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Nuclei (6 Lecture)

The document discusses nuclear structure, including that the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and defines terms like atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It also covers the concept of radioactivity and the law of radioactive decay, including definitions of decay constant and half-life. Finally, it introduces the ideas of mass-energy equivalence, mass defect, and binding energy as they relate to nuclear stability.

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kumarchandanyadav276
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61 views

Nuclei (6 Lecture)

The document discusses nuclear structure, including that the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons, and defines terms like atomic number, mass number, and isotopes. It also covers the concept of radioactivity and the law of radioactive decay, including definitions of decay constant and half-life. Finally, it introduces the ideas of mass-energy equivalence, mass defect, and binding energy as they relate to nuclear stability.

Uploaded by

kumarchandanyadav276
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Ch-:Nuclei

Lect 01
Today’s Goal

Nuclear Structure
➢ The positive charge & entire mass of atom is
concentrated at it’s centre called Nucleus.

➢ ratom ≈10-10 m ; rnucleus ≈10-15 m

➢ If atom → a normal Room


nucleus → pinhead

➢ In this chapter we will study properties of Nuclei,


such as their size, mass and stability and also nuclear
phenomena such as radioactivity, fission and fusion.
Nuclear Structure:
➢Nucleus is made up of protons & neutrons,these are
called nucleons

Proton:
1. Sub atomic particle
2. Charge = +e= +1.6 x 10-19 C
3. Mass= 1.6726 x 10-27 kg ≈ 1amu
𝟏
4. Symbol → 𝟏𝑯 Hydrogen → 𝟏 proton
Neutron:
1. Sub atomic particle
2. Charge = 0 neutral
3. Mass= 1.6749 x 10-27 kg ≈ 1amu
𝟏
4. Symbol → 𝟎𝒏
Atomic Number (Z) AND Mass Number (A)

• Atomic Number(Z): No. of protons= np (Always)


= No. of electrons(Atom neutral)

• Mass Number(A): No. of nucleons


= no. of protons + no. of neutrons
A= np + nn
Atomic Mass(in amu)=Mass of one atom of element
= Mass of protons + Mass of neutrons+ Mass of electrons
𝑨 𝑨
Representation: 𝒁𝑿 or 𝒁𝑿

𝟏𝟔
Example: 𝟖𝑶:
Z=
A=
Mass of O atom=
𝟏𝟐
𝟔𝑪

• Z=
• A=
• Mass of C-atom=
• No of neutrons=
A:Mass Number
𝑨
𝒁𝑿 Z: Atomic Number
X:Element
𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟏𝟒 𝟏𝟒
e.g :𝟔𝑪 𝑪
or 𝟔 𝑵
;𝟕 or𝟕𝑵
𝟏𝟕 𝟏𝟕 𝟗 𝟗
𝟖𝑶 or 𝟖𝑪 ; 𝟒𝑩𝒆 or 𝟒𝑩𝒆
Classification of Nuclei-:
1. Isotopes: Atoms of an element whose nuclei have
same number of protons but different number of
neutrons
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
Example: 𝟏𝑯 𝟏𝑯 𝟏𝑯

No of protons(Z)
No of neutrons(A-Z)
No of nucleons(A)
𝟑𝟓 𝟑𝟕
𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍 𝟏𝟕𝑪𝒍
No of protons(Z)
No of neutrons(A-Z)
No of nucleons(A)
Note: Average Atomic Mass of Atom=
Avg Atomic Mass=n1M1+n2M2+n3M3+ …………

n1 : percentage of one isotope(fraction)


M1: Mass of one isotope
n2 : percentage of second isotope(fraction)
M2: Mass of one isotope
Q) Calculate Average Atomic Mass of Chlorine if it’s two
isotopes having Mass numbers 35 and 37 are found in the
ratio 75% to 25 %

a) 17.25 amu
b) 35.5 amu
c) 37 amu
d) 75 amu
2. Isobars: Atoms of different element whose nuclei
have same number of nucleons but different
number of protons & neutrons
3. Isotones: Atoms of different elements
whose nuclei have same number of neutron
Nuclear Shape,Size & Density
Shape : Shape of Nucleus is assumed to
approximately (90%) spherical
Size:
Q) 27 X 125Y
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑿
Then =?
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒀

𝟑
a) 𝟓
𝟑
b) 𝟒
𝟓
c) 𝟑
𝟐𝟕
d) 𝟏𝟐𝟓
Nuclear Density:
Note:
1. Nuclear density is independent of Mass number A.
It is same for nuclei of all atoms.
Approximately same ~ 1017 kg/m3

2. Nuclear density is 1014 times more than that of water


103kg/m3
Ch: Nuclei
Lect 03
Today’s Goal

Radioactivity –Law of
Radioactive Decay
Law Of Radioactive Decay
Q) Define λ (Decay Constant)
Activity of a Radioactive Substance
Units of activity/Radioactivity
i. Bequerel=Bq
1 Bq=1 disintegration/second

ii. 1 Rutherford= 106 disintegration/second

iii. Curie =Ci


1Ci=3.7x1010Bq=3.7x1010disintegration/second
Half Life of Decay: (t½)
Number of nuclei left after ‘n’ half lives
Activity after ‘n’ half lives
Time taken for ‘n’ half lives
Ch-Nuclei
Lect 04
Today’s Goal
Mass-Energy Equivalence

Mass-Defect & Binding-Energy

Nuclear Stability & Binding Energy/Nucleon


Mass-Energy Equivalence
1. In 1905,Einsten in his special theory of relativity
suggested that mass is a form of Energy.

2. He predicted mass & Energy are equivalent.

3. If Energy of a body is increased by amount ‘E’, it’s


mass increases by ‘m’,where
Mass-Defect & Binding-Energy
The mass of nucleus is less than the sum of mass of all
nucleons making it
Mass Defect (∆𝒎)
Binding Energy (B.E)
Amount of Energy released during the formation of a
nucleus.

Amount of Energy required to separate all nucleons


from the nucleus.
Q) Find the Binding Energy associated with mass defect of 1
amu
Ch-Nuclei
Lect 05
Today’s Goal

Nuclear Stability & Binding Energy/Nucleon

Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Stability & Binding Energy/Nucleon
• The B.E of heavy hydrogen 2H is 1.1 MeV & that of 238 U
is 1800 MeV
• B.E increases with increase in Mass Number(A)
• This means that 56Fe with B.E 492 MeV is less stable
than 238U with B.E 1800 MeV
Stability ∝ B.E
• But in Reality 56Fe is Most Stable Nucleus.
Conclusions
1. From A=50 to A=80,
𝑩.𝑬.
≈ 𝟖. 𝟓 𝑴𝒆𝑽
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏
and these nucleus are stable

𝑩.𝑬.
2. Fe(A=56), ≈ 𝟖. 𝟖 𝑴𝒆𝑽 ,has highest
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏
𝑩.𝑬.
,hence most stable nuclei
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏
𝑩.𝑬.
3. From A>80,the decreases slowly for A=238,it
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏
𝑩.𝑬.
reaches ≈ 𝟕. 𝟔 𝑴𝒆𝑽.These heavy nuclei are
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏
unstable.

4. They undergo Nuclear Fission to gain stability


𝑩.𝑬.
5. For A< 50,the decreases sharply and for A=2 ,it
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏
𝑩.𝑬.
reaches ≈ 𝟏. 𝟏𝑴𝒆𝑽.These lighter nuclei are
𝑵𝒖𝒄𝒍𝒆𝒐𝒏
unstable.

6. They undergo Nuclear Fusion to gain stability


Nuclear Fission
Nuclear Fusion
1. Nuclear Fission is a Nuclear Reaction in which a
heavy nucleus splits into two or more smaller, lighter
nuclei

2. The two(or more) nuclei produced are often of


comparable size

3. Most Fissions are binary fissions


(4 out of 1000 are ternary)
• Spontaneous fission → Radioactivity

• Induced fission → Splitting of nuclei by neutron,


proton or alpha particle
The composition of daughter nuclei is
unpredictable
Energy Liberated in Fission
Mass disappeared per fission of Uranium
Chain Nuclear Reaction
➢ Energy keeps ➢ Only one out of 3 neutron
multiplying(216 MeV per is allowed to cause further
fission) in microseconds fission
➢ Atom Bomb {50 kg of ➢ One fission causes one
Uranium can liberated 1015 J fission in next generation
of energy} ➢ Nuclear Reactor
Difficulties in chain Reaction
1. Poor Concentration of Fuel (235U)
2. Need of Slow Neutrons for 235U
3. Critical Mass of Fuel
4. Controlling the Rate of Fission
Nuclear Reactor
Nuclei
Lect 06
Today’s Goal

Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fission
[2005]
[2005]
Nuclear Fusion
Nuclear Fusion:
A process in which two (or more) lighter nuclei
combine to form a heavier nucleus along with
simultaneous release of large amount of energy.
The term fusing means to combine or to blend by
melting together
• So to bring one nucleus so close to other nucleus that
nuclear interactions begin, large amount of work has
to be done against the repulsive electrostatic force.

• To bring two Hydrogen nuclei this close, 400 KeV of


work(or energy) is required. On giving 400 KeV
energy, the nuclei will vibrate at such high kinetic
energy that they can overcome electrostatic repulsion.
From Kinetic Theory of Gases,
𝟏
𝑲. 𝑬 = 𝑲𝑻
𝟐
At such high temperature(109 Kelvin),Matter goes from
Solid →Liquid → Gas → PLASMA
Once Nuclear Fusion starts, it is self sufficient after
that
Nuclear Fusion on Earth & Stars
Fusion Reaction in Sun
Q) Which releases more energy per unit mass of fuel , Fission
or Fusion?
Per Nucleon

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