0% found this document useful (0 votes)
280 views20 pages

SPP 202 3

The document discusses standards of professional practice for architects in the Philippines. It addresses the applicability of SPP Document 202 to both individual and group practices. Foreign architects must comply with requirements to render regular design services locally. BPO/KPO firms cannot provide architectural services in the Philippines unless registered. Regular design services involve 6 phases from project definition to construction phase. The document also discusses minimum basic fees for architectural services based on 10 project classification groups of varying complexity.

Uploaded by

qfg2qqcf42
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
280 views20 pages

SPP 202 3

The document discusses standards of professional practice for architects in the Philippines. It addresses the applicability of SPP Document 202 to both individual and group practices. Foreign architects must comply with requirements to render regular design services locally. BPO/KPO firms cannot provide architectural services in the Philippines unless registered. Regular design services involve 6 phases from project definition to construction phase. The document also discusses minimum basic fees for architectural services based on 10 project classification groups of varying complexity.

Uploaded by

qfg2qqcf42
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 20

PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203

Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p

1. SPP 202 Regular Design Services

2. Group Practice [Applicability of SPP Document 202]

- These standards of professional practice apply


to both individual practice (natural person) and
_______________________ (by a juridicial entity like a
partnership or a corporation)

3. Foreign [Applicability of SPP Document 202]

_______________ architects who wish to render regular


design services must first comply with the requirements of
RA 9266:

1) temporary/special permit
2) a work permit from DOLE
3) must work with a local counterpart who is an RLA

4. BPO and KPO [Applicability of SPP Document 202]


_________________________________ firms cannot
render architectural services for projects located on Philip-
pine soil unless they are PRC-registered architectural
firms

5. Regular Design - in regular practice, the architect acts as the owner's


Services (SPP adviser and/or representative
202) - starts at the inception of the project and end only when
the contractor turns over the completed project to the
owner

6. Regular Design [6 phases]


Services (SPP
202) 1) Project Definition Phase
2) Schematic Design Phase
3) Design Development Phase
4) Contract Document Phase
5) Bidding or Negotiation Phase
6) Construction Phase

1 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p

7. Project Definition [6 phases - regular design services]


Phase
Description:
- involves the definition of requirements of the project by
the owner
- architect in turn informs the owner of the technical re-
quirements of the project and the concomitant profession-
al fees
- PF of the architect and needed professions are dis-
cussed and contracted

8. Project Definition [6 phases - regular design services]


Phase
Output:
- design brief / conceptual framework
- definition of requirements / architectural program
- initial statement of probable construction cost
- contract of services

9. Schematic Devel- [6 phases - regular design services]


opment Phase
Description:
- preparation of schematic design studies
- leading to conceptual plans
- regular consultations and presentations to refine the
design

10. Schematic Devel- [6 phases - regular design services]


opment Phase
Output:
- schematic design
- updated SPPCC
- initial line drawings
- evaluation the owner's program, schedule, budget

11. Design Develop- [6 phases - regular design services]


ment Phase
Description:
- preparation of design drawings
2 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
- outline specification (material, finishes)
- diagrammatic layout of construction systems

12. Design Develop- [6 phases - regular design services]


ment Phase
Output:
- architectural plans
- outline of specifications
- updated SPPCC

13. Contract Docu- [6 phases - regular design services]


ment Phase
Description:
- completion of design and construction drawings (contract
documents)
- submission of drawings to owner for relevant permitting
(7 copies)
- assists owner in filing the required documents to secure
approval of government authorities

14. Contract Devel- [6 phases - regular design services]


opment Phase
Output:
- contract documents (7 sets)
- technical specifications

15. Bidding and Ne- [6 phases - regular design services]


gotiation Phase
Description:
- prepares bidding documents
- helps in organizing and conducting pre-bid conferences
- responds to questions form bidders
- helps the owner to establish a list of prospective contrac-
tors

16. Bidding and Ne- [6 phases - regular design services]


gotiation Phase
Output:
Bid Documents such as;
- forms for contract letting
3 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
- documents for construction
- forms for invitation, instructions to bidders
- forms for bidder's proposals
- general or specific conditions of contract

17. Bid Documents - the ______________ are loaned to bidders at an amount


sufficient to cover direct and indirect costs of preparation,
reproduction and delivery of said documents
- they are intellectual property of the architect and must be
returned after the bid
- neither the owner nor the bidders are allowed to use
_______________ for purposes other than agreed be-
tween the owner and architect

18. Construction [6 phases - regular design services]


Phase
Definition:
- site supervision; makes periodic visits to the project site
- prepared change orders when needed
- turns over written guarantees required of contractors
- certifies work done by contractor

19. Construction [6 phases - regular design services]


Phase
Output:
- change orders
- certificates of payment

20. Certificates for During the construction phase the architect determines
Payment the amount owing and due to the contractor and issues
______________________________ for such amounts
based on his observations and the contractor's applica-
tions for payment.

21. DAEDS Detailed Architectural and Engineering Design Services

22. DADS Detailed Architectural Design Services

23. 10 _______ Groups, each containing building types that are


of similar complexity. The percentages differs depending
4 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
on which services are rendered; DADS or DAEDS. Mini-
mum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification.

24. Group 1 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


DAEDS: 5%
DADS: 3%

Simple buildings
- printing plants
- public markets
- service garages
- simple loft type buildings
- warehouses
- manufacturing/industrial plants
- packaging and processing plants
- other similar

25. Group 2 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


DAEDS: 6%
DADS: 3.6%

Buildings of moderate complexity:


- art galleries, exhibition halls
- banks, exchange and other buildings
- financial institutions, call centers
- churches & other religious
- civic centers, welfare buildings
- college buildings, schools, dormitories
- convents, monasteries, seminaries
- correctional & detention facilities
- fire stations
- laundries & cleaning facilities
- libraries
- malls, shopping centers, supermarkets
- motels and apartels
- multi-storey apartments, serviced apartments
- showrooms, service centers
- nursing homes
- office buildings and office condo

5 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
- park, playground and open air recreational facilities
- residential condominiums
- private clubs
- race tracks
- restaurants / fastfood stores
- retail / wholesale stores

26. Group 3 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


DAEDS: 7%
DADS: 4.2%

Buildings of exceptional character and complexity of plan


and design
- aquariums
- laboratories / testing facilities
- nuclear facilities
- marinas and resort complexes
- auditoriums
- medical arts offices & clinics
- airpots / wet & dry ports and terminals
- mental institution
- breweries
- mortuaries
- cold storage facilities
- observatories
- telco buildings
- public health centers
- gymnasiums
- hospitals & medical buildings
- hotels

27. Group 4 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


DAEDS: 10%
DADS: 6%

Residences:
- detached
- single attached
- row houses

6 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
- apartment
- townhouses

28. Group 5 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


DAEDS: 12%
DADS: 7.5%

Monumental
- exposition and fair buildings
- specialized decorative buildings
- mausoleums, memorials, monuments
- museums
- buildings of similar nature or use

29. Group 6 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]

Repetitive Construction of Buildings and Structures;


Without amening the drawings and specs
*each instance cost as a percent of the RPF for the build-
ing type:

1st Instance: 100%


2nd Instance: 50%
3rd Instance: 40%
4th Instance and all succeeding: 30%

30. Group 7 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


DAEDS: 10%
DADS: 5%

Housing Projects involving construction of several units


based on 1 set of drawings. 1st unit shall be full RPF.
Succeeding units shall be charged as a percent of 1st
RPF:

For DAEDS:
01-10: 50%
11-30: 40%
31-50: 25%

7 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
51 and all: 15%

For DADS:
01-10: 30%
11-30: 24%
31-50: 15%
51 and all: 9%

31. Group 8 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


15% of PCC

Projects involving extensive detail such as:


Designs for built-in components, screens, counters, archi-
tectural interiors, and development planning or design

32. Group 9 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]


150% of Basic Fee

For alterations or additions of existing structure belonging


to Group 1 to 5. Compensation of services should be
increased by 50% (Total of 150% of the RPF).

33. Group 10 [Minimum Basic Fee Based on Project Classification]

Rate: 1000php / hr
Opinions, advice and clarifications
Explanation on technical matters pertaining to profession

Rate: 5000php/hr
Service as an expert witness (regardless if scheduled
hearing took place or not)

34. Upon Signing of [Payment Schedule]


Agreement
5% (SPP 2016)
25,000php (SPP 2010)
5% MBF (1979 UAP Doc)

35. Schematic De- [Payment Schedule]


sign Phase
8 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
20% (SPP 2016)
15% - 25,000php (SPP 2010)
15% (1979 UAP Doc)

36. Design Develop- [Payment Schedule]


ment Phase
40% (SPP 2016)
40% (SPP 2010)
35% (1979 UAP Doc)

37. Contract Docu- [Payment Schedule]


ment Phase
90% (SPP 2016)
90% (SPP 2010)
85% (1979 UAP Doc)

38. Bidding Phase [Payment Schedule]

Adjustment of 90% based on winning bid APCC (SPP


2016)
Adjustment of 90% based on winning bid APCC (SPP
2010)
Adjustment of 85% based on winning bid APCC (1979
UAP Doc)

39. Construction [Payment Schedule]


Phase
5% Civil Liability; 5% PCS (SPP 2016)
5% Civil Liability; 5% PCS (SPP 2010)
10% Civil Liability; 5% PCS (1979 UAP Doc)

*PCS - Period Construction Supervision

40. 50 kilometers A per diem plus traveling and living expenses shall be
chargeable to the owner whenever the architect or his duly
authorized representative is required to perform services
at a locality beyond ________________ from his estab-
lished office as it appears in the architect's letterhead.

41. doubled
9 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
When the suspension of construction exceeds a period
of 6 months, the fee for the remaining works shall be
___________________.

42. net amount The architect's fee is a _____________________. Any tax


(exclusive of income tax) that the national and/or local
gov't may impose on the architect as a consequence of
the services performed for the project shall be paid by the
owner.

43. Architect All designs, drawings, models, specifications and other


contract documents and copies thereof, prepared, duly
signed, stamped and sealed and furnished as instruments
of service, are the intellectual property and documents of
the ___________________ whether the work for which
they were made is executed or not, and are not to be
reproduced or used on other work except with a written
agreement with the Architect (Sec. 33 of R.A. No 9266)

44. Project Con- _________________________ as herein referred to,


struction Cost means the cost of the completed building to the Owner,
(PCC) including the MEPF systems, elements attached to the
building and all items indicated in the plans, designs,
drawings and specs prepared by the Architect and his
consultants.

45. Market value The cost of materials used and the labor for their installa-
tion are part of the PCC. If these items are furnished by
the Owner below its market cost, the cost of the material
and labor shall nonetheless be computed on the basis of
the current costs and fair _____________________.

46. Fees The PCC does not include any of the __________ for the
Architect, the Engineer, the Special Consultants or the
salaries of construction inspectors.

47. Project Develop- ___________________________ shall include cost of


ment Cost the construction as well as all professional fees, permits,
clearances and utilities and cost of acquiring the project
site / lot, cost of money, etc.
10 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p

48. SPP 203 Specialized Architectural Services

49. Specialized Ar- Deal with specific expertise for the further enhancement
chitectural Ser- of the architectural interior and exterior components of a
vices (SPP 203) project.

50. Specialized Ar- 1) Architectural Interiors


chitectural Ser- 2) Acoustic Design
vices (SPP 203) 3) Architectural Lighting Layout and Design
4) Site Development Planning (SDP)
5) Site and Physical Planning Services (including Master
Development Planning, Subdivision Planning and Urban
Design)
6) Comprehensive Development Planning
7) Historic and Cultural Heritage Conservation and Plan-
ning
8) Security Evaluation and Planning
9) Building Systems Design
10) Facilities Maintenance Support
11) Building Testing and Commissioning
12) Building Environmental Certification
13) Forensic Architecture
14) Building Appraisal
15) Structural Conceptualization
16) Preliminary Services
17) Contract Documentation and Review
18) Post-Design Services
19) Dispute Avoidance and Resolution
20) Architectural Research Methods
21) Special Building/Facility Planning and Design
22) Building Components
23) Management of Architectural Practices

51. Architectural In- [Specialized Architectural Services]


teriors
Involves the detailed planning and design of the indoor ar-
eas of any proposed building, including retrofit, renovation,
rehabilitation or expansion work, including the architectur-
al laying out of all building engineering systems
11 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p

- prescribes space plans, stacking diagram/sections and


computations of areas for the different activities
- layout and prescribes furniture/built in equipments for the
project and prepares specs of all AI components (finishes,
fixtures, furnishings)
- assist the Client in conducting negotiations with contrac-
tors and suppliers
- checks and approves samples of materials and shop
drawings

Manner of Providing Services:


1) AOR + CA
2) CA

Payment:
10-15% total cost of work
5% coordinating fee

Payment Schedule:
Preliminary - 30%
Final Design - 50%
Completion - 20%

52. Acoustic Design [Specialized Architectural Services]


Services
Detailed planning and design to control sound transmis-
sion for compatibility with the architectural design concept

- prepares drawings and specs for acoustic design and


treatment, sound control and reinforcement, sound ab-
sorption, reflectance, insulation, etc.
- assists in bidding or negotiating specialty sub-contractor
- checks and approves samples of materials and equip-
ments
- conduct final inspection of work and equipment

Manner of Providing Services:


12 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
1) AOR + CA
2) CA

Payment:
10-15% total cost of work
5% coordinating fee

Payment Schedule:
Preliminary - 30%
Final Design - 50%
Completion - 20%

53. Lighting Layout / [Specialized Architectural Services]


Design
Involves the detailed planning and design of light transmis-
sion, timing and control

- prepares drawings and specs for lighting design, illu-


mination, fixture placement, efficiency, energy considera-
tions, etc.
- assists in bidding or negotiating with specialty sub-con-
tractor

Manner of Providing Services:


1) AOR + CA
2) CA

Payment:
10-15% total cost of work
5% coordinating fee

Payment Schedule:
Preliminary - 30%
Final Design - 50%
Completion - 20%

54. 1. Architectural [Specialized Architectural Services]


Interiors
2. Lighting Lay- Payment:

13 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
out / Design Ser- 10-15% total cost of work
vices 5% coordinating fee
3. Acoustic De-
sign Services Payment Schedule:
Preliminary - 30%
Final Design - 50%
Completion - 20%

55. Site Develop- [Specialized Architectural Services]


ment Planning
(SDP) Services Space planning, architectural layout and utilization of
spaces within and surrounding a specific building/ struc-
ture in relation with the existing natural or built environ-
ment

- if the project is large in scale, the Architect must hire


other State-regulated professionals as qualified Specialist
Consultants (eg. Landscape Architect)

- conceptualization the entire SDP of generic scope of civil


works, general scope of softscape and hardscape, specs
for the civil works and utility lines
- assists in bidding out the work or negotiating with land-
scape, waterscape, rock formation conbtractors etc.

Manner of Providing Services:


1) AOR + CA
2) CA

Payment:
10-15% total cost of work

Payment Schedule:
Preliminary - 30%
Final Design - 50%
Completion - 20%

56. [Specialized Architectural Services]

14 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
Site and Physi- The orderly arrangement within a piece of land. Con-
cal Planning Ser- cerned with the general quality of the settings for peo-
vices ple and their activities, buildings and other natural and
man-made phenomenon. Prepares Master Development
Plan.

- environmental studies, feasibility studies, market analy-


sis, access/movement systems, impact analysis and oth-
ers

Manner of Providing Services:


1) AOR + CA
2) CA

Payment:
1) first 5 has = 5php/sqm or 250,000php (first 5 has)
2) 5-10 has = 4php/sqm or 250k + 40k per has.
3) 10-50 has = 3php/sqm or 450k + 30k per has.
4) 50 has above = 1.5php/sqm or 1.65m + 15k per has

Payment Schedule:
30% RPF = Framework Dev't Plan (FRDP)
30% RPF = Conceptual Master Dev't Plan (CMDP)
20% RPF = Preliminary Master Dev't Plan (PMDP)
20% RPF = Detailed Master Dev't Plan (DMDP)

57. Comprehensive [Specialized Architectural Services]


Planning
Services Multi-disiplinary, the CDP services may place heavy em-
phasis on the non-physical and non-engineering com-
ponents of the development plan, like the ff: economic,
political, socio-cultural, environmental

- prepares conceptual dev't plans, policies, implementing


strategies to arrive at the desired comprehensive and/or
master planning solutions
- examines exiting laws, ordinances, political/social con-
straints

15 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
Manner of Providing Services:
1) AOR + CA
2) CA

Payment:
1) thorough man months x factor to cover other direct and
indirect costs

58. Comprehensive [5 Components]


Planning 1) physical
Services 2) economic
3) socio-cultural
4) transport
5) legal and administrative

59. Physical Compo- [5 Components: CDP]


nent
Land use and the changes which occur within the physical
environment represented mainly by the MDP.

60. Economic Com- [5 Components: CDP]


ponent
The nation's assets and its management.

61. Socio-cultural [5 Components: CDP]


Component
The people, their living conditions and the seeking of ways
to ameliorate it.

62. Legal and Admin- [5 Components: CDP]


istrative Compo-
nent The relationship of adopted development proposals and
policies to exiting laws.

63. Historic and Her- [Specialized Architectural Services]


itage Conserva-
tion and Plan- Provides research, assessment, recording, management,
ning interpretation and conservation of historical heritage

64.
16 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
Security Evalua- [Specialized Architectural Services]
tion and Plan-
ning Arranges and formulates methods of rating and ascertain-
ing the value of structures or facilities which must be fully
secured, kept safe, protected, assured, guaranteed and
provided sufficient safeguards for the conduct of any work
or activity.

65. Building System [Specialized Architectural Services]


Design
Engages in methods of producing building components in
a highly engineered, efficient and cost-effective manner.

66. Facilities Mainte- [Specialized Architectural Services]


nance Support
Provides the Owner/Client with means and measures to
ensure the proper function and maintenance of the build-
ing / structure and site after final inspection.

67. Building Testing [Specialized Architectural Services]


and Commis-
sioning Systematic process of ensuring that a building is planned,
design, installed and tested to perform according to the
design intent and building's operational need.

68. Building Environ- [Specialized Architectural Services]


ment Certifica-
tion Needed to evaluate the environmental performance of
a building and to encourage market migration towards
sustainable design

Rating System:
1) credit based
2) flexible
3) consensus-based and market-driven

69. Forensic Archi- [Specialized Architectural Services]


tecture
A scientific study on the built environment's well being,
which allows the architect to focus on lthe ways in which
17 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
the building can best maintain itself and prolong its life in
a cost-efficient manner

70. Building Ap- [Specialized Architectural Services]


praisal
Value on the building/ structure condition and defects,
and on its repair and maintenance, including the required
improvements

71. Structural Con- [Specialized Architectural Services]


ceptualization
Practice conceives, chooses and develops the type, dispo-
sition, arrangement and proportioning of the structural el-
ements of an architectural work, giving due considerations
to safety, cost-effectiveness, functionality and aesthetics.

72. Preliminary Ser- [Specialized Architectural Services]


vices
Much more than the basic knowledge of Site Analysis,
Space Planning and Management, Architectural Program-
ming, and the other services under SPP Document 201.

73. Contract Docu- [Specialized Architectural Services]


mentation and
Review Much more than basic knowledge of Specs writing, esti-
mates, quantity survey, architectural production, architec-
tural software, architectural support services

74. Post-Design Ser- [Specialized Architectural Services]


vices (Includ-
ing Construction Much more than basic knowledge of pre-construction,
Services) construction, post-construction and other services under
SPP Doc 204, 206, 207; preparation of FALAR

75. Dispute Avoid- [Specialized Architectural Services]


ance and Resolu-
tion Much more than the basic knowledge of the various
modes of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) pre-
scribed under R.A. No. 9285, the ADR Act of 2004 and
its IRR i.e. Construction Arbitration, Mediation and Concil-
18 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
iation, Negotiation and of Contract Administration, Quality
Surveys, Appraisals and Adjustments and Expert Testimo-
ny. An Architect specializing in ADR must preferably be
State-accredited.

Alternative Dispute Resolution


- alternative to court action

76. Arbitration A voluntary dispute resolution process in which one or


more arbitrators, appointed in accordance with the agree-
ment of the parties

77. Mediation A voluntary process in which a mediator, selected by the


disputing parties, facilities communication and negotia-
tion, and assist the parties in reaching a voluntary agree-
ment regarding a dispute.

78. Architectural Re- [Specialized Architectural Services]


search Method
Much more than basic knowledge of research methods,
Philippine architecture and history, arch. material finishes

79. Special Building / [Specialized Architectural Services]


Facility Planning
and Design The Architect in this area of practice must have much more
than the basic knowledge of the Planning and Design
Processes required for Housing Developments, Recre-
ational and Tourism Estates, Health Care and Hospitality
Facilities, Transportation and Telecommunications Facil-
ities, Production and Extractive Facilities, Utility-related
Developments, Secure Facilities, Business and Industrial
Parks, Economic Zones and Community Architecture and
the like.

80. Building Compo- [Specialized Architectural Services]


nents
Much more than the basic knowledge of Building Materials
and Finishes, Construction Methodologies, Building En-
velopes including cladding and roofing systems, Architec-

19 / 20
PP - SPP Doc 202 | 203
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_9dsy4p
tural Fenestrations and Architectural Hardware, Fixtures
and Fittings.

81. Management of [Specialized Architectural Services]


Architectural
Practices Much more than the basic knowledge of the Types of
Architectural Office Operations, Architectural Office Man-
agement, Accounting / Finance / Taxation / Audit, Labor
Code, Architectural Marketing and Project Development,
Proposals / Negotiations / Contracts, Contract Admin-
istration, File Management and Limitations of Business
Process Outsourcing (BPO) and Knowledge Process Out-
sourcing (KPO) Operations.

20 / 20

You might also like