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The article pinpointed the potential of deep learning models in heart disease detection, especially for
mass screening purposes. ResNet-101 has 101 layers, while GoogleNet has 22 layers. The early
diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmia highly relies on the ECG. Find support for a specific problem in the
support section of our website. The time domain feature PNN50 is the proportion of NN50 divide by
the total number of NNs. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) report, in the year
2019, around 17.9 million cardiovascular disease-related deaths were registered. The program used
for the acquisition of the ECG signal has been shown in figure 2. I believe that the thesis fulfils part
of the requirements for the award of Master of Technology. In order to higight the improvement in
the performance of the classifiers after optimization using the MPA algorithm, Table 8, Table 9, Table
10 and Table 11 show the improvements in the performance of each classifier with optimization (i.e.,
the classifier and its optimized version). Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK).
The visual result shows the most important regions of the ECG that the model used for identifying
PLN. Moreover, it can highlight descriptive morphological segments of an ECG signal. ECG
preprocessing ( a ) normalization ( b ) noise section removal ( c ) data flip. These important
parameters when fed into ANN (MLP 3-10-3), ANN (RBF 3- 14-3) and SVM (RBF kernel) the
overall accuracy were founded to be 95%, 80% and 85% respectively. In addition, they
demonstrated that attention score assists in identifying the influential ECG tracing leads that have
meaningful clinical information in diagnosing heart disease, such as AF, ST, and VT. 6.4. Jaccard
Index The Jaccard index, also known as intersection over union, is one of the most commonly used
similarity measures that enable us to find the similarity among two finite sets P and Q. According to
the study, heart disease, such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ventricular tachycardia (VT),
and a second degree AV block missed with 13.4 %, 44.1%, and 64.6% by the resident physicians,
respectively. The trained neural networks learned different features representing different images.
Consequently, the RF is an ensemble classifier consisting of many random decision trees. However,
these techniques focus on the contribution and association of ECG signal features for the ML
model’s output prediction. The HRV and ECG signal features were determined from the above-
mentioned categories (classes) and used for the classification of the categories for diagnosis. 1.2
OBJECTIVE The objective of this research is to design and develop a pattern recognition system to
classify ECG signals of different classes of people (like sedentary, athletes and smokers).The
technique includes: i. The occlusion-based ML model’s interpretation algorithms are simple to
implement. Based on the data measured for such a short time, the segmentation process is
performed, and the resulting data are stored in a buffer. The output activation function was Softmax
and the network used Entropy as the error function. The linear SHAP explains the feature importance
in linear ML models. Given. The review did not include literature on interpreting ML models
designed for ECG signal-based heart disease classification. In this study, CNN models, such as
GoogleNet, SqueezeNet, ResNet, and DenseNet, were considered for transfer learning and used to
classify arrhythmias. 3.1. Transfer Learning Transfer learning is a method of learning a new classifier
by using an existing neural network trained on a large dataset on a conceptually similar task without
training from scratch. The results confirm its reliability and accuracy of the proposed ECG
interpreter. The time domain- frequency domain parameters were calculated. Table 26: Classification
summary of KURT, MEDIAN and MODE for MLP 3-8-3 Sedentary Athletes Smoker Total Total 20
20 20 60 Correct 15 19 16 50 Incorrect 5 1 4 10 Correct (%) 75.00 95.00 80.00 83.33 Incorrect (%)
25.00 5.00 15.00 16.67 Page 59. Long term post Ventricular tachycardia ablation guided by non
contact mapping.
Therefore, considering that there is no major issue in data collection for the normal and other classes,
the time at which the ECG signal has the highest number of AF obtained must be selected.
International Journal of Translational Medicine (IJTM). Therefore, this study also introduces a P peak
estimation method. Finally, the parameters of the networks that provide the best performance are
investigated. After the SGDM was selected for the initial optimizer, the adaptive moment estimation
(ADAM) was also considered to select the optimizer that provides the best performance. ECG
Heartbeat Classification Using Machine Learning and Metaheuristic Optimization for Smart
Healthcare Systems. Bioengineering. 2023; 10(4):429. I have been explained thoroughly with the
experimental design and information to be studied. The HRV not only depends on physiological
factors but also on maturity of individuals. Page 20. In addition, the performances of these IML
techniques were not measured against ground truth, partially because of the unavailability of the
annotated dataset and commonly agreed-on quantitative metrics. In this article, you will learn how to
use the Rollup module bundler in JavaScript. Based on the PRISMA guideline, the following steps
are followed to accomplish our systematic review work. On other two databases, the MPA-GBDT
and MPA-RF had the highest speed convergence, and the MPA-kNN still had the least convergence.
In the literature, methods have been proposed to mitigate the trade-off in reducing the model
performance for interpretability. The phenomenon of occurrence of beat- to-beat variation is regarded
as Heart Rate Variability (HRV). To understand the contribution of each preprocess, three types of
image sets were prepared: original data, data to which only normalization was applied, and data to
which both normalization and noise removal were applied. Finally, it discusses the limitations and
challenges of IML techniques in interpreting an ECG signal. Denoising of ECG -- A discrete time
approach using DWT. QRS complex and P waves: the P wave is at a normal sinus rate, while the
QRS's is either. The TINN value of sedentary class lies between two classes hence the HRV of
sedentary class is more than the smoker class but less than athlete class. Page 35. Moreover, they do
not deliver a global explanation of the learned complex ML model over the entire spectrum of feature
values. Therefore, this study proposes a method of dividing the cycles from the ECG data and
storing them in a buffer. In the middle stage, the algorithm divides the population into two portions
to distinguish the difference between exploration and exploitation. To extract the cycle from the
collected ECG data, the R peaks are found and the TP interval segmentation is applied. Db06
wavelet was used for the 8-level signal decomposition. In addition, these ML classifiers have many
parameters, and tuning such parameters has a crucial influence on the efficiency of the classification.
The proposed scheme continuously extracts stable ECG signals while the driver drives a vehicle and
classifies arrhythmias using CNN. Thus, the performance of most traditional machine learning (ML)
classifiers is questionable, as the interrelationship between the learning parameters is not well
modeled, especially for data features with high dimensions. This indicates less chances of
cardiovascular disease in sedentary class as compared to smoker class. The process of feature
extraction and dimensionality reduction can be effectively performed using Principal Component
Analysis (PCA). In that case, the ECG data cannot be divided using the TP interval, so the P peak
estimation is applied to the data.
To classify arrhythmias with stitched ECG data, each time series’ ECG signal is transformed via the
continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and short-time Fourier transform (STFT), and transfer learning
is performed for classification using CNNs. The four type of ECG beat obtained from MIT BIH data
based are recognized with accuracy of 96.5% in support vector machine. Page 25. Whereas,
traditional techniques for signal processing are unable to deal with the non-stationary nature of the
bio-signals. The use of multi-resolution wavelet analysis enables the signal representation in both
large scale (low frequency) and small scale (high frequency) components which help in the study of
the dynamic range of the signals. Analysis of the feature effects via SHAP, feature importance, and a
LIME-based IML performance evaluation. Some result presentation methods include feature
relevance, the model’s learned internal parameters, visual-based explanations, and example-based
explanations. 5.2.1. Interpretation Result Presentation Using Feature Relevance Feature relevance-
based ML model explanation is a technique used for interpreting the model’s output after the model
training process. Finally, the SoftMax layer makes a logistic regression classification. Despite the
large amount of previous studies in the field, ECG arrhythmia classification has not been completely
solved and remains a challenging problem. These important parameters when fed into ANN (MLP 1-
31-3), ANN (RBF 1-22-3) and SVM (RBF kernel) the overall accuracy were founded to be
48.337%, 66.67% and 86.67% respectively. The important ECG time domain parameters obtained
from BT was Kurtosis. Sensors attached to the skin are used to detect the electrical signal produced
by one's heart each time it beats. For more information on the journal statistics, click here. Visual
explanation-based result presentation techniques have been extensively tested in interpreting black
box machine learning classifiers in an ECG signal-based heart disease diagnosis. Please take your
time to fill in the information accurately and to the best of your knowledge. Multiple requests from
the same IP address are counted as one view. Hence it is our biggest motivation to prove the viability
of one-dimensional 12-layer CNN on the classifying the sub-classes of Arrhythmia by reconstructing
other CNN network for better and fairer comparison. The first layer is a Keras Conv1D Layer using
RELU as its activation function, 64 filters, a kernel size of 3, strides of 1, and padding set to “same.”
It is followed by a Keras Batch Normalization Layer node, then a Keras Max Pooling Layer with
pool size of 3 and strides of 2. The initiation of the activity of the heart muscles start with the
electrical impulse generated by SA node. The performance is recorded after every iteration and
integrated into one final confusion matrix at the end of the 10th iteration. Intelligent arrhythmia
detection using genetic algorithm and emphatic SVM (ESVM). CDMA GSM vs. CDMA GSM vs
CDMA GSM vs CDMA ECG MONITORING SYSTEM ECG MONITORING SYSTEM Signal
Detection in Pharmacovigilance - Process proposed by CIOMS Working Gro. Paper should be a
substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. A
cost function is also calculated for the neuron output in each hidden layer to optimize the network
hyperparameters continuously. In the data preprocessing step ( Section 2.1 ), normalization, noise
removal, and data flipping are performed. It is been characterized by five peaks and valleys labeled
as P, Q, R, S and T as shown in Fig 1. According to the classification accuracy, GoogleNet with the
CWT image set shows the best results. The expression of the output is shown in Equation (3). As
shown in Figure 3, the PR interval is the period between the P wave and the QRS complex. The
correct resample was t-tested and evaluate the result. The MPA-SVM higighted a high-speed
convergence on the MIT-BIH database compared to the other models, while the MPA-kNN was in
last place. The output activation function was Softmax and the network used Entropy as the error
function.
The MPA-SVM higighted a high-speed convergence on the MIT-BIH database compared to the
other models, while the MPA-kNN was in last place. The kurtosis (KURT) was found to be the
important wavelet parameter when classified using CART analysis. These datasets are composed of
single-lead and 12-lead ECG tracings (sampled at different sampling frequencies). Local model
interpretation methods focus on answering ’why an ML model makes a given specific prediction?’.
A summary of related works is given in Table 1. 3. Method This section presents the methodology
employed for reviewing the use of IML techniques for the detection of heart disease using an ECG
signal. Any metallic and electronic gadgets (e.g. mobile phone, hand watch, rings and bracelet) were
removed during the test. Hence, it can be concluded that incorporating the MPA scheme can
effectively optimize the ML classifiers, even a lazy one, such as the kNN. The result shows the
accuracy rate of the proposed CNN algorithm is 97.41%, which is 10.16% higher than the BP neural
network, 1.69% higher than the Random Forest, and 3.34% higher than the compared CNN network.
The experimental results and analysis as well as a comparison with the state of the art are presented
in Section 3. In this respect, it would be meaningful if arrhythmias were detected through frequent
ECG measurements. Moreover, the improvement on the INCART database was higher than on the
other two databases. Third, the preprocessed signal is divided into segments to determine and obtain
a clean segment. In addition, it does not consider the correlation between the features. However, the
explanations provided are not easily understandable. This indicates less chances of cardiovascular
disease in sedentary class as compared to smoker class. Paper should be a substantial original Article
that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for. Interpretable Machine
Learning Techniques in ECG-Based Heart Disease Classification: A Systematic Review. Total
number of features extracted from the MIT-BIH, EDB, and INCART datasets. Feature papers are
submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive.
The limitation of our study is that we have yet to apply any optimization techniques to optimize the
model parameters and we believe that with the implementation of the optimization, it will be able to
further elevate the performance of the proposed solution to the next level. The schematic diagram of
the ECG acquisition system has been shown in figure 1. This proposed work has been designed to
develop a computer aided diagnosis procedure to classify 3 groups of people with different lifestyles,
namely sedentary, smoker and athletes, based on statistical analysis of HRV and ECG features. It is a
form of signal that gives important information about the working of heart with respect to time and
analysing ECG signals without manual intervention is an important application. DenseNet also shows
good performance with fewer parameters than ResNet. To minimize the loss function during network
training, this study initially used the stochastic gradient descent with momentum (SGDM) optimizer.
Classification performance comparisons between the proposed method and other methods. Note that
from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. Ayano, Y.M.;
Schwenker, F.; Dufera, B.D.; Debelee, T.G. In signal classifier module neural network and support
vector machine was used. ECG preprocessing ( a ) normalization ( b ) noise section removal ( c )
data flip.
Electrocardiograph Block Diagram Characteristics of ECG signals the actual signal value will be.
IAEME Publication ROLE OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN RURAL DEVELOPMENT
OF INDIA - PROBLEMS AND. Therefore, the ECG stitching based on the RR interval was
improved by applying the TP interval. In the transfer learning step ( Section 3 and Section 4 ), the
stitched ECG signals are classified using different networks, and their parameters are studied to
obtain the best results. 2. ECG Stitching The ECG stitching scheme proposed in this study consists
of four processes. The contribution of this paper is two-fold, in which the proposed algorithm is
endowed with an ability to effectively process the non-filtered dataset with its potential anti-noise
features, and secondly this paper presents an analysis of micro-classes of the ECG signal that
compares some techniques of machine learning such as BP and Random Forest. This structure is
utilized for time series data analysis to realize performance that cannot be achieved through
conventional statistical analysis methods. Secondly, the use cases of IML methods in interpreting the
classification output of an ECG signal should address the physician’s needs. The input can be altered
on a specific location, for instance, in a time series signal such as an ECG with total h time points,
the alteration can cover certain time step durations. To compare the results, the same data as the
previously used test dataset was used, and their image set was created using CWT without
preprocessing. The results figures are produced for the detection of the arrhythmia using Pan
Tompkins. Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. It consists of 48 records,
where each one is 30 min in duration, with a 360 Hz sample rate. However, these techniques focus on
the contribution and association of ECG signal features for the ML model’s output prediction.
Integration of FCM, PCA and neural networks for classification of ECG arrhythmias. However, the
explanation technique is not well experimented. Next, the generated gradient heatmap often does not
explain the direct relation to the classifier’s decision. P peak detection for segmentation ( a ) When
all P peaks are detected ( b ) When only one P peak is detected. A single cycle of an ECG contains a
pattern of waves, as shown in Figure 3. The steps of the MPA are summarized in Algorithm 1. 2.3.4.
Parameters Optimization Using the MPA algorithm, four optimized versions of the ML classifiers
were introduced for ECG signal classification, namely the MPA-SVM, MPA-GBDT, MPA-RF, and
MPA-KNN. Interpretable Machine Learning Techniques in ECG-Based Heart Disease Classification:
A Systematic Review. In the reverse propagation stage, the output vectors of the output layer are
compared with the expected output vectors and calculated the loss function with respect to the
weights of the network. This paper also provides a comparison of various methods proposed earlier
for classification and feature extraction. In this context, we develop several trees instead of a single
tree, where each tree is constructed upon values of random vectors sampled independently following
the whole forest distribution. The RRSTD was found to be the important HRV features, when
classified using CART analysis. This approximation relies on the assumption that complex models are
linear on the local scale. Congenital long QT syndrome (LQTS) NSR (Control) Grad-CAM score is
used to explain the component of an ECG signal that contributes most for LQTS detection.
Furthermore, the global explanation can also be obtained by capturing representation at the
intermediate layers of complex DL models. The new ECG data generated in this way are used to
determine the driver’s arrhythmias using a CNN model. 2.1. Preprocessing As mentioned, the
driver’s ECG signal can be contaminated, and this leads to erroneous results in arrhythmia
determinations. He was very patient to hear my problems that I am facing during the project work
and finding the solutions. However, apart from localization inaccuracy, the explanation presentation
technique via the heatmap might not be well understood by expert physicians.