secant, arc-cotangent and arc-cosecant. Just like the trigonometric functions, we can also
represent graphs of inverse trigonometric functions.

Basically, sin, cos and tan functions are used to find the length of the side of the right
triangle, when we know the length of one side and measure of one of the acute angle. But, in
the case of inverse trig functions, we basically find the measure of the angle, when the length
of the two sides is known to us.

Frequency Distribution Graph

A frequency distribution graph is used to show the frequency of the outcomes in a particular
sample. For frequency distribution graphs, the table of values made by placing the outcomes
in one column and the number of times they appear (i.e. frequency) in the other column. This
table is known as the frequency distribution table from which the cumulative frequency graph
or ogive can be plotted.

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There are two commonly used frequency graphs which include:

Frequency Polygon

Cumulative Frequency Distribution Graphs

Frequency Distribution Table – Data Collection

In our day to day life, recording information is very crucial. A piece of information or
representation of facts or ideas which can be further processed is known as data. The weather
forecast, maintenance of records, dates, time, and everything is related to data collection.

The collection, presentation, analysis, organization and interpretation of observations or data

is known as statistics. We can make predictions about the nature of data based on the
previous data using statistics. Statistics are helpful when a large amount of data is to be
studied and observed.

The collected statistical data can be represented by various methods such as tables, bar
graphs, pie charts, histograms, frequency polygons, etc.

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 Glosarry

ADJACENT- very near, next to, or touching

ARC FUNCTION- the inverse of a function. In trigonometry, Arc simply means the inverse
of a function. For instance ArcSin(x) means the inverse of the Sine function.

ARCSINE- the inverse function of the sine function. The arcsine is the inverse function of the
sine function. This means that they are opposite functions, and one will cancel out the other.
The arcsine is mainly used to determine the measure of an angle when two sides of a right
triangle are known.

ARCCOSINE- the arccosine is the inverse function of the cosine function. This means that
they are opposite functions, and one will cancel out the other. The arccosine is mainly used to
determine the measure of an angle when two sides of a right triangle are known.

ARCTANGENT- noun trigonometry. The angle, measured in radians, that has a tangent
equal to a given number

ARC SECANT- the inverse function of the secant; the angle that has a secant equal to a given
number. synonyms: arc secant, arcsec, inverse secant. type of: circular function,
trigonometric function.

ACUTE ANGLE- an angle which is measuring less than 90 degrees is called an acute angle.
This angle is smaller than the right angle (which is equal to 90 degrees).

CATEGORICAL DATA- categorical data is a collection of information that is divided into

groups. I.e, if an organisation or agency is trying to get a biodata of its employees, the
resulting data is referred to as categorical.

COSINE- a trigonometric function that is the ratio between the side next to an acute angle in
a right triangle and the hypotenuse.

COTANGENT- cotangent is one of the 6 trigonometric functions. It is usually referred to as

"cot". Just like other trigonometric ratios, the cotangent formula is also defined as the ratio of
the sides of a right-angled triangle. The cot x formula is equal to the ratio of the base and
perpendicular of a right-angled triangle.

COSEC FUNCTION- the cosecant function is the reciprocal of the sine function. The sine
function is the opposite side divided by the hypotenuse, so the cosecant function is the
hypotenuse divided by the opposite side. The side opposite the right angle is called the
hypotenuse, and the other two sides are called legs.

CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY- cumulative frequency analysis is the analysis of the

frequency of occurrence of values of a phenomenon less than a reference value. The
phenomenon may be time- or space-dependent. Cumulative frequency is also called
frequency of non-exceedance.

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DISCRETE DATA- data that can only take certain values is called discrete data or discrete
values. This is data that can be counted and has a limited number of values. It usually comes
in the form of whole numbers or integers. These values must fit into certain categories and
can't be broken into smaller parts.

DENOTE- in statistics, a denote is a symbol or a letter that represents a common statistical

expression. It is a shorthand used to represent a statistic and/or the definition of a statistical
term. For example, n is a denote for the number of elements in a sample.

FREQUENCY DENSITIES- fequency density is the frequency per unit for the data in each
class. It is calculated by dividing the frequency by the class width. We use frequency density
to plot histograms.

INTERVAL- for example, an interval between 0 and 10 would include not just 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, and 9 but also the other kinds of numbers between them. These would include decimal
numbers like 1.3 and fractions like 1/10 as well.

PREDEFINED- decided, set, or arranged before something is done: The chart can be filled
out with a predefined set of values.

PROPORTIONAL- having the same or a constant ratio. corresponding sides of similar

triangles are proportional. 2. : regulated or determined in size or degree with reference to
proportions.

PROPORTION- the size, number, or amount of one thing or group as compared to the size,
number, or amount of another. the proportion of boys to girls in our class is three to one.

SEC FUNCTION- the secant function is a periodic function in trigonometry. The secant
function or sec function can be defined as the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to that of
the length of the base in a right-angled triangle. It is the reciprocal of cosine function and
hence, is also written as sec x = 1 / cos x.

TAGENT FUNCTION- in trigonometry, the tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of
the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side. In other words, it is the ratio of sine and
cosine function of an acute angle such that the value of cosine function should not equal to
zero.

Bibliography

Renz Kie describe the different kinds of graphs and its essential parts for data presentation.

https://sg.docs.wps.com/l/sILWk_ar2AfnDhq8G?v=v2

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 Presentation and
Analysis of Business
Data Using Microsoft
Excel

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

 Step-by-step process about of the Graphical Presentation in Excel…………………1

 Steps on how to install data analysis…………………………………………………..3

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Graphical Presentation in Excel

1. Open an Excel worksheet. Encode your data in one column with the appropriate
variable name.

1. In the Insert Tab, you can have a

choice of different graphs – line, bar,
pie charts and
2. more. Sat we choose lin
2.In the Insert Tab, you can have a choice of different graphs – line, bar, pie
charts and more. Sat we choose line.

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 3. Press the desired graph.

The following are the steps to install DATA ANALYSIS.

1. From the EXCEL BUTTON, press EXCEL OPTIONS found below the dialogue box.
2. A new window will appear, press ADD INS on the 1st column. Then press GO.
3. Highlight STATISTICAL TOOLPAK – VBA, then press GO.
4. Allow Excel to install the software in less than a minute.
5. If properly installed, DATA ANALYSIS is now available from DATA.

Example: Let us work on DESCRPTIVE STATISTICS in Excel.

1. Encode your data in one column.
2. Press DATA/DATA ANALYSIS/DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS.
3. Enter the scores on the INPUT RANGE.
4. Check SUMMARY STATISTICS, then OK.
5. Your statistics will appear in a new sheet.
Step 1 and 2:

Step 3 and 4:

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Presenta
tion and
Analysis
of
3
i
Business
Data
Using

4
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Microso
ft Excel
Step 3 and 4:

Step 5:

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DATA ANALYSIS Gives the summary of descriptive statistics from the measures of
location of the measures of kurtosis.

ACTIVITY:
Present the given data using the appropriate graph. Generate a BAR graph using Excel. 15
points for a perfect graph and 1 point point will be deducted for each error trace on you
graph.
A. The following data shows COVID- 19 Buy and Sell’s Sales for its four products for four
consecutive yeaars (2017-2020).

2017 2018 2019 2020

Alcohol 1000 1200 900 2300

Face Mask 300 450 250 1800

Thermal Scanner 400 500 350 1750

Disinfecting Foot 100 200 500 1200

mop

Total 1800 2350 2000 7050

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Statistical graphs serve as powerful tools for representing and analyzing data in various
fields. Understanding the different types of statistical graphs—such as bar graphs, line
graphs, histograms, and pie charts—provides valuable insight into choosing the most
appropriate visualization method for a particular data set. Each type of graph has its
characteristics and applications, allowing researchers, analysts, and decision-makers to
effectively communicate information and derive meaningful insights.
Among the discussed graphs, bar graphs are ideal for comparing quantities across different
categories, while line graphs excel in showing trends or changes over time. Histograms
provide a visual representation of the distribution of data, especially for continuous or
discrete variables, and are useful for understanding the frequency of observations within
specific intervals. Pie charts offer a clear depiction of proportions and percentages within a
whole, making them suitable for illustrating categorical data.

Furthermore, frequency distribution graphs, including frequency polygons and cumulative

frequency distribution graphs, are valuable tools for visualizing the frequency of outcomes in
a sample. These graphs are particularly useful in statistical analysis, providing insights into
the distribution and trends present in the data.

In essence, statistical graphs play a vital role in simplifying complex data sets, aiding in
interpretation, and facilitating effective communication of statistical information. By
leveraging the appropriate type of graph for a given data set, researchers and analysts can
enhance their understanding and make informed decisions based on the insights gained from
graphical representations of data.

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 Glossary

ADD INS- click the File tab, click Options, and then click the Add-Ins category. In the Manage box,
click Excel Add-ins, and then click Go. The Add-Ins dialog box appears. To install an automation add-
in, in the Automation servers available box, click Automation, and then click the add-in that you
want.

DESIRE GRAPH- the graph of desire is a "flattened" representation of a signifying chain as it crosses a
pathway Lacan called a vector of desire. It appears as two curved lines which cross one another at
two separate points. Each line has a symbolic meaning.

DATA ANALYSIS- data analysis is the process of inspecting, cleansing, transforming, and modeling
data with the goal of discovering useful information, informing conclusions, and supporting decision-
making.

DISCREPTIVE STRATEGY- descriptive statistics refers to a set of methods used to summarize and
describe the main features of a data set, such as its central tendency, variability, and distribution.
These methods provide an overview of the data and help identify patterns and relationships.

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION- an Excel chart or graph is a visual representation of a Microsoft Excel

worksheet's data. These graphs and charts allow you to see trends, make comparisons, pinpoint
patterns, and glean insights from within the raw numbers. Excel includes countless options for charts
and graphs, including bar, line, and pie charts.

KURTOSIS- kurtosis is a measure of the tailedness of a distribution. Tailedness is how often outliers
occur. Excess kurtosis is the tailedness of a distribution relative to a normal distribution.
Distributions with medium kurtosis (medium tails) are mesokurtic. Distributions with low kurtosis
(thin tails) are platykurtic.

TOOLPAK- if you need to develop complex statistical or engineering analyses, you can save steps and
time by using the Analysis ToolPak. You provide the data and parameters for each analysis, and the
tool uses the appropriate statistical or engineering macro functions to calculate and display the
results in an output table.

VBA (Visual Basic for Application)- VBA is an abbreviation for Visual Basic for Application. VBA is a
programming language that was developed by Microsoft Corp., and it is integrated into the major
Microsoft Office applications, such as Word, Excel, and Access.

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 Bibliography

Writer: WILLIAM M. ELIGIO Teacher-II Potrero National High School Editors: JANE P.
VALENCIA, Ed.D. – EPS – Mathematics (CHAIRMAN) CHARIZEL T. ARCILLA –
SPST-I Malino National High School JHOANNA S. MANALOTO – T-II San Juan High
School (Mexico)

Business-Mathematics Module-18 Presentation-and-Analysis-of-Business-Data-Using-

Microsoft-Excel

Subject: BS Education (BSED 2022)

230 documents

School: Carigara National High School

Academic year of published: 2018/2019

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