8/22/2019

ĐẠI HỌC QUỐC GIA TP.HỒ CHÍ MINH

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC BÁCH KHOA
KHOA ĐIỆN-ĐIỆN TỬ
BỘ MÔN KỸ THUẬT ĐIỆN TỬ

Embedded System Design

Chapter 2: Develop a project of embedded system design

om
1. Design Process
2. Design Specification
3. Design Issues

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4. Project plan

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1. Embedded System Design Process

o
du

• Several models can be applied for embedded system design

– The waterfall model: in which there is a process for developing a
system in steps, where results of one step flow into the next step.
u

– The spiral model: in which there is a process for developing a system

cu

in steps, and throughout the various steps, feedback is obtained and

incorporated back into the process.
– Consecutive refinement model
• Most followed and simple model for building an Embedded
System is Waterfall model

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1. Embedded System Design Process

CAD tools Requirement definition Customers

System specification System

architects
System partitioning

SW development
HW design
•Application SW

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Interface design
•HW architecture
•Device Driver •User interface
•Physical design
•Operating System

.c
SW developer HW designer
Integration and testing Reused

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components
No Meet
requirement?
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Yes
Delivery and maintenance
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1.1. System Specification

o
du

Documents for System Specification

1. Product Requirement Describe how the product will be.

u
cu

2.Design Specification Describe hardware modules,

subsystem, and functions will be used.

3. Hardware Specification Describe how the board will be

implemented and how it works.

4. Software Specification Describe how the software will be

implemented.

5. Test Specification Describe how the system will be tested.

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Design Goals

Performance 1. Product Requirement

Overall speed, deadlines 2.Design Specification

Functionality and user interface 3. Hardware Specification

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Manufacturing cost 4. Software Specification

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Power consumption 5. Test Specification

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Other requirements (physical size, etc.)
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Stepwise Refinement
o
du

• At each level of abstraction, we must

u

analyze the design to determine

cu

characteristics of the current state of the 1. Product Requirement

design
refine the design to add detail 2.Design Specification
verify that it meets all system goals
3. Hardware Specification
cost, speed, . . .
4. Software Specification

5. Test Specification

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Identifying the Requirements

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Requirements
o

A user requirement is a statement that specifies WHAT a product

du

should do, but it does not define HOW it should do it

u
cu

WHAT:

The device shall decrease the temperature of the

skin

HOW:

The device shall apply moisture to cool down the

skin.

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Requirements

May be developed in several ways

Talking directly to customers
Talking to marketing representatives
Providing prototypes to users for comment

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Requirements end up being the specification

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Containing enough information to begin designing
the system architecture

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Functional vs. Non-functional

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Requirements
o
du

Functional requirements
output as a function of input
u
cu

Non-functional requirements
time required to compute output
cost
size, weight, etc.
power consumption
reliability

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Non-functional Requirements
Performance
Major consideration for the usability of the system and
its ultimate cost
May be a combination of soft performance metrics and
hard deadlines
Cost
Manufacturing costs (e.g. components, assembly)

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Nonrecurring engineering (NRE) costs (e.g. personnel,
designing the system)
Environment and Installation

.c
The environment that the device will operate
How to install the device

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Those requirements are important for designing the
PCB, the enclosure.
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Non-functional Requirements
o

Physical size and weight

du

Depends on the application

Power consumption
u
cu

Important not only in battery-powered systems

Specified in terms of battery life or Wh

Certification
For international market, device need to have
certification to enter the market.
Several important certifications are UL, FCC, CE,
ROHS, IP

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Validating The Requirements

• Requires understanding what people want

and how they communicate it
• User interface requirements can be refined by
using a mock-up

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may be executed on a PC
• Physical, nonfunctional models of devices can

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also help
better idea of size and weight

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Sample Requirements Form (1/3)

o

•
du

name • power
• purpose • physical size/weight
u

• inputs and outputs

cu

• Installation
• Use cases • Certification
• functions
• performance
• manufacturing costs

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Sample Requirements Form (2/3)

• name
• purpose
one- or two-line description
• inputs and outputs

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types of data: analog? digital? mechanical?. . .
data characteristics: periodic? occasional? how many

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bits?. . .
types of I/O devices: buttons? A/D converters? video

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displays?. . .
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Sample Requirements Form

o
du

• Use case
u

How user will interact with the system

cu

• functions
more detailed description of the system
when the system receives an input, what does it do?
how do interface inputs affect these functions?
how do different functions interact?
• performance
must be identified earlier to ensure that the system
works properly
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Sample Requirements Form

• manufacturing costs
• cost has substantial influence on architecture
• work with some idea of the cost range
• power
• battery powered? plugged into a wall?

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• physical size/weight

.c
• more or less flexibility in the components to use
• Installation

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• Device is fixed, wall mounted or on desk, etc
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Sample Requirements Form

o
du

• Certification
u

• Need to meet standards for safety, compatibility.

cu

• Some Certification is UL, CE, FCC, IP

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Use Cases
“Specifies a sequence of actions, including Specifies a

sequence of actions, including variants, that the system

can perform and that variants, that the system can
perform and that yields an observable result of value to

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an yields an observable result of value to an actor ”

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Use cases
o
du

• Describes what the systems does

u

• A collection of operational scenarios that

cu

identify the role played by the in response to

stimulus, and the output produced by the
system
• Initiated by external events that precipitate a
system action

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What a Use Case Isn’t

• Description of the internal structure of the

system
– Data structures –Data base
Low level interface

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Single event or message
Event or action internal to the system that is not

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externally observable or does not produce a result
external to the system

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Use Case Composition

o

• Name
du

Summarizes the usage of the system it models

u

Description or Sequence of Steps

cu

Description of goal to be achieved

Describe the sequence of interactions between the
system and the actors that transpire from the input
system
Actors
Object outside the system that interact with the
system
Assumptions
Assumptions, preconditions, and post conditions
required for the use case to execute
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Actors

• Definition
– Represents what interacts with the system
– Any object outside the system under development
that has a significant interaction with the system
• Characteristics

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– One or more per use case

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– Not necessarily involved in all use cases

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Actor examples
o
du

• Users, other systems, subsystems, hardware

u

or software components, etc.

cu

• Microcontroller peripherals such as A/D

converter, serial interfaces, sensors
• Hardware components, LCD, push buttons,
sensors

Depend on the perspective, a device can be actor or not

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Use case diagram

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Identifying Use Cases

o
du

• List the primary capabilities of the system,

u

then the actors, then identify specific then the

cu

actors, then identify specific scenarios within

each use case.
• Identify the actors to the system and their
interaction.
• Begin with a system scenario, identify the
actors, and combine those into use cases.

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Use Case: Monitor CO Level

• Brief Description
– This use case is initiated periodically, measures the CO
sensor level, and computes the CO PPM value.
• Basic Flow
– This use case is initiated every 30 seconds.
– The raw sensor voltage is measured.

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– A PPM value is computed based on the measured value
and display on the LED

.c
– If the value is more than 20%, the alarm speaker turn on
• Requirements

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– The PPM value is limited to values between 0 to 999
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Validating The Requirements

o
du

Requirements
o name
• The requirements form should be the
introductory of a longer document o purpose
u

• After writing the requirements you should o inputs and outputs

cu

check for internal inconsistency o Use case

• forget to assign functions to an o functions

input/output? o performance

• considered all modes of operation? o manufacturing

• unrealistic number of features into a costs

battery-powered, low-cost machine? o power

o physical
size/weight
o Installation
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Digital Alarm Clock Requirements

• Description:
• This specification describes and defines the basic
requirements of a digital alarm clock. The clock
resolution is second, with error rate of 1 sec per day.
The clock can have 10 Alarm time.
• External Environment:

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• The Clock will be used indoor, put on desk or bed side

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Inputs
o
du

• inputs:
u

4 small buttons: MENU, UP,DOWN, ENTER

cu

1 big button: Stop Alarm

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Output

• Display:
• LCD with back light
• Date is display as Day/Month/Year
• Time can be display as am/pm or 24h, up to second.

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Output
o
du

• Display (cont)
u

The display should be readable in direct sunlight

cu

and from wide angle.

The display will appear similar to this one

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Output

• Display (cont)
Power Saving Mode
Day/Night Mode
Adaptive Brightness mode

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• Sound
The speaker can generate a sound at the volume of

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87dB, measured by a microphone placed 1 meter
away

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Use Cases
o

• Normal run
du

Brief Description
u

This mode is the normal mode of the clock, where

cu

continuously update the time/date on the display and

check for alarm.
Basic Flow
This use case is initiated every 1s
The display is updated.
If the alarm time is reached, the clock will sound and
vibrate according to the configuration.
Requirement
None
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Use Cases
• Change mode
Brief Description
Perform the mode changing.
Basic Flow
This use case is initiated if user press MENU button
When power on, the clock enter run mode. If user press

om
MENU, it display SETTIME mode. If user Press ENTER, it will
enter SETTIME mode. If user press MENU again, it display

.c
SETDATE mode. If user press MENU again, it display
SETTIMEMODE mode. If user press MENU again, it display
SETALARM MODE mode. . If user press MENU again, it return

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to RUN MODE mode
Requirement: Time to press the button is longer than 0.5s.
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Use Cases
o

• Set Time
du

Brief Description
Perform the set current time function.
u
cu

Basic Flow
This use cases will initiate is user enter SETTIME mode
from CHANGEMODE use case.
First, the Hours display will blink. If user press Up button,
it will increase. If user press Down button, it will decrease. If
user press Enter Button, the current value is saved and the
Minute display is blink. The same thing happen and if user
press Enter, the Minute value is saved and the Second display
is Blink. If user press Enter, the Hour display will blink again.

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Use Cases

Basic Flow (cont)

If user press MENU, it go to the SETTING mode (Change
mode use case)
Requirement
Time to press the button is longer than 0.5s.

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Use Cases
o

• Set Time
du

Brief Description
………………………
u
cu

Basic Flow
……………………….
Requirement
……………………….

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System Functional Specification

• Display time
Description
Depend on the display mode, time is displayed by 24h or am/pm
mode
Requirement
Time is updated on the LCD every second

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System Functional Specification

o
du

• Alarm
Description
u

If the Alarm time is reached, the Clock will sound and vibrate
cu

with the set volume.

Requirement
Sound is 87 Db at 1m away
Vibrate is 0.6g

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System Functional Specification

• Time Count
Description
………………………………….
Requirement
………………………………….

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Non Functional Specification

o
du

• performance:
• Can save 100 Alarm tone, maximum length of each
u

tone is 10 sec.
cu

• Manufacturing Cost
40 USD per piece for 1000 in quantity

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Non Functional Specification

• Physical size/weight
• Maximum 250g (including battery, enclosure)
• Maximum outer size of the clock is 20x20 mm.
• Power supply
• Adaptor 5V
• Operate for a minimum of 7 days on a fully charged

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battery.
• Installation and working environments

.c
• Put on desk and bed.
• Indoor

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• Temperature range: 10 – 80 Celcius
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Non Functional Specification

o
du

• Reliability and Safety Specification :

u

The Clock shall comply with the appropriate

cu

standards
• FCC, CE.
MTBF: 3 years
(Mean time between failures)

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Requirements Validation
• Validity checks: The functions proposed by stakeholders
should be aligned with what the system needs to perform.
• Consistency checks: Requirements in the document shouldn’t
conflict or different description of the same function
• Completeness checks: The document should include all the
requirements and constrains.
• Realism checks: Ensure the requirements can actually be

om
implemented using the knowledge of existing technology, the
budget, schedule, etc.

.c
• Verifiability: Requirements should be written so that they can
be tested. This means you should be able to write a set of
tests that demonstrate that the system meets the specified

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EXERCISE
o
du

• Group discussion
– Finish the Digital Alarm Clock requirement
u
cu

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2. Design Specification
• System description
– Written from a designer point of view
– System architecture
– Block diagram if appropriate
• First order functional decomposition
• System behavior

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– Control flow
– Data flow

.c
– Signal flow
– Timing requirements

ng
– State diagrams
– Constraints
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2. Design Specification
o
du

• Format, structure, and type of the system

u

inputs and outputs

cu

– Signal levels
– Timing / critical timing
– Command, Control, Data Formatting
• Memory Maps
• Major modules and their interfaces

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Hardware first approach

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System partitioning
o

• System partitioning: divide the system into three

du

parts:
– Hardware (HW): microcontrollers, memories, peripherals,
u

– Software (SW): OS, program, application software

cu

– Interface: SW driver, HW interface, user interface

• Alternative way: divide the system into HW and SW

– which functions should be performed in hardware, and
which in software?
– the more functions in software, the lower will be the
product cost
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Design Specification Example

• Description:
• This specification describes and defines the system
level architecture of a digital alarm clock. The clock
resolution is second, with error rate of 1 sec per day.
The clock can have 10 Alarm time. It supports sound
alarm and vibration.

om
• External Environment:
• The Clock will be used indoor, put on desk or bed side

.c
• Temperature range is 10-35 Celcius

ng
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System Connectivity
o

The Clock can be powered by an 12V adaptor or by internal battery.

du
u
cu

12:34

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System Block Diagram

Button Mode Display

Interface Control

Time
Sounder
Update

om
Tone Configurati Alarm Vibrator
storage on Control

.c
POWER SYSTEM

ng
Voltage Battery
Charger Battery
co regulator Monitor

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System Block Diagram in detail

o
du

Button LCD hardware

Buttons Mode LCD
Interface
driver Control Driver
u

HW
cu

EEPROM Configurat
EEPROM
Driver ion
DAC Speaker
driver

Vibrator
Time Alarm Vibrator motor
Motor
Update Control driver

Battery
Monitor
POWER SYSTEM

Battery
Voltage
Charger Battery level
regulator
monitor

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Button Interface
• Purpose
– This module provide interface to 5 buttons.
• Requirement
– Stable, long life button
– Connector must be tight

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– Buttons are push buttons.

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Button interface
o

• Hardware
Hardware:
du

Interface Component part Note

component number
MENU, UP,DOWN, Single end, GPIO, Button is off-board,
u

ENTER button 3.3V/0V connect by wires

and pin header
cu

2mm pitch
STOPALARM button Single end, GPIO, Button is off-board,
3.3V/0V connect by wires
and pin header
– Interface circuit: 2mm pitch

3.3V

R1
4.7K

J1

1
2

HEADER 2

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EEPROM
• Purpose
– This module contain alarm tones data and
configuration data (alarm time, alarm volume,
vibration volume).
• Requirement
– Contains 10 tones, each tone is 10sec long, 8 bit,

om
fs=8k.
– Contains 10 alarm data (alarm time, alarm

.c
volume, vibration volume) .

ng
co
Bộ môn Kỹ Thuật Điện Tử - ĐHBK Chapter 2 57
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EEPROM
o
du

Hardware Interface Component part Note

u

component number
cu

EEPROM SPI, 3.3V supply M95M02- EEPROM capacity is

DWMN3TP/K 256KByte

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Alternative solution for sound data

Is there another alternative solution?

om
.c
ng
http://www.icstation.com/voice-recorder-chip-seconds-music-audio-recordable-
board-voice-module-electronic-gift-p-9495.html
co
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LCD
o

• Purpose
du

– This module display the current time, date or

mode of the clock.
u
cu

• Requirement
– 3.5 inch.
– 16 bits colour
– Wide angle

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LCD
Hardware Interface Component part Note
component number
Serial SPI 2.8" inch SPI, 3.3V supply https://www.ebay.c
TFT LCD Display ER-TFT028-4(RTP) om/itm/Serial-SPI-
320x240 2-8-inch-TFT-LCD-
Display-320x240-
Resistive-Touch-
Panel-w-Tutorial-
/291019691582

om
.c
ng
co
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Time Update
o
du
u

Hardware Interface Component part Note

cu

component number
EEPROM I2C, 3.3V supply DS1307+ Realtime Clock, DIP
footprint

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Sounder
• Purpose
– This module generate alarm sound.
• Requirement
– Can generate 87 Decibel sound at the distance of
1m.
.

om
.c
ng
co
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Sounder
o
du

• Alarm (cont)
u

Hardware Interface Component part Note

component number
cu

Speaker 1W 8Ohm 2 pins header

Audio power Mono input.3.3V MAX4295
amplifier supply
DAC onchip 8 bit

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Vibrator
• Purpose
– This module generate vibration.
• Requirement
– Can generate 0.6g vibration
.

om
.c
ng
co
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Vibrator
o
du

• Alarm (cont)
u

Hardware Interface Component part Note

component number
cu

Motor 3.3V DC https://vi.aliexpres

s.com/item/100-
Original-Vibrator-
Vibrate-Motor-For-
iPhone-5-5G-
Vibrator-Motor-
Replacement-Free-
Shipping/32587435
712.html

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Power supply
• Purpose
– This module charges the battery and regulate
voltage to supply the system.
• Requirement
– Input voltage: 5-6VDC
– Output voltage: 3.3V

om
– Maximum current supply: 200 mA.

.c
– Battery: 4.2V Li-Po
– Automatic switch to battery when power is lost.

ng
.
co
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Power supply
o
du
u

Hardware Interface Component part Note

component number
cu

Charger IC MCP738312
Regulator to 3.3V DC/DC, LDO MCP1702 Low quiescence
current
Battery DC, 4.2V

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Battery monitor
• Purpose
– This module measure the battery level
• Requirement
– Input voltage: battery voltage, maximum 4.4V
– Output voltage: 0-3V

om
.c
.

ng
co
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Battery monitor
o
du
u

Hardware Interface Component part Note

component number
cu

Resistive Bridge ADC

ADC ADC Onchip

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Button driver
• Purpose
– This module provide software function to
interface 5 buttons.
• Requirement
– Implement the debounce
– Deadline to detect button presses/released is 0.5s

om
• Estimated CPU resource requirement

.c
– maximum 100Byte RAM.

ng
co
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EEPROM driver
o

• Purpose
du

– This module provide software function to

interface with EEPROM.
u
cu

• Requirement
– Can read upto 8KByte per sec.
• Estimated CPU resource requirement
– maximum 20Byte RAM.

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Alarm control
• Purpose
– This module provide software function to:
• Check if an alarm time is met.
• Get sound data from EEPROM, put to buffer and generate the
sound
• Control the vibrator
• Monitor and notify when battery level is low

om
• Requirement
– Can put 8KByte sound data to buffer

.c
– Generate the sound with correct sampling rate
• Estimated CPU resource requirement

ng
– maximum 10KByte RAM. co
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Micro Controller Selection

o
du

Function Interface /onchip Quantity Pincount Requireme

hardware nt
u

1 Buttons GPIO 5 5
cu

2 Sound DAC 1 1 8 bits DAC

3 EEPROM SPI 1 3 Can read
8KB per
sec
4 Battery ADC 1 1
monitor
….

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Micro Controller Selection

Functions Speed RAM Special Hardware

Requirement (FPU, etc)

1 Button driver 100Byte

2 Alarm control 10Kbyte

om
3
…..

.c
ng
co
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Hardware Considering
o
du

Item Hardware Description Importance Cost

EEPROM 256MB Must have 0.5USD
u

Audio Codec High quality Nice to have 2USD

cu

audio processor
RTC Realtime clock Must have 1 USD
MCU STM32F103 3USD

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Group discussion
– Finish the System Specification for the digital clock

om
.c
ng
co
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3. Embedded System Design Issues

o

• Design issues are problems that make

du

it difficult to design an embedded

system
u

1. Constraint issues
cu

– cost may matter more than speed

– long life cycle
– Reliability/safety
– Low-power
– Size / weight
Examples: Portable heart-beat monitor
– Long life cycle (10 years)
– Reliability (accuracy 99%)
– Low-power (5 using days)
– Light weight (<1kg)

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3. Embedded System Design Issues

1. Constraints
Examples for smart home system
No. Constraints Note
1 Low price (< 1.000.000 dong) Correct
2 Ability to detect smoke and fire Wrong
3 Low power (100mW when idle, 3W when active) Correct

om
4 Response time for control < 1ms ?
5 Support remote control by smartphones ?
6 Easy to install ?

.c
Constraints are limitations or restrictions of some parameters

ng
of the system
co
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3. Embedded System Design Issues

o

2. Functional issues
du

– safety-critical applications
– damage to life, health, economy
u
cu

– affect to environment, society, politics

Example:
• Message LED for a shop
– Display message for customers
– Malfunctions result in small damage
• Message LED for a stock market
– Display stock data
– Malfunctions could damage to economy
• Battery charger
– ?
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3. Embedded System Design Issues

2. Functional issues
Examples for battery charger
No. Issues Note
1 Battery can be over-heat, it need to be detected by a Correct
sensor
2 Display a charging current and battery status Wrong
3 The system must have a fuse for protection of over ?

om
current
4 Support 3 charging modes ?

.c
5 Apply efficient algorithm for fast charging and increase ?
battery life cycle
Functional issues are problems which can affect to life, health,

ng
economy, environment, society, politics, ethics.
co
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3. Embedded System Design Issues

o

3. Real-time issues
du

– Determine whether the system is hard/soft/non real-time

– Determine the time constraint (delay)
u
cu

Example
• Door entry alarm
– Non/soft real-time system: delay < 1-2s
• Video recorder
– Soft real-time system: delay < 1ms
• Car airbag system
– ?
• Weather temperature monitoring
– ?

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3. Embedded System Design Issues

4. Concurrent issues
– System and environment run concurrently
– multi-functions
– interface with other systems
– May need a scheduler to manage concurrent tasks
Examples: Weather temperature monitoring

om
Multi-functions:
– Read temperature values from the sensor

.c
– Write data to memory
– Display data on LCD

ng
co
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3. Embedded System Design Issues

o

5. Reactive issues
du

– Continuous / discontinuous interaction

• Power on demand
u

– Turn ON when using

cu

– Ex: MP3 player, Tivi system

• Always ON, once started run forever
– Continuous interaction with their environment
– Termination is a bad behavior => watchdog timer
– Ex: Camera surveillance system, data acquisition system
– Response to external periodic/non-periodic events
• Events are periodic: the system needs a scheduler to
capture the events
• Events are non-periodic: the system needs to estimate
miss event cases
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3. Embedded System Design Issues

• Group discussion
– Discuss about design issues of your own class
project

om
.c
ng
co
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4. Project plan
o
du

• Build a team
u
cu

• Build a plan

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Build a team
• Important points about teams
– Teams bring together complementary skills and
experiences
– Teams establish communication to support real-
time problem solving
– Teams develop decisions by consensus rather than

om
by authority

.c
ng
co
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Team Contract
o

TEAM CONTRACT
du

Team name: BK1 Date: 26 Aug. 2014

Team member Roles Signature
u

Nguyễn Văn A Leader, system engineer

cu

Trần Văn B Hardware design

Nguyễn Thị C Software design
Tasks Responsible member
1. Develop system architecture Nguyễn Văn A
2. Design hardware Trần Văn B
3. Develop software Nguyễn Thị C
4. Integrate and test All
Team meeting 9AM, Wednesday, weekly
Team rules 1. Participate in all team meetings
2. Listen carefully to all comments at meetings
3. Complete all assigned tasks before deadlines
4. Focus on results rather than excuses after.
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Build a plan
• Project planning activities

Identify the task

Develop Develop Estimate

teams schedule time

om
Plan tasks

.c
Refine plan Approve Cancel plan
plan

ng
Proceed plan
co
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Project plan example (1)

o
du

Project planning
Team name BK_DEE
Product name Home security system
u

Main features -Fire alarm

cu

-Door alarm
-Send warning to home owner
Estimated Time 3 months (8 hours / a day)
Start: 20 Aug. 2014 End: 20 Nov. 2014
Estimated Cost Components : 300,000 VNĐ
Tools : 100,000 VNĐ
Materials : 100,000 VNĐ
Total : 500,000 VNĐ
Team members Student 1: leader
Student 2: hardware design
Student 3: software design
Schedule

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Project plan example (2)

Project planning
Schedule Month 1 Month2 Month 3
1. Design system architecture
2. Design hardware part
2.1. Design central control board
2.2. Design interface
2.3. Implement hardware board

om
3. Develop software part
3.1. Develop control algorithm
3.2. Develop driver, user interface

.c
3.3. Implement software program
4. Integrate and test

ng
4.1. Simulate operations
4.2. Verify system
co
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Group discussion
o
du

1. Consider the project car’s door mechanism

Write system specification for this project
u
cu

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Group discussion
2. Consider the project car door mechanism
Write team contract and plan for the project

om
.c
ng
co
Bộ môn Kỹ Thuật Điện Tử - ĐHBK Chapter 2 93
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du
u
cu

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