Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE

Paper
Time 1 hour 30 minutes
reference 9FM0/3D
Further Mathematics
Advanced
PAPER 3D: Decision Mathematics 1

You must have:

Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables (Green), calculator,
Decision Mathematics Answer Book (enclosed)

Candidates may use any calculator permitted by Pearson regulations.

Calculators must not have the facility for symbolic algebra manipulation,
differentiation and integration, or have retrievable mathematical formulae
stored in them.
Instructions
•• IfUsepencil
black ink or ball‑point pen.
is used for diagrams/sketches/graphs it must be dark (HB or B).
• Write your answers for this paper in the Decision Mathematics answer book
provided.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of the answer book with your name,
number and candidate number.
•• Answerreturn
Do not the question paper with the answer book.
all questions and ensure that your answers to parts of questions are clearly
labelled.
• Answer the questions in the answer book provided
– there may be more space than you need.
• You should show sufficient working to make your methods clear. Answers without
working may not gain full credit.
• Inexact answers should be given to three significant figures unless otherwise stated.
Information
•• AThere
booklet ‘Mathematical Formulae and Statistical Tables’ is provided.
are 7 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 75.
• – use this asfora guide
The marks each question are shown in brackets
as to how much time to spend on each question.
Advice
•• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end. Turn over

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1. A gardener needs the following lengths of string. All lengths are in metres.

4.3 6.1 5.1 4.7 2.5 5.9 3.4 1.7 2.1 0.4 1.3

She cuts the lengths from balls of string. Each ball contains 10 m of string.
(a) Calculate a lower bound for the number of balls of string the gardener needs.
You must make your method clear.
(2)
(b) Use the first‑fit bin packing algorithm to determine how the lengths could be cut
from the balls of string.
(3)
(Total for Question 1 is 5 marks)

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2.
B 23
8 4 H
16
9 3 E 33
A 18 23
C 31 6
17
10 J K
F
14 10 10
14 25
D 25 G

Figure 1

[The total weight of the network is 299]

Figure 1 represents a network of cycle tracks between 10 landmarks, A, B, C, D, E, F,

G, H, J and K. The number on each edge represents the length, in kilometres, of the
corresponding track.
One day, Blanche wishes to cycle from A to K. She wishes to minimise the distance
she travels.
(a) (i) Use Dijkstra’s algorithm to find the shortest path from A to K.
(ii) State the length of the shortest path from A to K.
(6)
The cycle tracks between the landmarks now need to be inspected. Blanche must travel
along each track at least once. She wishes to minimise the length of her inspection
route. Blanche will start her inspection route at D and finish at E.
(b) (i) State the edges that will need to be traversed twice.
(ii) Find the length of Blanche’s route.
(2)
It is now decided to start the inspection route at A and finish at K. Blanche must
minimise the length of her route and travel along each track at least once.
(c) By considering the pairings of all relevant nodes, find the length of Blanche’s new
route. You must make your method and working clear.
(5)
(Total for Question 2 is 13 marks)

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3. The initial distance matrix (Table 1) shows the lengths, in metres, of the corridors
connecting six classrooms, A, B, C, D, E and F, in a school. For safety reasons, some of
the corridors are one‑way only.

A B C D E F

A – 12 32 24 29 11

B 12 – 17 8 ∞ ∞

C 32 17 – 4 12 ∞

D 24 ∞ 4 – ∞ 13

E ∞ ∞ 12 18 – 12

F 11 ∞ ∞ 13 12 –

Table 1

(a) By adding the arcs from vertex A, along with their weights, complete the drawing of
this network on Diagram 1 in the answer book.
(2)
Floyd’s algorithm is to be used to find the complete network of shortest distances
between the six classrooms.
The distance matrix after two iterations of Floyd’s algorithm is shown in Table 2.

A B C D E F

A – 12 29 20 29 11

B 12 – 17 8 41 23

C 29 17 – 4 12 40

D 24 36 4 – 53 13

E ∞ ∞ 12 18 – 12

F 11 23 40 13 12 –

Table 2

(b) Perform the next two iterations of Floyd’s algorithm that follow from Table 2. You
should show the distance matrix after each iteration.
(4)

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 The final distance matrix after completion of Floyd’s algorithm is shown in Table 3.

A B C D E F

A – 12 24 20 23 11

B 12 – 12 8 24 21

C 28 17 – 4 12 17

D 24 21 4 – 16 13

E 23 29 12 16 – 12

F 11 23 17 13 12 –

Table 3

Yinka must visit each classroom. He will start and finish at E and wishes to minimise
the total distance travelled.
(c) (i) Use the nearest neighbour algorithm, starting at E, to find two Hamiltonian
cycles in the completed network of shortest distances.
(ii) Find the length of each of the two cycles.
(iii) State, with a reason, which of the two cycles provides the better upper bound for
the length of Yinka’s route.
(4)
(Total for Question 3 is 10 marks)

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4. A linear programming problem in x, y and z is to be solved using the big‑M method.
The initial tableau is shown below.

b.v. x y z s1 s2 s3 a1 a2 Value

s1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 13

a1 1 –2 2 0 –1 0 1 0 8

a2 3 0 –4 0 0 –1 0 1 12

P 2 – 4M –3 + 2M –1 + 2M 0 M M 0 0 –20M

(a) Using the information in the above tableau, formulate the linear programming
problem. You should
• list each of the constraints as an inequality
• state the two possible objectives
(4)

(b) Obtain the most efficient pivot for a first iteration of the big‑M method. You must
give reasons for your answer.
(2)

(Total for Question 4 is 6 marks)

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5.
4 D(x) 14

A(4) G(3)
J(7)

0 B(5) 11
22

C(7) E(4) H(5)

K(6)

7 16

F(x)

Figure 2

The network in Figure 2 shows the activities that need to be completed for a project.
Each activity is represented by an arc and the duration of the activity, in days, is shown
in brackets. The early event times are shown in Figure 2.
(a) Complete Table 1 in the answer book to show the immediately preceding activities
for each activity.
(2)
It is given that 4 < x  m
(b) State the largest possible integer value of m.
(1)
(c) (i) Complete Diagram 1 in the answer book to show the late event times.
(ii) State the activities that must be critical.
(3)
(d) Calculate the total float for activity G.
(1)

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 The resource histogram in Figure 3 shows the number of workers required when each
activity starts at its earliest possible time. The histogram also shows which activities
happen at each time.

number of
workers
8
7
6
C
5
F F
4 B D
3 D H
C F J K
2 D
A K
1 B E G H
C J
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 time

Figure 3

(e) Complete Table 2 in the answer book to show the number of workers required for
each activity of the project.
(2)
(f) Draw a Gantt chart on Grid 1 in the answer book to represent the activity network.
(5)
(Total for Question 5 is 14 marks)

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6. The following algorithm determines the number of comparisons made when Prim’s
algorithm is applied to Kn
Step 1 Start

Step 2 Input the value of n

Step 3 Let a = 1

Step 4 Let b = n – 2

Step 5 Let c = b

Step 6 Let a = a + 1

Step 7 Let b = b – 1

Step 8 Let c = c + (a × b) + (a – 1)

Step 9 If b > 0 go to Step 6

Step 10 Output c

Step 11 Stop

(a) For K5, complete the table in the answer book to show the results obtained at each
step of the algorithm.
(3)

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 B

17 19
21 15

28
A C
23
14
24 20

D 13 E

Figure 4

The weights of the ten arcs in Figure 4 are

17 21 24 14 23 13 15 19 28 20

(b) (i) Starting at the left‑hand end of the above list, sort the list into ascending order
using bubble sort. You need only write down the state of the list at the end of
each pass.
(ii) Find the total number of comparisons performed during the sort.
(5)
(c) Find the maximum total number of comparisons required to sort the weights of the
10 arcs of K5 into ascending order using bubble sort.
(1)
It is given that the maximum total number of comparisons required to sort the weights
of the arcs of Kn into ascending order using bubble sort is

λn(n – 1)(n + 1)(n – 2)

where λ is a constant.

(d) Determine the maximum total number of comparisons required to sort the weights
of the arcs of K50 into ascending order using bubble sort. You must make your
method and working clear.
(3)
(Total for Question 6 is 12 marks)

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7.
y
y = 2x + 1

O x
7x + 2y = 46 x + 2y = 12
x+y=8

Figure 5

Figure 5 shows the constraints of a linear programming problem in x and y where R is

the feasible region.
The objective is to maximise P = x + ky, where k is a positive constant.
The optimal vertex of R is to be found using the Simplex algorithm.
(a) Set up an initial tableau for solving this linear programming problem using the
Simplex algorithm.
(5)

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 After two iterations of the Simplex algorithm a possible tableau T is

b.v. x y s1 s2 s3 s4 Value

3 1
s1 0 0 1 − 0 1
5 5

1 2
x 1 0 0 0 − 2
5 5

11 12
s3 0 0 0 − 1 22
5 5

2 1
y 0 1 0 0 5
5 5

1 2 2 1
P 0 0 0 + k 0 − + k 5k + 2
5 5 5 5

(b) State the value of each variable after the second iteration.
(1)
It is given that T does not give an optimal solution to the linear programming problem.
After a third iteration of the Simplex algorithm the resulting tableau does give an
optimal solution to the problem.
(c) Perform the third iteration of the Simplex algorithm and hence determine the range
of possible values for P. You should state the row operations you use and make your
method and working clear.
(9)
(Total for Question 7 is 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER IS 75 MARKS

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 Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel Level 3 GCE

Paper
Time 1 hour 30 minutes
reference 9FM0/3D
Further Mathematics
Advanced
PAPER 3D: Decision Mathematics 1

Answer Book Total Marks

Do not return the question paper with the answer book.

Turn over

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1/1/1/1/
1.
4.3 6.1 5.1 4.7 2.5 5.9 3.4 1.7 2.1 0.4 1.3

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(Total for Question 1 is 5 marks)

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 2.

B 23 H

4 16
8 E
9 23
33
3
A C J
18
17 6
31
10
F
14 10
14
10
D G K
25 25

Key:
Order of Final

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labelling value

Working value

Shortest path from A to K: __________________________________________________________________________________________________

Length of shortest path from A to K: _________________________________________________________________________________________

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(Total for Question 2 is 13 marks)

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3.
(a)
A B

8
17
4
C D
12
18
E 13

12
F

Diagram 1
(b)

There are spare copies of these tables, if required, on Page 9.

3rd iteration

A B C D E F

A –

B –

C –

D –

E –

F –

4th iteration

A B C D E F

A –

B –

C –

D –

E –

F –

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(b)
Spare copy for 3rd iteration

A B C D E F

A –

B –

C –

D –

E –

F –

Spare copy for 4th iteration

A B C D E F

A –

B –

C –

D –

E –

F –

(Total for Question 3 is 10 marks)

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4.

b.v. x y z s1 s2 s3 a1 a2 Value

s1 2 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 13

a1 1 –2 2 0 –1 0 1 0 8

a2 3 0 –4 0 0 –1 0 1 12

P 2 – 4M –3 + 2M –1 + 2M 0 M M 0 0 –20M

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(Total for Question 4 is 6 marks)

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5.
Immediately Immediately
Activity preceding Activity preceding
activity activity

A F

B G

C H

D J

E K

Table 1
(b)
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(c)(i)
4 D(x) 14

A(4) G(3)
J(7)

0 B(5) 11
22

C(7) E(4) H(5)

K(6)

7 16

F(x)

Diagram 1
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(d)
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(e)
Number of Number of
Activity Activity
workers workers

A F

B G

C H

D J

E K

Table 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22

Grid 1

(Total for Question 5 is 14 marks)

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6. You may not need to use all the rows in this table.
It may not be necessary to complete all the boxes in each row.

n a b c

Output: _____________________________________________________________________________

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Question 6 continued

17 21 24 14 23 13 15 19 28 20

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Question 6 continued
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Question 6 continued
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(Total for Question 6 is 12 marks)

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7.
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b.v. x y Value

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Question 7 continued

b.v. x y s1 s2 s3 s4 Value

3 1
s1 0 0 1 − 0 1
5 5

1 2
x 1 0 0 0 − 2
5 5

11 12
s3 0 0 0 − 1 22
5 5

2 1
y 0 1 0 0 5
5 5

1 2 2 1
P 0 0 0 + k 0 − + k 5k + 2
5 5 5 5

b.v. x y s1 s2 s3 s4 Value Row Ops

Spare copy

b.v. x y s1 s2 s3 s4 Value Row Ops

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Question 7 continued
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(Total for Question 7 is 15 marks)

TOTAL FOR PAPER IS 75 MARKS

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