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Lokezhengyan

1. The document provides the solution steps to solve two second order linear differential equations with initial conditions: a) y'' + 2y' - 3y = e^-x and b) 2x^2y'' + xy' - y = 0. 2. For the first equation, the homogeneous and particular solutions are found and the general solution is determined by satisfying the initial conditions. 3. For the second equation, the characteristic equation is solved to find the homogeneous solution and the initial conditions are used to find the constants. It is then noted that the given particular solution does not satisfy the form of the complementary function.

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lokezhengyan22
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24 views5 pages

Lokezhengyan

1. The document provides the solution steps to solve two second order linear differential equations with initial conditions: a) y'' + 2y' - 3y = e^-x and b) 2x^2y'' + xy' - y = 0. 2. For the first equation, the homogeneous and particular solutions are found and the general solution is determined by satisfying the initial conditions. 3. For the second equation, the characteristic equation is solved to find the homogeneous solution and the initial conditions are used to find the constants. It is then noted that the given particular solution does not satisfy the form of the complementary function.

Uploaded by

lokezhengyan22
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

a) 𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 , initial conditions: 𝑦(0) = 𝑦 ′ (0) = 0

Solution of 𝑦ℎ :

𝑦 ′′ + 2𝑦 ′ − 3𝑦 = 0

𝜆2 + 2𝜆 − 3 = 0

(𝜆 − 1)(𝜆 + 3) = 0

𝜆1 = 1, 𝜆2 = −3 (Distinct real roots)

𝑦ℎ = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝜆1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝜆2 𝑥

= 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥

Solution of 𝑦𝑝 :

𝑦1 = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦2 = 𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑟(𝑥) = 𝑒 −𝑥

𝑦1′ = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑦2′ = −3𝑒 −3𝑥

𝑦1 𝑦2
𝑊 = |𝑦 ′ 𝑦2′ |
1

𝑥
= |𝑒 𝑥 𝑒 −3𝑥 |
𝑒 −3𝑒 −3𝑥

= 𝑒 𝑥 (−3𝑒 −3𝑥 ) − 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑒 −3𝑥 )

= −3𝑒 −2𝑥 − 𝑒 −2𝑥

= −4𝑒 −2𝑥

1
𝒖′𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒖′𝟐 (𝒙)
𝑦2 (𝑥)𝑟(𝑥) 𝑦1 (𝑥)𝑟(𝑥)
𝑢1′ (𝑥) = − 𝑢2′ (𝑥) =
𝑊 𝑊
𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 )
𝑒 −3𝑥 (𝑒 −𝑥 ) 𝑒
=− =
−4𝑒 −2𝑥 −4𝑒 −2𝑥
𝑒 −2𝑥 1
= = − 𝑒 2𝑥
4 4
𝒖𝟏 (𝒙) 𝒖𝟐 (𝒙)
1 1
𝑢1 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 (𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
Integrate ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by substitution: Integrate ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by substitution:
Let 𝑢 = −2𝑥 Let 𝑢 = 2𝑥
𝑑𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢 1
= −2, 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑑𝑢 = 2, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2
1 1
∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
2 2
1 1 𝑢
= − 𝑒𝑢 = 𝑒
2 2
1 1
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑥
2 2
1 1
𝑢1 (𝑥) = ∫ 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑢2 (𝑥) = − ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4 4
1 1 1 1
= (− 𝑒 −2𝑥 ) = − ( 𝑒 2𝑥 )
4 2 4 2
1 1
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 = − 𝑒 2𝑥
8 8

𝑦𝑝 = 𝑢1 𝑦1 + 𝑢2 𝑦2
1 1
= − 𝑒 −2𝑥 (𝑒 𝑥 ) − 𝑒 2𝑥 (𝑒 −3𝑥 )
8 8
1 1
= − 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
8 8
1
= − 𝑒 −𝑥
4

2
𝑦 = 𝑦ℎ + 𝑦𝑝

1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
4

1
𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑥 −3𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥
4

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0:

1
𝑐1 𝑒 (0) + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3(0) − 𝑒 −(0) = 0
4

1
𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = →
4

When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 ′ = 0:

1
𝑐1 𝑒 (0) −3𝑐2 𝑒 −3(0) + 𝑒 −(0) = 0
4

1
𝑐1 = 3𝑐2 − →
4

 → :

1 1
3𝑐2 − + 𝑐2 =
4 4

1
4𝑐2 =
2

1
𝑐2 =
8
1
When 𝑐2 = , :
8

1 1 1
𝑐1 = − =
4 8 8

1 1 1
∴ 𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −3𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥
8 8 4

3
b) i) 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 0, initial conditions: 𝑦(1) = 1, 𝑦 ′ (1) = 2

𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1, 𝑐 = −1

Auxiliary Equation:

2𝑚(𝑚 − 1) + 𝑚 − 1 = 0

2𝑚2 − 𝑚 − 1 = 0

(2𝑚 + 1)(𝑚 − 1) = 0

1
𝑚1 = − 2 , 𝑚2 = 1 (Distinct real roots)

𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑚1 + 𝑐2 𝑥 𝑚2

1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2 𝑥

1 3
𝑦 ′ (𝑥) = − 𝑐1 𝑥 −2 + 𝑐2
2

When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 = 1:

1
𝑐1 (1)−2 + 𝑐2 (1) = 1

𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = 1 → 

When 𝑥 = 1, 𝑦 ′ = 2:

1 3
− 𝑐1 (1)−2 + 𝑐2 = 2
2

1
− 𝑐1 + 𝑐2 = 2 → 
2

 − :

3
𝑐 = −1
2 1

2
𝑐1 = −
3

4
2
When 𝑐1 = − 3 , :

2
𝑐2 = 1 − (− )
3

5
=
3

2 1 5
∴ 𝑦(𝑥) = − 𝑥 −2 + 𝑥
3 3

b) ii)
2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 10

The equation is divided by 2𝑥 2 , to manipulate the coefficient of 𝑦 ′′ to one, and hence a general
equation is formed:
(2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦) 10
2
= 2
2𝑥 2𝑥

1 ′ 1 5
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 − 2𝑦 = 2
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥

From the equation above, the 𝑟(𝑥) obtained is 5𝑥 −2

∵ Compare 5𝑥 −2 with 𝑦ℎ = 𝑎𝑥1 , the power of x is different

∴ 𝑦ℎ = 𝑎𝑥 is not a particular solution of the differential equation 2𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 𝑥𝑦 ′ − 𝑦 = 10

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