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Lecture 01

This document provides an overview of the Computer Fundamentals and Programming II course for the 2022/2023 academic year, taught by Kareem Mahdhloom. It includes notes on C++ programming, beginning with a simple "Hello World" program example. The example code is then explained line-by-line, demonstrating basic C++ syntax and features like comments, namespaces, strings, escape sequences, and the main function. The document also provides definitions for key C++ concepts like tokens, data types, variables, operators, and input/output.

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28 views

Lecture 01

This document provides an overview of the Computer Fundamentals and Programming II course for the 2022/2023 academic year, taught by Kareem Mahdhloom. It includes notes on C++ programming, beginning with a simple "Hello World" program example. The example code is then explained line-by-line, demonstrating basic C++ syntax and features like comments, namespaces, strings, escape sequences, and the main function. The document also provides definitions for key C++ concepts like tokens, data types, variables, operators, and input/output.

Uploaded by

aw.aw.free321
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Computer Fundamentals and Programming II

second year first semester 2022/2023

Kareem Mahdhloom

C++ PROGRAMMING:
FROM PROBLEM ANALYSIS TO PROGRAM DESIGN
FIFTH EDITION
D.S. MALIK
General Notes on C++
C++ is immensely popular, particularly for applications that require speed and/or access
to some low-level features.

Everything in C++ is case sensitive: someName is not the same as SomeName.

Hello World
In the tradition of programmers everywhere, we’ll use a “Hello, world!” program as an entry point into
the basic features of C++

The code
Tokens:
Tokens are the minimals chunk of program that have meaning to the compiler – the smallest meaningful symbols in the
language. Our code displays all 6 kinds of tokens, though the usual use of operators is not present here
Line-By-Line Explanation
1. // indicates that everything following it until the end of the line is a comment: it is ignored by the compiler.
Another way to write a comment is to put it between /* and */ (e.g. x = 1 + /*sneaky comment here*/ 1;). A
comment of this form may span multiple lines. Comments exist to explain non-obvious things going on in the
code.
2. Lines beginning with # are preprocessor commands, which usually change what code is actually being compiled.
#include tells the preprocessor to dump in the contents of another file, here the iostream file, which defines the
procedures for input/output.
4. int main() {...} defines the code that should execute when the program starts up. The curly braces represent
grouping of multiple commands into a block. More about this syntax in the next few lectures.

5. • cout << : This is the syntax for outputting some piece of text to the screen.
• Namespaces: In C++, identifiers can be defined within a context – sort of a directory of names – called a
namespace. When we want to access an identifier defined in a namespace, we tell the compiler to look for it in
that namespace using
the scope resolution operator (::). Here, we’re telling the compiler to look for cout in the std namespace, in which
many standard C++ identifiers are defined. A cleaner alternative is to add the following line below line 2:
using namespace std;
This line tells the compiler that it should look in the std namespace for any identifier we haven’t defined. If we do
this, we can omit the std:: prefix when writing cout. This is the recommended practice.
• Strings: A sequence of characters such as Hello, world is known as a string. A string that is specified explicitly in a
program is a string literal.
• Escape sequences: The \n indicates a newline character. It is an example of an escape sequence – a symbol used
to represent a special character in a text literal.
Here are all the C++ escape sequences which you can include in strings:
7. return 0 indicates that the program should tell the operating system it has completed successfully. This syntax will
be explained in the context of functions; for now, just include it as the last line in the main block.

Note that every statement ends with a semicolon (except preprocessor commands and blocks using {}). Forgetting
these semicolons is a common mistake among new C++ programmers.

Basic Language Features


So far our program doesn’t do very much. Let’s tweak it in various ways to demonstrate
some more interesting constructs.

Values and Statements

First, a few definitions:


• A statement is a unit of code that does something – a basic building block of a program.
• An expression is a statement that has a value – for instance, a number, a string, the sum of two numbers, etc. 4 + 2,
x - 1, and "Hello, world!\n" are all expressions.
Not every statement is an expression.
Operators
We can perform arithmetic calculations with operators. Operators act on expressions to form a new expression. For
example, we could replace "Hello, world!\n" with (4 + 2) / 3, which would cause the program to print the number 2.
In this case, the + operator acts on the expressions 4 and 2 (its operands).
Operator types:
• Mathematical: +, -, *, /, and parentheses have their usual mathematical meanings,
including using - for negation. % (the modulus operator) takes the remainder of two
numbers: 6 % 5 evaluates to 1.
• Logical: used for “and,” “or,” and so on.
• Bitwise: used to manipulate the binary representations of numbers.
Data Types
Here are the built-in datatypes we will use most often:
Variables
We might want to give a value a name so we can refer to it later. We do this using variables. A variable is a named
location in memory.
For example, say we wanted to use the value 4 + 2 multiple times. We might call it x and
use it as follows:
Input
Now that we know how to give names to values, we can have the user of the program input values. This is
demonstrated in line 6 below:

Just as cout << is the syntax for outputting values, cin >> (line 6) is the syntax for inputting values.

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