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BS EN 13155:2020

BSI Standards Publication

Crane — Safety — Non-ixed load lifting attachments

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BS EN 13155:2020 BRITISH STANDARD

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foreword
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This British Standard is the UK implementation of EN 13155:2020. It
firstEN
supersedes BS 3013155:2003+A2:2009,
days are free. which is withdrawn.

The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical

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attachments.

A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on

request to its committee manager.

This publication does not purport to include all the necessary provisions
of a contract. Users are responsible for its correct application.

© The British Standards Institution 2020

Published by BSI Standards Limited 2020

ISBN 978 0 580 98493 8

ICS 53.020.30

Compliance with a British Standard c annot confer immunity from

legal obligations.

This British Standard was published under the authority of the

Standards Policy and Strategy Committee on 31 December 2020.

Amendments/corrigenda issued since publication

Date Text affected

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BS EN 13155:2020

EUROPEAN STANDARD EN 13155

NORME EUROPÉENNE
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EUROPÄISCHE NORM December 2020
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English Version

Crane - Safety - Non-fixed load lifting attachments

Appareils de levage à charge suspendue - Sécurité - Krane - Sicherheit - Lose Lastaufnahmemittel
Accessoires de levage amovibles

This European Standard was approved by CEN on 17 January 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the c onditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION

C O M I TÉ EU R O P ÉEN D E N O R M AL I SATI O N
EU R O P ÄI SC H ES K O M I TE E F Ü R N O R M U N G

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels

© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 13155:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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BS EN 13155:2020
EN 13155:2020 (E)

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Contents Become a Scribd member for full access. Your Page
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European foreword ....................................................................................................................................................... 8
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................... 9
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1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................. 10
2 Normative references ................................................................................................................................. 11
3 Terms and definitions ................................................................................................................................ 12
4 List of significant hazards ......................................................................................................................... 21
5 Safety requirements and/or protective measures .......................................................................... 46
5.1 General requirements ................................................................................................................................ 46
5.1.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 46
5.1.2 Mechanical load bearing parts ................................................................................................................ 46
5.1.3 Controls............................................................................................................................................................ 47
5.1.4 Handles ............................................................................................................................................................ 47
5.1.5 Requirements for slings which are integrated .................................................................................. 47
5.1.6 Stability during storage ............................................................................................................................. 48
5.1.7 Quality of welding ........................................................................................................................................ 48
5.2 Specific requirements for each category of attachment ................................................................ 48
5.2.1 Plate clamps ................................................................................................................................................... 48
5.2.2 Vacuum lifters ............................................................................................................................................... 49
5.2.3 Lifting magnets.............................................................................................................................................. 50
5.2.4 C-hooks ............................................................................................................................................................ 52
5.2.5 Lifting forks .................................................................................................................................................... 52
5.2.6 Lifting beams ................................................................................................................................................. 53
5.2.7 Clamps .............................................................................................................................................................. 54
5.2.8 Lifting insert systems.................................................................................................................................. 55
6 Verification of the safety requirements and/or protective measures...................................... 56
7 Information for use ..................................................................................................................................... 62
7.1 Instruction handbook ................................................................................................................................. 62
7.1.1 General information.................................................................................................................................... 62
7.1.2 Specific information .................................................................................................................................... 63
7.1.3 Guidance for maintenance ........................................................................................................................ 66
7.1.4 Verifications and inspections .................................................................................................................. 67
7.2 Marking............................................................................................................................................................ 67
7.2.1 Minimum marking ....................................................................................................................................... 67
7.2.2 Additional marking ..................................................................................................................................... 67
7.2.3 Additional safety plates ............................................................................................................................. 68
Annex A (normative) General verification methods ...................................................................................... 69
A.1 Verification of mechanical strength by calculation ......................................................................... 69
A.2 Verification of mechanical strength on the type by a static test ................................................. 69
A.2.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 69
A.2.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 69
A.2.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 69
A.3 Verification of mechanical strength on each individual attachment by a static test ........... 70

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Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 70
A.3.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 70
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A.3.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 70
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A.4 Verification by inspection ......................................................................................................................... 70
A.4.1 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................
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70
A.4.2 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 70
Annex B (normative) Verification methods for plate clamps .....................................................................71
B.1 No detachment when the load is brought down and in case of impact .....................................71
B.1.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................71
B.1.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................71
B.1.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................71
B.2 Determination of the friction coefficient ............................................................................................. 71
B.2.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................71
B.2.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................72
B.2.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................73
B.3 No slipping of the load - clamping by friction or penetration ......................................................73
B.3.1 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................73
B.3.2 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 74
B.4 Range of thickness of clamps.................................................................................................................... 74
B.4.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................74
B.4.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................74
B.4.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 74
B.5 Minimum working load ..............................................................................................................................74
B.5.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................74
B.5.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................74
B.5.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................74
Annex C (normative) Verification methods for vacuum lifters ................................................................... 75
C.1 Verification of pressure measuring device ......................................................................................... 75
C.1.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................75
C.1.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................75
C.1.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................75
C.2 Verification of leakage indicator............................................................................................................. 75
C.2.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................75
C.2.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................75
C.2.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................75
C.3 Verification of visibility of measuring device or indicator ............................................................75

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Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 75
C.3.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 75
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C.4 Verification of devices to compensate for vacuum losses ............................................................. 76
C.4.1 Conditions ..................................................................................
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..................................................................... 76
C.4.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 76
C.4.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 76
C.5 Verification of warning device ................................................................................................................ 76
C.5.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
C.5.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 76
C.5.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 76
C.6 Verification of the non-return valve...................................................................................................... 76
C.6.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
C.6.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 76
C.6.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 76
C.7 Verification of controls .............................................................................................................................. 77
C.7.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 77
C.7.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 77
C.7.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 77
C.8 Verification of energy source failure warning system.................................................................... 77
C.8.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 77
C.8.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 77
C.8.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 77
C.9 Verification of the position of the load ................................................................................................. 77
C.9.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 77
C.9.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 77
C.9.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 77
C.10 Verification of adhesion force by calculation or testing ................................................................ 77
C.10.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 77
C.10.2 Verification by calculation ........................................................................................................................ 78
C.10.2.1 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................... 78
C.10.2.2 Acceptance criteria.............................................................................................................................. 78
C.10.3 Verification by testing ................................................................................................................................ 79
C.10.3.1 Procedure ............................................................................................................................................... 79
C.10.3.2 Acceptance criteria.............................................................................................................................. 79
C.11 Determination of the friction coefficient............................................................................................. 79

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C.11.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................79
C.11.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................80
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C.11.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................80
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Annex D (normative) Verification methods for lifting magnets ................................................................81
D.1 Verification of tear-off force ..................................................................................................................... 81
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D.1.1 Verification by pull test .............................................................................................................................. 81
D.1.1.1 Conditions (see Figure D.1): ..................................................................................................................... 81
D.1.1.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 82
D.1.1.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 82
D.1.2 Verification by flux measurement and calculation ..........................................................................82
D.1.2.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 82
D.1.2.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................ 83
D.1.2.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 83
D.2 Verification of controls ...............................................................................................................................83
D.2.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................83
D.2.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................83
D.2.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................83
D.3 Verification of back-up and warning devices ..................................................................................... 83
D.3.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................83
D.3.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................83
D.3.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................83
D.4 Verification of the discharge time of batteries .................................................................................. 83
D.4.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................83
D.4.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................84
D.4.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 84
D.5 Verification of indicating devices ........................................................................................................... 84
D.5.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................84
D.5.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................84
D.5.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................84
D.6 Verification of alternative mechanical back-up devices ................................................................84
D.6.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................84
D.6.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................84
D.6.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 84
D.7 Verification that the magnet is matched to the intended load(s) ...............................................85
D.7.1 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................85
D.7.2 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................85

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Annex E (normative) Verification methods for lifting beams ..................................................................... 86
E.1 Verification of mechanical strength of each individual lifting beam by static test or
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Conditions ..............................................................................
......................................................................... 86
E.1.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 86
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E.1.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 86
E.2 Verification of mechanical strength on the type by a static test ................................................. 86
E.2.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 86
E.2.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 86
E.2.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 87
E.3 Verification of locking or holding devices by testing ...................................................................... 87
E.3.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 87
E.3.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 87
E.3.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 87
E.4 Verification of the locking or holding by calculation ...................................................................... 88
Annex F (normative) Verification methods for lifting forks ....................................................................... 89
F.1 Verification of mechanical strength of the secondary positive holding device for
lifting forks in horizontal direction ....................................................................................................... 89
F.1.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 89
F.1.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 89
F.1.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 89
F.2 Verification of mechanical strength of the secondary positive holding device for
lifting forks in vertical direction ............................................................................................................ 89
F.2.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 89
F.2.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 89
F.2.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 89
Annex G (normative) Verification methods for clamps................................................................................ 90
G.1 Determination of the friction coefficient............................................................................................. 90
G.1.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 90
G.1.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 90
G.1.3 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 91
G.2 No slipping of the load – clamping by friction or penetration ..................................................... 91
G.2.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 91
G.2.2 Acceptance criteria ...................................................................................................................................... 92
G.3 Verification of mechanical strength of the secondary positive holding device for
clamps in horizontal direction ................................................................................................................ 92
G.3.1 Conditions ....................................................................................................................................................... 92
G.3.2 Procedure........................................................................................................................................................ 92

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Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................92
G.4 Verification of mechanical strength of the secondary positive holding device for
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.................................................................92
G.4.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................92
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G.4.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................92
G.5 Range of thickness of clamps.................................................................................................................... 93
G.5.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................93
G.5.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................93
G.5.3 Acceptance criteria ......................................................................................................................................93
Annex H (normative) Verification methods for lifting insert systems .....................................................94
H.1 Verification of the embedment in concrete......................................................................................... 94
H.1.1 Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................94
H.1.2 Procedure ........................................................................................................................................................94
H.1.2.1 General ............................................................................................................................................................. 94
H.1.2.2 Failure modes ................................................................................................................................................ 99
H.1.3 Acceptance criteria ................................................................................................................................... 101
H.1.3.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 101
H.1.3.2 Normalization of ultimate loads ........................................................................................................... 102
H.1.3.3 Concrete failure .......................................................................................................................................... 102
H.1.3.4 Pull-out .......................................................................................................................................................... 102
H.1.3.5 Steel failure .................................................................................................................................................. 102
H.1.3.6 Evaluation criteria..................................................................................................................................... 102
H.2 Individual verifications ........................................................................................................................... 103
H.2.1 Conditions .................................................................................................................................................... 103
H.2.1.1 General .......................................................................................................................................................... 103
H.2.1.2 Factory Production Control (FPC) ....................................................................................................... 103
H.2.2 Procedure ..................................................................................................................................................... 104
H.2.3 Acceptance criteria ................................................................................................................................... 104
Annex I (informative) Selection of a suitable set of crane standards for a given application...... 105
Annex ZA (informative) Relationship between this European Standard and the Essential
Requirements of EU Directive 2006/42/EC aimed to be covered............................................ 107
Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................. 112

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European foreword You're Reading a Preview

This document (EN 13155:2020)Become a Scribd
has been preparedmember for full access.
by Technical Your CEN/TC 147 “Cranes -
Committee
Safety”, the secretariat of which is held by BSI.first 30 days are free.

This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
Continue
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest Reading
by June 2021,with
andTrial
conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by June 2021.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.

This document will supersede EN 13155:2003+A2:2009.

This document has been prepared under a mandate given to CEN by the European Commission and the
European Free Trade Association, and supports essential requirements of EU Directive(s).

For relationship with EU Directive(s), see informative Annex ZA, which is an integral part of this
document.

The main modifications between EN 13155:2003+A2:2009 and EN 13155:2020 concern:

— general requirement to introduce the reference to EN 13001-1 and −2 for the calculation;

— vacuum lifters;

— lifting magnet;

— the addition to the scope of lifting insert systems for lifting prefabricated concrete products;

— reduction of load changes from 20 000 to 16 000 in all clauses.

According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organisations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland,
Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United
Kingdom.

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Introduction You're Reading a Preview

Become to
This document has been prepared a Scribd member forstandard
be a harmonized full access.
to Your
provide one means for non-fixed load
first 30 days
lifting attachments used on cranes to conform withare free.
the essential health and safety requirements of the
Machinery Directive, as amended.
This document is a type C standard as stated Reading
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The machinery concerned and the extent to which hazards are covered are indicated in th e scope of this
standard.
When provisions of this type C standard are different from those which are stated in type A or B
standards, the provisions of this type C standard take precedence over the provisions of the other
standards, for non-fixed load lifting attachments which have been designed and built according to the
provisions of this type C standard.

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1 Scope You're Reading a Preview

This document specifies safety requirements for member
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for fullnon-fixed load lifting attachments for
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cranes, hoists and manually controlled load manipulating devices:
first 30 days are free.
a) plate clamps;

b) vacuum lifters: Continue Reading with Trial

1) self-priming;

2) non-self-priming (pump, venturi, turbine);

c) lifting magnets:

1) electric lifting magnets (battery fed and mains-fed);

2) permanent lifting magnets;

3) electro-permanent lifting magnets;

d) lifting beams;

e) C-hooks;

f) lifting forks;

g) clamps;

h) lifting insert systems for use in normal weight concrete,

as defined in Clause 3.
This document does not give requirements for:
— non-fixed load lifting attachments in direct contact with foodstuffs or pharmaceuticals requiring a
high level of cleanliness for hygiene reasons;

— hazards resulting from handling specific hazardous materials (e.g. explosives, hot molten masses,
radiating materials);

— hazards caused by operation in an explosive atmosphere;

— hazards caused by noise;

— hazards relating to the lifting of persons;

— electrical hazards;

— hazards due to hydraulic and pneumatic components.

For high risk applications not covered by this standard, EN 13001-2:2014, 4.3.2 gives guidance to deal
with them.
This document covers the proof of static strength, the elastic stability and the proof of fatigue strength.

10

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This document does not generally applies to attachments intended to lift above people. Some attachments
are suitable for that purpose if equipped with additional safety features. In such cases the additional
safety features are specified in the a
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member for full access. Your
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This document does not cover slings, ladles, days are free.
mandrels, buckets, grabs, or grab buckets. This
document does not cover power operated container handling spreaders, which are in the scope of
EN 15056.
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This document is not applicable to non-fixed load attachments manufactured before the date of its
publication.

2 Normative references

The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 206:2013+A1:2016, Concrete — Specification, performance, production and conformity

EN 349:1993+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — Minimum gaps to avoid crushing of parts of the human body

EN 818-4:1996+A1:2008, Short link chain for lifting purposes — Safety — Part 4: Chain slings — Grade 8

EN 818-5:1999+A1:2008, Short link chain for lifting purposes — Safety — Part 5: Chain slings — Grade 4

EN 842:1996+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — Visual danger signals — General requirements, design and
testing

EN 981:1996+A1:2008, Safety of machinery — System of auditory and visual danger and information
signals

EN 1492-1:2000+A1:2008, Textile slings — Safety — Part 1: Flat woven webbing slings made of man-made
fibres for general purpose use

EN 1492-2:2000+A1:2008, Textile slings — Safety — Part 2: Roundslings made of man-made fibres for
general purpose use

EN 1492-4:2004+A1:2008, Textile slings — Safety — Part 4: Lifting slings for general service made from
natural and man-made fibre ropes

EN 1677-1:2000+A1:2008, Components for slings — Safety — Part 1: Forged steel components, Grade 8

EN 1677-2:2000+A1:2008, Components for slings — Safety — Part 2: Forged steel lifting hooks with latch,
Grade 8

EN 1677-3:2001+A1:2008, Components for slings — Safety — Part 3: Forged steel self-locking hooks —
Grade 8

EN 1677-4:2000+A1:2008, Components for slings — Safety — Part 4: Links, Grade 8

EN 1677-5:2001+A1:2008, Components for slings — Safety — Part 5: Forged steel lifting hooks with
latch — Grade 4

EN 1677-6:2001+A1:2008, Components for slings — Safety — Part 6: Links - Grade 4

EN 10029:2010, Hot-rolled steel plates 3 mm thick or above — Tolerances on dimensions and shape

11

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EN 10034:1993, Structural steel I and H sections — Tolerances on shape and dimensions

EN 12385-4:2002+A1:2008, SteelBecome
wire ropes — member
a Scribd Safety —for
Part
full4: Stranded
access. Your ropes for general lifting
applications
first 30 days are free.
EN 13001-1:2015, Cranes — General design — Part 1: General principles and requirements
Continue Reading with Trial
EN 13001-2:2014, Cranes safety — General design — Part 2: Load actions

EN 13001-3-1:2012+A2:2018, Cranes — General Design — Part 3-1: Limit States and proof competence of
steel structure

EN 13369:2018, Common rules for precast concrete products

EN 13414-1:2003+A2:2008, Steel wire rope slings — Safety — Part 1: Slings for general lifting service

EN 13557:2003+A2:2008, Cranes — Controls and control stations

EN ISO 5817:2014, Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding
excluded) — Quality levels for imperfections (ISO 5817:2014)

EN ISO 7731:2008, Ergonomics — Danger signals for public and work areas — Auditory danger signals
(ISO 7731:2003)

EN ISO 9606-1:2017, Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1 : Steels (ISO 9606-1:2012
including Cor 1:2012 and Cor 2:2013)

EN ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk
reduction (ISO 12100:2010)

EN ISO 13849-1:2015, Safety of machinery — Safety-related parts of control systems — Part 1: General
principles for design (ISO 13849-1:2015)

3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN ISO 12100 and the following
apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp

3.1
adhesion force
force required to remove the load f rom a vacuum lifter

3.2
C-hook
equipment in the form of a ‘C’ used for lifting hollow loads

(see Figure 1)

EXAMPLE Examples of hollow loads are coils and pipes.

12

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Figure 1 — Example of a C-hook

3.3
working coefficient
arithmetic ratio between the maximum load which a load lifting attachment is able to hold and the
working load limit marked

3.4
clamp
equipment used to handle loads by clamping on a specific part of the load

(see Figure 2)

Note 1 to entry: Clamps are also known as tongs. For a definition of plate clamps see 3.5.

Figure 2 — Example of a clamp

13

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3.5
plate clamps
non-powered equipment used

14

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