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01 GEOMETRY ( T;kfefr)
(a) Straight line: A line which does not change
Lines & Angles (js[kk vkSj
dks.k) its direction at any point is called a straight
line.
We have divided the geometry into five sub- lh/h js[kk % ,slh js[kk tks fdlh Hkh fcUnq ij viuh fn'kk
topic, which are as follows: ugha cnyrh lh/h js[kk dgykrh gSA
geus T;kfefr dks ik¡p mi&fo"k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS] tks
bl çdkj gSa% A B
 Point, Lines and Angle/ fcUnq] js[kk vkSj dks.k (b) Curved line: A line which changes its
 Triangle/f=kHkqt direction is called a curved line.

r
 Quadrilateral/ prqHkqZt ?kqekonkj js[kk % ,slh js[kk tks viuh fn'kk cnyrh gks]

si
 Polygon/ cgqHkqt ?kqekonkj js[kk dgykrh gSA
 Circle/o`Ùk

an by
B

Points, Line & Angle/fcUnq] js[kk vkSj dks.k

n
ja
1. Point : A point is a circle of zero radius
R s
A
fcUnqfcUnq
% 'kwU; f=kT;k dk dksbZ o`Ùk gksrk gSA
a th

(c) Line Segment: A line segments has two end

Types of Point/fcUnq ds izdkj points, but generally speaking line segment
is called a line.
(a) Collinear Points: If three or more points
situated on a straight line, these points are js[kk[kaM % js[kk[kaM ds nks var fcUnq gksrs gSa] ijarq lkèkkj
ty a

called collinear points. cksyus esa js[kk[kaM dks js[kk cksyrs gSaA
lajs[k fcUnq % ;fn rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d fcUnq fdlh ,d
di M

lhèkh js[kk esa fLFkr gks rks ;s fcUnq lajs[k fcUnq dgykrs gSaA
Example : Points A, B, and C are collinear.  Types of Lines/js[kkvksa ds izdkj
mnkgj.k % fcUnq
A, B, vkSjC lajs[k gSaA The lines are basically of five types as discussed
A B C below:

(b) Non-collinear Points: If three or more points js[kk,¡ ewyr% ik¡p izdkj dh gksrh gSa &
are not situated on a straight line, these (i) Intersecting Lines: If two or more lines intersect
points are called non-collinear points. each other, then they are called intersecting
vlajs[k fcUnq % ;fn rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d fcUnq fdlh ,d lines. In the figure AB and CD are intersecting
lhèkh js[kk esa fLFkr ugha gks rks ;s fcUnq vlajs[k fcUnq dgykrs
lines.gSaA
A

2. Lines: A line is made up of a infinite number çfrPNsnh js[kk,¡ % ;fn nks ;k nks ls vf/d ,d&nwljs dks
of points and it has only length i.e., it does not izfrPNsn djrs gSa rks os izfrPNsnh js[kk,¡ dgykrs gSaA fn;s x;s
has any thickness (or width). A line is endless fp=k esa
AB vkSjCD izfrPNsnh js[kk,¡ gSaA
so, it can be extended in both directions.
js[kk vuar la[;k esa fcUnqvksa ls feydj cuh gksrh gS vkSj blesa C B
fliZQ yackbZ gksrh gSA vFkkZr~ bldh dksbZ eksVkbZ (pkSM+kbZ) ugha
gksrhA js[kk dk dksbZ var fcUnq ugha gksrk] blfy, bls nksuksa
A D
fn'kkvksa esa c<+k;k tk ldrk gSA

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(ii) Concurrent Lines : If three or more lines pass (v) Transversal Lines : A line which intersects
through a point, then they are called concurrent two or more given lines at distinct points is
lines and the point through which these all lines called a transversal of the given lines.
pass is called point of concurrent.
laxkeh js[kk,¡
;fn%
rhu ;k rhu ls vf/d js[kk,¡ ,d gh fcUnq fr;Zd js[kk,¡ %
og js•k tks nks ;k nks ls vf/d nh xbZ
vkSj ftl js•kvksa dks vyx&vyx fcanqvksa ij dkVrh gS] nh xbZ js•kvksa
ls gksdj xqtjrh gS rks os laxkeh js[kk,¡ dgykrh gSafcUnq
ls gksdj ;s lHkh js[kk,¡ xqtjrh gS mls leorhZ fcUnq dgrs gSaA dh fr;Zd js•k dgykrh gSA
E B

C C P
D D

A F

(iii) Parallel Lines : Two straight lines are paral-

A B
lel if they lie in the same plane and do not
Q

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intersect even if they produced infinitely. Per-
pendicular distances between two parallel lines

si
are always same at all places.
lekarj js[kk,¡nks
% lh/h js[kk,¡ lekarj gksaxh ;fn os leku In figure straight lines AB and CD are inter-

an by
sected by a transversal PQ.
ry esa fLFkr gksa vkSj vuar rd c<+kus ij Hkh ,d&nwljs dks
izfrPNsfnr u djsA nks lekarj js[kkvks ds chp dh yacor nwjhfn;s x;s fp=k esa lh/h js[kk,¡
AB vkSjCD fr;Zd js[kkPQ

n
lHkh txg leku gksrh gSA }kjk izfrPNsfnr dh xbZ gSaA

ja
A B
R s
IMPORTANT POINTS – LINES
a th

C D
In the figure AB and CD are parallel lines.  There is one and only one line passing
through two distinct points.
fn;s x;s fp=k esa
AB vkSjCD lekarj js[kk,¡ gSaA
Symbol for parallel lines is ||. nks vyx fcUnqvksa ls gksdj fliZQ vkSj fliZQ ,d js[kk
ty a

Hence, AB || CD.
xqtjrh gSA
lekarj js[kkvksa dk izfrfpÉ
|| gSA
di M

vr% AB || CD.  Two or more lines are said to be coplanar if

(iv) Perpendicular Lines : If two lines intersect they lie in the same plane, otherwise they
at right angles, then two lines are called per- are said to be non-coplanar.
pendicular lines. In the following figure AB and
CD are perpendicular lines.
nks ;k nks ls vf/d js•k,¡ leryh; dgykrh gSa ;fn os
,d gh ry esa gksa] vU;Fkk os vleryh; dgykrh gSaA
yacor js[kk,¡ ;fn
% nks js[kk,¡ ledks.k ij izfrPNsn djrs
gSa rks nksuksa js[kk,¡ yacr js[kk,¡ dgykrh gSaA uhps fn;s x;s The
fp=kintersection of two planes is a line.
AB vkSjCD esa yacr js[kk,¡ gSaA
nks ryksa dk izfrPNsn ,d js[kk gksrh gSA
C 3. Angles : An angle is the union of two non-
A

A collinear rays with a common initial point. The

B
two rays forming an angle are called arms of
the angle and the common initial point is called
D the vertex of the angle.

Symbolically it is represented as AB  CD or dks.k %

tc nks fdj.ksa ,d gh mHk;fu"B fcUnq ls izkjaHk gksrh
we can also say that CD  AB. gSa rks ,d dks.k curk gSA tks nks fdj.ksa dks.k cukrh gS mUgsa
ladsr :i esa bls AB  CD }kjk iznf'kZr djrs gSa vFkok ge dks.k dh Hkqtk dgrs gSa vkSj mHk;fu"B izkjafHkd fcUnq 'kh"k
dg ldrs gSa fd CD  AB gSA dgykrk gSA

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The angle AOB denoted by AOB, is formed by (iv) Straight Angle: If measure of an angle is
rays OA and OB and point O is the “vertex” of equal to 180°, then it is a straight angle.
the angle.
Ítq dks.k %;fn fdlh dks.k dh eki 180º d cjkcj gks
fdj.kksaOA vkSjOB }kjk cuk gqvk dks.k
AOB dksAOB rks ;g Ítq dks.k dgykrk gSA
}kjk iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj fcUnq
O dks.k dk 'kh"kZ gSA

A A B
O
q = 180° ( “AOB is a straight angle)
(v) Reflex Angle: If measure of an angle is more
than 180° but less than 360°, then it is a reflex
O angle.
B
o`gÙk dks.k;fn%fdlh dks.k dh eki 180º ls vf/d
 Types of Angles/dks.k ds izdkj ijarq 360º ls de gks rks ;g o`gÙk dks.k dgykrk gSA

r
(i) Acute Angle: If the measure of an angle is
less than 90°, it is an acute angle. B

si
U;wu dks.k
;fn%
fdlh dks.k dh eki 90º ls de gks rks ;g
O

U;wu dks.k gksrk gSA

an by
A
A 180° < q < 360° ( AOB is a reflex angle)

n
 Pairs of Angles/dks.kksa dk ;qXe

ja
R s
(i) Adjacent Angles: Two angles are called ad-
jacent angles if:
a th

O
B
vkl dks.k %
nks dks.k vkl dgs tkrs gSa ;fn
0° < q < 90° (AOB is an acute angle)  They have the same vertex,
(ii) Right Angle : If measure of an angle is equal
ty a

to 90°, then it is a right angle. muds 'kh"kZ leku gksa

ledks.k %;fn fdlh dks.k dh eki 90º d s cjkcj gks rks  They have a common arm,
di M

;g ledks.k gksrk gSA mudh ,d Hkqtk mHk;fu"B gks

A
 Uncommon arms are on either side of the
common arm.
xSj&mHk;fu"B Hkqtk,¡] mHk;fu"B Hkqtk ds nksuksa vksj g
O B A
q = 90° (AOB is a right angle)
(iii) Obtuse Angle: If measure of an angle is more
than 90° but less than 180°, then it is a obtuse C
angle.
A

O
vf/d dks.k %;fn fdlh dks.k dh eki 90ºls vf/d B
ijarq180º ls de gks] rks og vf/d dks.k dgykrk gSA  In the figure, AOC and BOC have a com-
A mon vertex O. Also, they have a common
arm OC and the distinct arms OA and OB,
lie on the opposite side of the line OC.
fn;s x;s fp=k esa]
AOC vkSjBOC dk ,d mHkfu"B

O
B 'kh"kZO gSA mudh ,d mHk;fu"B Hkqtk OC vkSj
xSj&mHk;fu"BOA Hkqtk
vkSjOB Hkh js[kk
OC ds foijhr
90° < q < 180° ( AOB is an obtuse angle)
fn'kkvksa esa fLFkr gSA

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(ii) Complementary Angles : If sum of two (v) Vertically opposite Angles : If arm of two
angles is equal to 90°, then the two angles are angles form two pairs of opposite rays, then the
called complementary angles. two angles are called as vertically opposite
iwjd dks.k ;fn
% nks dks.kksa dk ;ksx
90º gks] rks ;s nksuksa angles.
dks.k lEiwjd dks.k dgykrs gSaA 'kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k
;fn nks %
dks.kksa dh Hkqtk foijhr
fdj.kksa ds nks ;qXe cukrh gksa] rks nksuksa dks.k 'kh"kkZfH
C
D
dgykrs gSaA
A D
yº
xº
A O
B
 BAD and  DAC are complementary
C B
angles, if xº + yº = 90°
(iii) Supplementary Angles: If sum of two  In other words, when two lines intersect,
angles is equal to 180°, then the two angles are two pairs of vertically opposite angles are
called supplementary angle. formed. Each pair of vertically opposite

r
angles are equal.
lEiwjd dks.k ;fn
% nks dks.kksa dk ;ksx
180º gks] rks ;s
nwljs 'kCnksa esa] tc nks js[kk,¡ izfrPNsn djrh gSa rks

si
nksuksa dks.k iwjd dks.k dgykrs gSaA
C 'kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.kksa ds nks ;qXe curs gSaA 'kh"kkZfHkq

an by
dh izR;sd ;qXe cjkcj gksrs gSaA
In the figure, two lines AB and CD intersect

n
yº xº 

D A B
at O. We find that AOC and BOD are ver-
BAC and DAC is supplementary angles, tically opposite angles

ja
R s
if xº + yº = 180° fp=k esa nks js[kk,¡
AB vkSjCD fcUnq
O ij izfrPNsn djrs gSaA
(iv) Linear Pair of Angles: Two adjacent angles
a th

are said to form a linear pair of angles, if their So, AOC = BOD
noncommon arms are two opposite rays. Similarly, BOC and AOD are vertically
dks.kksa dk jSf[kd ;qXe % dks.k] dks.kksa dk
nks vkl opposite angles.
ty a

jSf[kd ;qXe rc cukrs gSa tc mldh nks vleku Hkqtk,¡ nks blh izdkj] BOC vkSjAOD 'kh"kkZfHkeq[k dks.k gSaA
foijhr fdj.k gksaA
BOC = AOD
di M

So,
C
(vi) Corresponding Angles : When two parallel
lines are intersected by a transversal. They form
0 º 60
12 º pairs of corresponding angles.
A O B
 In figure, OA and OB are two opposite rays laxr dks.k % tc nks lekarj js[kk,¡ ,d fr;Zd js[kk }kjk
AOC & BOC are the adjacent angles. izfrPNsfnrdh tkrh gS rks os laxr dks.kksa ds ;qXe cukrh gSaA
Therefore, AOC and BOC form a linear pair.
Lines l and m are intersected by the transver-
fn;s x;s fp=k esa]
OA vkSjOB foijhr fdj.ksa gSa]
AOC sal n. Then 1 = 5, 4 = 8, 3 = 7 and 2
vkSj BOC vkl dks.k gS blfy, AOC vkSj = 6 .
BOC jSf[kd ;qXe cukrs gSaA
js[kk,¡l vkSjm fr;Zd js[kkn }kjk izfrPNsfnr dh xbZ gSa] rks
A

 If a ray stand on a line, the sum of the adja-

cent angles so formed is 180°. 1 = 5, 4 = 8, 3 = 7 vkSj2 = 6.
;fn dksbZ fdj.k fdlh js[kk ij iM+h gks rks bl izdkj cus n

vkl dks.kksa dk ;ksx

180º gksrk gSA
4 1
Note:- Conversely, if the sum of two adjacent 3
l
2
angles is 180°, then their non-common arms
8 5
are two opposite rays. m
6
blds foijhr] ;fn nks vklUu dks.kksa dk ;ksx
180º gS]
7

rks mudh xSj mHk;fu"B Hkqtk,a nks foijhr fdj.ksa gSaA

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(vii) Alternate Angles : When two parallel lines Note: Conversely, if a transversal intersects two lines
are intersected by a transversal, they form pairs in such a way that a pair of alternate interior
of Alternate Angles. Each pair of alternate angles is equal, then the two lines are parallel.
angles are equal. blds foijhr ;fn dksbZ fr;Zd js[kk nks js[kkvksa dks bl
izdkj izfrPNsn djrh gS fd ,dkarj var%dks.kksa dk ,d
,dkUrj dks.k %tc nks lekarj js[kk,¡ ,d fr;Zd js[kk }kjk ;qXe cjkcj gks rks nksuksa js[kk,¡ lekarj gksrh gSaA
izfrPNsfnr dh tkrh gS rks os ,dkarj dks.kksa ds ;qXe cukrh gSaA
(viii) Consecutive Interior Angles : When two
,dkarj dks.kksa ds izR;sd ;qXe cjkcj gksrs gSaA parallel lines are intersected by a transver-
n sal, they form two pairs of interior angles.
The pairs of interior angles so formed are
supplementary
4 1
l
Øekxr vkarfjd dks.k %
tc nks lekarj js[kk,a ,d
3 2 fr;Zd js[kk }kjk izfrPNsfnr gksrh gSa rks vkarfjd dks.kksa ds
8 nks ;qXe curs gSaA bl izdkj cus vkarfjd dks.k iwjd gksrs gSaA
5
m
7 6

r
4 1

si
l
3 2
In the given figure alternate interior angles 8

an by
5
3 = 5 and 2 = 8 and alternate exte- m
7 6
rior angles 1 = 7 and 4 = 6.

n
fn;s x;s fp=k esa ,dkarj var%dks.k
3 = 5 rFkk
2 = Pair of interior angles are:

ja
8 vkSj ,dkUrj oká dks.k 1 = 7 rFkk4 = 6 2 + 5 = 180° & 3 + 8 = 180°
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

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TRIANGLE/f=kHkqt
5. The angle between perpendicular drawn by a
vertex to opposite side and angle bisector of
the vertex angle is half of difference between
other two remaining vertex angles.
Properties of triangle/f=kHkqt ds xq.k/eZ 'kh"kZ ls foijhr Hkqtk ij Mkys x, yEc vkSj 'kh"kZ dks.k ds
1. Sum of all three angles of a triangle is always lef}Hkktd ds chp dk dks.k 'ks"k nks 'kh"kZ dks.kksa ds varj
180º, i.e. A + B + C = 180º. dk vk/k gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt ds rhuksa dks.kksa180ºdk gksrk
;ksx gSA A
vFkkZr~ A + B + C = 180º
A

B D E C
c b
AD  BC and AE is angle bisector of A
B – C
B a C Then DAE =
2

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2. If a side of triangle is produced, then the exte- 6. (i) Sum of any two sides of a triangle is

si
rior angle so formed is equal to the sum of the always greater than the third side, i.e.
two interior opposite angles. fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksxiQy rhljh Hkqtk ls

an by
;fn f=kHkqt dh fdlh Hkqtk dks c<+k;k tkrk gS rks bl izdkj ges'kk cM+k gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
cuk cká dks.k nks foijhr vkarfjd dks.kksa ds ;ksxiQy ds a+b>c

n
cjkcj gksrk gSA b+c>a
c+a>b
ACD = CAB + ABC

ja
A
R s
A

a
a th

c b

q B C
ty a

 a
B D
C (ii) Difference of any two sides of a triangle is
3. In a triangle the angle between internal bisector always smaller than the third side.
di M

of a base angle and external bisector of the other fdlh f=kHkqt dh nks Hkqtkvksa dk varj rhljh Hkqtk ls
base angle is half of the remaining vertex angle.
ges'kk NksVk gksrk gSA vFkkZr~
A |a – b| < c
According to this property BEC = .
2 |b – c| < a
fdlh f=kHkqt esa ,d vk/kj dks.k ds vkarfjd lef}Hkktd |c – a| < b
vkSj nwljs vk/kj dks.k ds cká lef}Hkktd ds chp cuk A
dks.k 'ks"k 'kh"kZ dks.k dk vk/k gksrk gSA
A
bl xq.k ds vuqlkjBEC = b
2 c
E
A
/2
A

B C
a
7. (i) Angles opposite to the equal sides of a tri-
angle are equal.
B C
4. In ABC, the side BC produced to D and angle fdlh f=kHkqt dh cjkcj Hkqtkvksa ds lkeus ds dks.k cjkcj
bisector of A meets BC at E then gksrs
gSaA
(ii) The angle opposite to the greater side is
ABC + ACD = 2 AEC. always greater than the angle opposite to
ABC esa Hkqtk
BC dksD rd c<+k;k x;k gS vkSj
A dk the smaller side.
lef}Hkktd Hkqtk BC ls fcUnqE ij feyrk gS] rks cM+h Hkqtk ds foijhr dk dks.k ges'kk NksVh Hkqtk ds
ABC + ACD = 2 AEC foijhr dks.k ls cM+k gksrk gSA

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8. A (i) If the heights of the two triangles is same,

the ratio of their area is proportional to
the ratio of their base.
c b ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa dh Åpkb;k¡ leku gks] rks buds {ks=kiQy
dk vuqikr] buds vk/kj ds vuqikr ds lekuqikrh gksrk gSA
A P
B C
a
(a) Sine Rule : Ratio of side and sine of
opposite angle of a triangle is equal to
double of circum radius.
T;k dk fu;e % fdlh f=kHkqt esa Hkqtk vkSj mlds foijhr B D C Q S R
dks.k dh T;k dk vuqikr f=kHkqt dh cká f=kT;k ds If AD = PS, then
nksxqus ds cjkcj gksrk gSA Ar (ABC) : Ar (PQR) = BC : QR
(ii) If the base of the two triangles is the
a b c same, the ratio of their areas is propor-
= = = 2R
sinA sinB sinC tional to the ratio of their heights.

r
(b) Cosine Rule : If two sides and angle ;fn nks f=kHkqtksa ds vk/kj leku gks] rks buds {ks=kiQy
dk vuqikr] budh Å¡pkb;ksa ds vuqikr ds lekuqikrh

si
between sides are given, then we can find
the opposite side by Cosine Rule. gksrk gSA
dks&T;k dk fu;e % ;fn nks Hkqtk vkSj Hkqtkvksa ds

an by
P
chp dk dks.k fn;k gks] rks dks&T;k ds fu;e ls ge A
foijhr Hkqtk Kkr dj ldrs gSaA

n
b2 + c 2  a2 a2 + c 2 – b2

ja
cosA = , cosB =
R s
2bc 2ac
B D C Q S R
a th

a 2 + b 2 – c2 If BC = QR, then
cosC = Ar (ABC) : Ar (PQR) = AD : PS
2ab
9. Area of Triangle (b) Area of ABC = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) ,
ty a

1 where s = semi-perimeter and a, b, c are

(a) Area of triangle ABC = × base × height the lengths of the sides of the triangle.
2
ABC dk {ks=kiQy tgk¡ s
di M

1 = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c)

f=kHkqt
ABC dk {ks=kiQy
= × vk/kj × Å¡pkbZ
2 = v¼Z ifjeki vkSja, b, c f=kHkqt ds Hkqtkvksa dh
Note : To calculate area of ABC, we take
yackb;k¡ gSaA
any of the side as base and the perpen-
A
dicular from the vertex to the base is
called the height. In triangle ABC,
uksV % f=kHkqt
ABC dh x.kuk ds fy, ge fdlh Hkh Hkqtk c b
dks vk/kj vkSj 'kh"kZ ls vk/kj ij Mkys x, yEc dks
Å¡pkbZ ekurs gSaAABCf=kHkqt
esa]
A B C
a
E
F (c) Area of ABC/ f=kHkqt
ABC dk {ks=kiQy
A

B C
D c b
AD  BC, BE  AC and CF  AB.
1 1
Area of DABC = × BC × AD = × BE × B
2 2 a C
AC
1 1 1 1
= × CF × AB = ab sinC = bc sinA = ac sinB
2 2 2 2

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Centres of triangle/f=kHkqt ds dsUæ

(b) External Angle bisector theorem
oká dks.k lef}Hkktd izes;
1. Angle bisector/dks.k lef}Hkktd The external bisector of an angle of a triangle
 If line AD is such that BAD =CAD, then divides the opposite side externally in the ra-
AD is the interior bisector of the angle A. tio of the sides containing the angle.
;fn js[kk AD bl izdkj gS fd BAD =CAD, fdlh f=kHkqt ds fdlh dks.k dk oká lef}Hkktd foijhr
rks AD vkarfjd dks.kA dk f}Hkktd dgykrh gSA Hkqtk dks dks.k dks cukus okyh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ds vuqikr e
A okár% foHkkftr djrk gSA
P
A
BD AB
=
CD AC

B D
C
C
Incentre/vUr%dsUæ
B

r
D 1.
(a) Internal Angle bisector theorem (a) The point of intersection of the internal bisector

si
vkarfjd dks.k lef}Hkktd izes; of the angles of a triangle is called the incentre.
vUr%dsUnz % f=kHkqt dh vkarfjd lef}Hkktdksa dk izfrPNsn

an by
The Internal bisector of an angle of a triangle
divides the opposite side internally in the ratio fcUnq var%dsUnz dgykrk gSA

n
of the sides containing the angle, i.e.  A A
fdlh f=kHkqt ds fdlh dks.k dk vkarfjd lef}Hkktd foijhr BIC =
2
+
2
or 90º +
2
Hkqtk dks dks.k dks cukus okyh nksuksa Hkqtkvksa ds vuqikr esa

ja
R s
 B B
var%foHkkftr djrk gSA AIC =
2
+
2
or 90º +
2
a th

BD AB  C C
= AIB = +
2
or 90º +
2
CD AC 2
A
Note:-
ty a

A
(i) F E
di M

a b B C
D
(b) Incentre divides each angle bisector in the ra-
tio of length of sum of two adjacent side and
opposite side.
B C
x D y var%dsUnz izR;sd dks.k lef}Hkktd dks nks laxr Hkqtkvksa
AD = angle bisector of A. vkSj foijhr Hkqtk ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA
AD2 = ab – xy. A
A
F E b
c I
A

 
B C
a b D
a
Here, AD, BE and CF are angle bisectors
(ii)
of A, B and C respectively.
;gk¡ AD, BE vkSjCF Øe'k%A, B vkSjC ds
lef}Hkktd gSaA
B D C AI : ID = b + c : a
2ab Cos BI : IE = a + c : b
AD 
ab CI : IF = a + b : c

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(c) Inradius/var%f=kT;k (a) If O be the circumcentre, then

(i) Inradi us of a t ri angle/ f=kHkqt dh var%f=kT;k ;fn O ifjdsUnz gks] rks
A
 Area / {ks=kiQy
= =
s Semi - perimeter / v¼Z & ifjeki
(ii) Inradius of a right-angled triangle O
ledks.k f=kHkqt dh var%f=kT;k B C

p+ b – h  In acute-angled triangle ABC,

=
2 U;wudks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa
BOC = 2A, COA = 2B &AOB = 2C
 In a right-angled triangle, ABC,
p
h ledks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa
A

r
b B C

si
O
(iii) Inradius of an equilateral triangle
leckgq f=kHkqt dh var%f=kT;k

an by
a
=
side
BOC = 2A = 180º
COA = 2B = 180º – 2C

n
=
2 3 2 3 AOB = 2C = 180º – 2B
A  In an obtuse-angled triangle ABC,

ja
vf/ddks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa]
R s
60º A
a th

a a

60º B C
B a C O
ty a

(iv) If triangle is not right angled then find out

di M

inradius by following relation

BOC = 2(180º – A)
;fn f=kHkqt ledks.k ugha gS rks var%f=kT;k fuEu laca/ ls COA = 2B & BOA = 2C
fudkyrs gSaA (b)  In a acute triangle, the circumcentre is

rs = s(s – a)(s – b)(s – c) always inside the triangle.

fdlh U;wudks.k f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds
2. Circumcentre/ifjdsUæ vanj gksrk gSA
The point of intersection of the perpdndicular
bisectors of the sides of a triangle is called
the circumcentre. Circumcentre
fdlh f=kHkqt dh Hkqtkvksa ds yEc lef}Hkktdksa ds izfrPNsn
fcUnq dks ifjdsUnz dgrs gSaA
A

A  In a right-angled triangle, the circumcentre

is mid-point of the hypotenuse.
D F fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz ges'kk d.kZ dk eè;
O
fcUnq gksrk gSA
B C
E
Circumcentre
OD  AB and AD = BD Mid point of
OE  BC and BE = EC hypotenuse

OF  AC and CF = FA

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 In an obtuse-angled triangle, the circumcentre  2(r + R) = a + b

is always outside the triangle and will be at
the front of the angle which is obtuse. Where a and b are the base and perpen-
fdlh vf/d dks.k f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds dicular of right angle triangle.
ckgj vkSj vf/d dks.k ds lkeus gksrk gSA tgk¡ a rFkkb ledks.k f=kHkqt ds vk/kj rFkk yEc gSaA
 Note : Distance between circum-centre and
Circumcentre incentre in any triangle is R 2 – 2Rr .

fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt esa ifjdsUnz rFkk var%dsUnz ds chp

dh nwjh= R 2 – 2Rr
(c) Circumradius/ifjf=kT;k Where, R = circum-radius/ifjf=kT;k
The radius of the circumcircle of a triangle is
called the circumradius. It is denoted by R. r = inradius/var%f=kT;k
fdlh f=kHkqt ds ifjo`Ùk dh f=kT;k] ifjf=kT;k dgykrh gSA bls
R }kjk fu:ifr fd;k tkrk gSA 3. Excentre/cfgdsUnz

r
 The circumradius of any triangle ABC

si
The intersection point of internal angle bisec-
fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt
ABC dh ifjf=kT;k
tor of one angle and bisectors of other two op-

an by
Multiplication of all three sides abc
= posite exterior angles. ,d dks.k ds vkUrfjd lef}Hkktd
= 4 × Area of the triangle 4 rFkk vU; nks ckg~; foijhr dks.kksa ds lef}Hkktdksa ds izfrPNsn

n
A fcUnq dks cfgdsUnz dgrs gSaA

ja
R s
c A
b
O
a th

rc rb

B a C
B C
ra
ty a

 The circumradius of a right-angled triangle

ledks.k f=kHkqt dh ifjf=kT;k
di M

E
Hypotenuse h
= =
2 2 A
(a) BEC  90 –
2
A
h (b) ex-radii:
b O
  
B ra  ; rb  ; rc 
p C s–a s–b s–c

 The circumradius of an equilateral triangle rs s(s – b)(s – c)

(c) ra = =
leckgq f=kHkqt dh ifjf=kT;k s–a s–a
A

Side a
= = abc
3 3 where, S 
2
A

(d) (area)  r ra rb rc
a a
O (e) ra + rb + rc = 4R + r

B a C (f) r a rb + rb rc + rc ra = S2
(g) ra2 + rb2 + rc2 = (4R + r)2 – 2S2

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4. Centroid/dsUnzd (d) 3(AB2 + BC2 + CA2) = 4(AD2 + BE2 + CF2)

A
The polint of intersection of the medians of the (e)
triangle is called the centroid. It is denoted by G.
fdlh f=kHkqt dh ekfè;dkvksa dk izfrPNsn fcUnq dsUnzd dgykrk E
gSA blsG }kjk fu:fir djrs gSaA
(a) Apollonius Theorem/viksyksfu;l izes;
A B C
D
If ABC is RAT
AD & CE are medians
4 (AD2 + CE2) = 5 AC2
AD2 + CE2 = 5 ED2
AD2 + CE2 = AC2 + ED2
B D C A
AB2 + AC2 = 2(AD² + CD²) OR (f)
Length of median AD
1

r
D E
= 2AC2 + 2AB2 – BC2 c
2 O b

si
(b) If AD, BE and CF are medians of ABC and G is
the centroid, then

an by
;fn AD, BE vkSjCF, ABC dh ekfè;dk gS vkSj
G B a
C
dsUnzd gks] rks BE & CD are medians

n
A If medians are r. (BE  CD) then,
AB2 + AC2 = 5 BC2

ja
or, b2 + c2 = 5 a2
R s
F E AO = BC = a.
G
(g) AB2 + PC2 = AC2 + BP2
a th

A A

B D C
AG BG CG 2 P
ty a

= = = M
GD GE GF 1 Or
(c) The sum of any two sides of a triangle is greater
di M

than twice the median drawn to the third side. B C B C

O P
f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksxiQy rhljh Hkqtk ij AP2 + MC2 = AC2 + MP2
[khaph xbZ ekfè;dk ds nksxqus ls vf/d gksrk gSA (h) If the area of ABC = x, AD, BE and CF are
A three medians and G is centroid, then
;fn ABC dk {ks=kiQy
= x gks]
AD, BE vkSjCF rhu
ekfè;dk,¡ vkSj
G dsUnzd gks] rks
F E A A
O

x x
x x
B D C 2 2 3 G3
A

x
AB + AC > 2AD ...(1)
3
AB + BC > 2BE ...(2) B D C B C
AC + BC > 2CF ...(3)
Adding (1), (2) and (3) A
2 (AB + AC + BC) > 2(AD + AE + CF)
x x
AB + AC + BC > AD + BE + CF
F 6 6 E
Sum of sides (perimeter) ia slways greater than x G x
sum of all median. 6 6
Hkqtkvksa dk ;ksxiQy (ifjeki) ges'kk ekfè;dkvksa ds x x
6 6
;ksxiQy ls vf/d gksrk gSA B D C

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(i) Area of triangle formed by joining mid points

1
5. Orthocentre/yEcdsUnz
of two sides and centroid is th of area of Point of intersections of the altitudes of a tri-
12 angle is called the orthocentre of the triangle.
triangle.
It is gener ally denoted by H.
fdlh
nks Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa vkSj dsUnzd dks feykus ls f=kHkqt
cus ds 'kh"kZ yEcksa ds izfrPNsn fcUnq dks f=kHkqt dk yE
1 dsUnz dgrs gSaA bls lkekU;r%
H ls fu:fir fd;k tkrk gSA
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy ewy f=kHkqt ds {ks=kiQy
Hkkx gksrk
dk
12 A
gSA
F E
1
Ar OFE = Ar OFD = Ar OED = Ar ABC H
12
A

F E D
O B C
All the three altitudes of a triangle pass
through a point (orthocentre)

r
B C
D fdlh f=kHkqt ds rhuksa 'kh"kZ yEc ,d gh fcUnq (yEc

si
OFE  OCB dsUnz) ls gksdj xqtjrs gSaA
(According to Mid point theorem FE || BC so (a)  In an acute-angled triangle the orthocentre

an by
is always inside the triangle.
that EFO = OCB, OEF = OBC)
fdlh U;wudks.k f=kHkqt esa yEc dsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds
(j) The line segment joining the mid points of two Hkhrj gksrk gSA

n
sides divides the line joining of vertex in be-
tween line to the centroid in the ratio 3 : 1.

ja
R s
nks Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks feykus okyk js[kk[kaM Hkqtkvksa
ds eè; ds 'kh"kZ dks dsUnzd ls feykus okyh js[kk dks 3 % 1 ds H
a th

vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA

A
ty a

 In a right-angled triangle the orthocentre is

on the vertex of the triangle at which tri-
angle is the right-angled.
di M

G E
F fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt esa yEc dsUnz ledks.k cukus okys
f=kHkqt ds 'kh"kZ ij fLFkr gksrk gSA
O
H I
B C
D
AG : GO = BH : HO = CI : IO = 3 : 1
Note:
G is the Mid point of AD and FE
G Hkqtk
AD vkSjFE dk eè; fcUnq gSA H
 In an obtuse-angled triangle the orthocentre
(k) If three medians of a triangle are given then is always outside of the triangle and will be
A

at the back of the angle which is obtuse.

;fn fdlh f=kHkqt dh rhu ekfè;dk,¡ nh xbZ gksa] rks vf/ddks.k f=kHkqt esa yEc dsUnz ges'kk f=kHkqt ds ckgj
4 vkSj vf/d dks.k ds ihNs dh vksj gksrk gSA
Area of  = (Area of triangle considering me-
3
dians as side)
4
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy
= (ekfè;dkvksa dks Hkqtk ekurs gq,
3
f=kHkqt dk {ks=kiQy)
H

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(b)  BHC = 180º –A Congruence & Similarity in Triangle/

CHA = 180º –B
AHB = 180º –C
f=kHkqt esa lokZxlerk vkSj le:irk
CONGRUENCE/lokZxlerk
It is true for all types of triangle.
 Symbol 
;g lHkh izdkj ds f=kHkqtksa ds fy, lR; gSA
A  Same Shape.

H  Conditions: SSS, SAS, ASA, AAS, RHS

F E
SIMILARITY/le:irk
 Symbol (~)
B D C

r
 Shapes and sizes are both the same.

si

 BHD =Cand CHD =B  Conditions: AA, SSS, SAS

an by
 CHE = Aand  AHE = C
(A) Properties of Similar triangles/le:i
 AHF = Band BHF = A
f=kHkqt ds xq.k

n
 (i) BFH  CEH ABC and PQR are similar, then

ja
If
R s
BH × HE = CH × HF ;fn ABC vkSjPQR le:i gksa] rks
a th

ALSO,
P
BH × HE = CH × HF = AH × HD A
(ii) BD × DC = AD × DH r q
ty a

c b
BE × EH = CE × EA
di M

CF × FH = AF × FB B a C Q p R
(iii) (AB + BC + CA) > (AD + CF + BE)
a b c
(i) = =
 sides >  Altitudes p q r

Note: (ii) Ratio of corresponding sides

Relation between Orthocenter, centroid and cir- laxr Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr

cumcenter/yEc dsUæ] dsUæd vkSj ifjdsUæ ds chp laca/
= Ratio of perimeter/ifjeki dk vuqikr
In any triangle, orthocenter, centroid and cir-
cumcenter are co-linear and centroid divides = Ratio of semi-perimeter(s)/v¼Z&ifjeki dk vuqikr
the line in 2:1 as in figure/fdlh Hkh f=kHkqt esa yEc
A

=
dsUæ] dsUæd vkSj ifjdsUæ lajs[kh; gksrs gS rFkk dsUæd js[kk Ratio
dks of corresponding medians/ laxr
2%1 ds vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrk gSA ekfè;dkvksa dk vuqikr
= Ratio of inradius/vUr%f=kT;k dk vuqikr
2 1
H G C = Ratio of circumradius/cká f=kT;k dk vuqikr

(iii) Ratio of area = (Ratio of corresponding sides)2

Orthocenter Centroid circumcenter
{ks=kiQy dk vuqikr
= (laxr Hkqtkvksa dk vuqikr)
2

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(B) In a right-angled triangle ABC, if a perpendicular In ABC,

(CD) is drawn from the vertex which is right
angle (C) to the hypotenuse (AB), then AD AE
(c) If DE || BC, then =
fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt
ABC esa]
;fn 'kh"kZ
(C) tks fd ledks.k DB EC
gS] ls d.kZ
(AB) ij yEc (CD) Mkyk tkrk gS] rks
(d) or if
AD AE
= , then DE || BC
DB EC
B
(e) Some of the results desired from this theo-
x
rem, we will use, are as follows :
c
a D bl izes; ls fuEufyf[kr ifj.kke izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSa]
y ftUgsa ge iz;ksx djrs gSa %
p
AD AE
(i) =
C b A BD EC
AD AE DE
(i) (a) a2 = x × c (ii) = =
AB AC BC
(b) b2 = y × c (iii) ADE  ABC

r
(ii) p2 = x × y 2 2 2
(iii) a×b=p×c Ar(ΔADE)  AD   AE   DE 

si
(iv) =  =  = 
Ar(ΔABC)  AB   AC   BC 
1 1 1
(D) Mid-Point Theorem/eè;fcUnq izes;
= 2  2

an by
(iv) 2
p a b
In other words,/nwljs 'kCnksa esa] (a) (i) The line segment joining the mid-points

n
(i) (a) BC2 = BD × AB of any two sides of a triangle is parallel to
the third side and is half of the third side.
(b) AC2 = AD × AB

ja
fdlh f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks
R s
(ii) CD2 = BD × AD
feykus okyk js[kk[kaM rhljh Hkqtk ds lekarj vkSj rhljh
(iii) BC × AC = CD × AB
Hkqtk dk vk/k gksrk gSA
a th

1 1 1 (ii) A line drawn parallel to the one side of a

(iv) = 
CD 2
BC 2
AC 2 triangle and the length of the line is half of
that of the side, the line will pass through
ty a

(C) Basic Proportionality Theorem the mid-points of the other two sides.
(Thales Theorem)/vk/kjHkwr vkuqikfrdrk izes; fdlh f=kHkqt dh ,d Hkqtk ds lekarj [khaph xbZ dksbZ js[kk
(FksYl izes;)
di M

vkSj js[kk dh yackbZ Hkqtk ls vk/h gks rks js[kk vU; nks
(a) A line drawn parallel to one side of a triangle
Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa ls gksdj xqtjsxhA
divides other two sides in the same ratio. A
fdlh f=kHkqt ds ,d Hkqtk ds lekarj [khaph xbZ dksbZ js[kk
vU; nks Hkqtkvksa dks leku vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gSA D E
(b) If a line divides any two sides of a triangle
in the same ratio, the line must be parallel
to the third side. B C
(b) If D and E are mid-points of AB and AC,
;fn dksbZ js[kk fdlh f=kHkqt dh fdUgha nks Hkqtkvksa dks
respectively, then
leku vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gS rks og js[kk rhljh ;fn D vkSjE Øe'k% js[kk
AB vkSjAC ds eè; fcUnq gksa] rks
A

Hkqtk ds lekarj gksuh pkfg,A BC

DE || BC and DE =
A 2
BC
(c) DE || BC and DE = , then D and E are
2
D E the mid-points of AB and AC respectively.
In this case
BC
;fn DE || BC vkSjDE = ] rksD vkSjE Øe'k%
B C 2
AB vkSjAC ds eè; fcUnq gSaA bl fLFkfr esa

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If (a, b, c) be a Pythagorean triplets, then (ak,

AD AE DE 1
(i) = = = a b c 
AB AC BC 2 bk, ck) or  , ,  will also be the
k k k 
AD AE Pythagorean triplet.
(ii) = =1
DB EC ;fn (a, b, c) ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV gks]
(ak,rks
bk, ck)
(iii) ADE  ABC a b c 
;k  k , k , k  Hkh ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV gkasxsA
Ar(ΔADE) 1  
(iv) = Following Pythagorean triplets are frequently
Ar(ΔABC) 4
used in the examinations.
 fuEu ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV ijh{kkvksa esa cgqrk;r iwNs tkrs gSaA
In Acute angled triangle/U;wudks.k f=kHkqt esa
 (3, 4, 5), (6, 8, 10), (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20),
The sum of the squares of any two sides of the (15, 20, 25)
triangle is greater than the square of the third side.  (5, 12, 13), (10, 24, 26)
f=kHkqt ds nks Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± dk ;ksxiQy rhljh Hkqtk
 ds 24, 25), (14, 48, 50), (3.5, 12, 12.5),
(7,
oxZ ls vf/d gksrk gSA (21, 72, 75)

r
 (8, 15, 17)  (9, 40, 41)
(a) AB2 + BC2 > AC2

si
 (11, 60, 61)
(b) BC2 + AC2 > AB2
1,1, 2  1, 3, 2 

an by
 
(c) AC2 + AB2 > BC2
2 2
 (2n, n – 1, n + 1)
In Right Angled Triangle/ledks.k f=kHkqt esa

n

 n 2 +1 n 2 – 1 
Pythagoras Theorem : In a right triangle, the   , ,n
 2 2

ja
square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum 
R s
of the square of the other two sides.  (2ab, a2 – b2, a2 + b2)
InnksObtuse angled triangle/vf/d dks.k
a th

ik;Fkkxksjl izes; % fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt esa d.kZ dk oxZ

'ks"k
Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± ds ;ksxiQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA f=kHkqt esa
If a, b and c be three sides of a right-angled The sum of the square of two smaller sides is less
ty a

triangle, then according to the Pythagoras than the square of the third side (the largest side).
Theorem, nks NksVh Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± dk ;ksx rhljh Hkqtk (lcls cM+h
;fn a, b vkSjc fdlh ledks.k f=kHkqt dh rhu Hkqtk,¡ gksa] rksHkqtk) ds oxZ ls de gksrk gSA
di M

ik;Fkkxksjl izes; ds vuqlkj AB2 + BC2 < AC2

A Scalene Triangle/fo"keckgq f=kHkqt
perpendicular= b

e =c
us Perimeter, Semi-perimeter and Area of scalene
oten
p
hy triangle
90º
fo"keckgq f=kHkqt dk ifjeki] v¼Z&ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy
B base =a C A

a2 + b2 = c2
Pythagorean Triplets : A set of three integers
A

c b
a, b, c which satisfy Pythagoras Theorem (a2 +
b2 = c2) or are the sides of aright-angled tri-
angle is called Pythagorean triplets.
B C
a
ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV % rhu iw.kk±dksa
a, b vkSjc dk lewg tks
Perimeter/ ifjeki = a +b+c
ik;Fkkxksjl izes;a(2 + b2 = c2) dks larq"V djs ;k fdlh
a +b +c
ledks.k f=kHkqt dh Hkqtk gks] ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV dgykrk gSA
Semi-perimeter/ v¼Z&ifjeki(s) =
2
The smallest Pythagorean triplet is (3, 4, 5). Area of ABC/f=kHkqtABC dk {ks=kiQy

lcls NksVh ik;Fkkxksfj;u fVªiysV (3] 4] 5) gSA = s(s - a)(s - b)(s - c)

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Isoceles Triangle/lef}ckgq f=kHkqt Equilateral Triangle/leckgq f=kHkqt

 Area of an Equilateral Triangle / leckgq f=kHkqt dk
Perimeter, semi-perimeter and Area
3
ifjeki] v¼Z&ifjeki vkSj {ks=kiQy {ks=kiQy
= a2
4
A  Height of an Equilateral Triangle / leckgq f=kHkqt

3
 dh Å¡pkbZ
= a
2
a a  If P is a point inside an equilateral triangle ABC,
the sum of altitudes from the point P to the sides
AB, BC and AC equal t o t he medi an of t he ABC.
D ;fn fdlh leckgq f=kHkqtABC ds vanj P dksbZ fcUnq PgS rks
B C ls Hkqtk AB, BC vkSjAC ij Mkys x, yEcksa dk ;ksxiQy
b
ABC dh ekfè;dk ds cjkcj gksrk gSA
Perimeter/ifjeki = AB + BC + CA = 2a + b.

r
A
Semi perimeter/v¼Z&ifjeki

si
AB + BC + CA b
s= =a + F

an by
2 2 a cm
h3
h2 E

n
4a2  b2
AD =
2 h1 P

ja
B C
R s
b D
Area of ABC/ABC dk {ks=kiQy
= 4a 2  b 2 Let the altitudes from point P to side BC, AC
4
a th

and AB be h1, h2 and h3 respectively and the

1 2 side of the triangle be a, then
a Sin 
= ekuk fcUnq
P ls Hkqtkvksa
BC, AC vkSjAB ij Mkys x, yac
2
ABC is an isosceles triangle (AB = AC) If P is Øe'k%h1, h2 vkSjh3 gSa rFkk f=kHkqt dha gS]
Hkqtk
rks
ty a

a point on the side BC and DP || AC & EP

|| AB then, 3a
h1 + h2 + h3 = = Height of equilateral Tirangle
di M

2
DP + EP = AB = AC
• If P is a point inside the triangle and
PF || AB, PD || AC, PE || CB. then,
A PD + PE + PF = AB = BC = CA.
A

F
D E

E P
A

B B C
P C D

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CIRCLE/o`Ùk C1 C2

1. Equal chords of a circle subtend equal angle at O1 O2

the centre.
r r r r
o`Ùk dh cjkcj thok,¡ dsUnz ij cjkcj dks.k cukrh gSaA
A B P Q

A
If C1 and C2 are equal circles and AO 1B =
D PO2Q, then AB = PQ.
O
5. Equal chords of a circle are equidistance from
centre. If AB = PQ, then OL = OM
B
C fdlh o`Ùk dh cjkcj thok,¡ dsUnz ls leku nwjh ij gksrs gSaA
;fn AB = PQ gks] rks
OL = OM
If AB = CD, then AOB = COD

r
2. The angles subtended by the chords of a circle A

si
at the centre are equal, then the chords are
equal. L
O

an by
;fn thokvksa }kjk dsUnz ij cuk, x, dks.k cjkcj gks rks B
thokvksa dh yackbZ Hkh cjkcj gksrh gSA

n
P Q
M

ja
A
R s
6. If two chords are equidistant from the centre,
O the chords are equal.
a th

;fn nks thok dsUnz ls cjkcj nwjh ij gks rks thok dh yackbZ
D leku gksrh gSA
B
If OL = OM, then AB = PQ
ty a

C
A
di M

If AOB = COD, then AB = CD

3. Equal chords of two equal circles subtend equal
L
angles at their centres.
nks cjkcj o`Ùkksa dh cjkcj thok,¡ muds dsUnz ij cjkcj B
O
dks.k cukrh gSaA
P Q
M
C1 C2
7. A perpendicular from the centre of a circle to
O1 O2 a chord bisects the chord.

r r r r
o`Ùk ds dsUnz ls thok ij Mkyk x;k yEc thok dks lef}Hkkftr
djrk gSA
A

A B P Q
If OL  AB, then AL = LB.
If C1 and C2 are equal circles and AB = PQ, then
AO1B = PO2Q.
4. The angles subtended by the chords of equal
O
circles at their centres are equal, then the
chords are equal.
;fn nks leku o`Ùkksa dh thokvksa }kjk muds dsUnz ij cuk, A L B
x, dks.k cjkcj gksa rks thok,¡ cjkcj gksrh gSA

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8. If OL  AB, then AL = LB and OLB is a right- If APB = , then

angled triangle, i.e. OL2 + LB2 = OB2
P
;fn OL  AB gS] rks
AL = LB vkSj OLB ,d ledks.k
f=kHkqt gS] vFkkZr~
OL + LB2 = OB2
2

O
2
O A B
–
d r
Q
A L B
AOB = 2 and AQB =  – .
9. The angle subtended by an arc of a circle at the (b) The angles in the major segment and the
centre is double the angle sutended on it at any minor segment are supplementary.
point on the remaining part of the circle on the
same side in which the centre lies. nh?kZ o`Ùk[kaM vkSj y?kq o`Ùk[kaM esa dks.k vuqiwjd gks
12. The angle of a semicircle is a right angle.
fdlh o`Ùk ds pki }kjk dsUnz ij cuk;k x;k dks.k o`Ùk ds
v¼Zo`Ùk esa cuk dks.k ledks.k gksrk gSA

r
mlh vksj 'ks"k Hkkx esa fdlh fcUnq ij cuk, x, dks.k dk
P

si
nksxquk gksrk gSA
If APB = , then AOB = 2.

an by
P A B
O

n
O

ja
If AB bs a diameter and P any point on the
R s
2 circumference, then
A B ;fn AB O;kl vkSjP ifjf/ ij dksbZ fcUnq gks rks
a th

APB = 90º
 ACB + OAB
13. The tangent at any point on a circle is
= ACB + OBA = 90º
perpendicular to the radius drawn through the
x +  = 90º
ty a

point of contact.
C
o`Ùk ds fdlh fcUnq ij Li'kZ js[kk] Li'kZ fcUnq ls gksdj [khaph
di M

xbZ f=kT;k ij yEc gksrh gSA

O
2xº
0 0 O
A B
10. The angle in the same segment of a circle are
equal i.e.
fdlh o`Ùk ds ,d gh o`Ùk[kaM esa cus dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA l m
P
Q 
P R If the lm is a tangent, O is the centre and P is
the point of contact, then OP  lm.

A

;fn lm ,d Li'kZ js[kk gS]

O dsUnz gS vkSj
P Li'kZ fcUnq gS]
rksOP  lm.
A B
14.
APB = AQB = ARB
11. (a) If AB is a chord, O is the centre and P and 

Q are any points in the major and the minor
segments of the circle respectively, then
;fn AB thok] O dsUnz vkSj
P rFkkQ Øe'k% nh?kZ o`Ùk[kaM
vkSj y?kq o`Ùk[kaM esa nks fcUnq gSa] rks   180 – 2

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15. Two tangent PA and PB are drawn from an external A

point P on a circle, whose centre is O, then

O dsUnz okys fdlh o`Ùk esa okáPfcUnq
ls nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡ P
B
PA rFkkPB [khaph xbZ gSA
C

Q R
A

90º–
P O
90º– Perimeter=2×AQ=2a
19. A chord is drawn through the point of contact
B of a tangent, then the angles which the chord
(a) PAO  PBO makes with the tangent is equal to the angle
(b) PA = PB made by that chord in the alternate segment.
(c) PAO = PBO = 90º Li'kZ js[kk ds Li'kZ fcUnq ls gksdj ,d thok [khaph xbZ gS rks
(d) APO = BPO thok }kjk Li'kZ js[kk ij cuk;k x;k dks.k thok }kjk ,dkarj
16. PA and PB are two tangents, O is the center of [kaM esa cus dks.k ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

r
the circle and R and S are the points on the

si
circle, then R
Q
O dsUnz okys fdlh o`Ùk esa okáP fcUnq
ls nks Li'kZ js[kk,¡
PA O

an by
rFkkPB [khaph xbZ gSRvkSj
rFkkS o`Ùk ij nks fcUnq gSa %
P

n
l m
A
M Let MPQ = , then
18

ja
PRQ = 
0º

R s
–
2

P S O 90º– R and let lPR = , then PQR = 

90

20. PA × PB = PC × PD
a th
º+


N B
B A

Let APB = 2, then P

ty a

C
AOB = 180º – 2 D

ARB = 90º –  21. If PC be a tangent, then

di M

ASB = 90º +  ;fn PC Li'kZ js[kk gks] rks

AOB = 2MON PA × PB = PC2
17. If a quadrilateral ABCD circumscribe a circle
then B
;fn prqHkqZt
ABCD ds vanj ,d o`Ùk cuk gks] rks A
A D
P C
22. A
D

P
B C
A

AB + CD = BC + AD
18. A cricle externally touch side BC of a ABC at C
B
P, AB produced at Q and AC produced at R. If PA × PB = PC × PD
AQ = a cm, then what is perimeter of ABC ?
AP 2  PD 2  CP 2  BP 2
,d o`Ùk ABC dh HkqtkBC dks ckg~r% fcUnq P, AB r
2
dks c<+kus ij fcUnq
Q rFkkAC dks c<+kus ij fcUnq
R ij If APD = 90º
Li'kZdjrk gS ;fn AQ = a lseh gks rks
ABC dk ifjeki BC 2  AD2
r
Kkr dhft,A 2

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23. If radius = r and O is the centre of a circle 26. Length of the common tangent :
;fn r f=kT;k vkSj
O o`Ùk dk dsUnz gks] rks
mHk;fu"B Li'kZ js[kk dh yackbZ
(a) Diameter/O;kl (AB) = 2r
(a) When two circles of radii R and r are sepa-
rated such that the distance between their
centres is d, then
O
A B tc R rFkkr f=kT;k ds nks o`Ùk muds dsUnzksa ds chp
dh nwjhd }kjk vyx fd;s x;s gksa] rks

(b) Circumference/ifjf/ = 2r

(c) Area/{ks=kiQy
= r2 R
r
24. Semi-circle/v¼Zo`Ùk d
A O B

r
Length of the Direct common

si
tangent /vuqLi'kZ mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ
Diameter/O;kl = 2r

an by
(a)
(b) Perimeter/ifjeki = r(2 + ) = d 2 – (R – r )2

n
r 2 Length of the Transverse common
(c) Area/{ks=kiQy
=
tangent/vuqizLFk mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ

ja
2
R s
25. Sector/o`Ùk[kaM
(If AOB = )
a th

= d 2 – (R  r )2
(a) Perimeter/ifjeki = r(2 + )
(b) When two circles of radii R and r touch
   each other externally, then
(b) Area/{ks=kiQy
= r ×  2

ty a

 360º 
tc R rFkkr f=kT;k ds nks o`Ùk ,d&nwljs dks oká;r%
A Li'kZ djrs gksa] rks
di M

O q R
r
r
B
(c) Minor segment/y?kq f=kT;[kaM
(If AOB = )
A Distance between the centre = R + r
dsUnzksa ds chp dh nwjh
A

Length of the direct common tangent/

O
vuqLi'kZ mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ
= 2 Rr
B
(d) Area (Shaded part)/Nk;kafdr Hkkx dk {ks=kiQy
= Note : In all of the above cases if R = r, then
length of the direct common tangent = d = dis-
r 2    tance between the center.
  sin  
2  180º  uksV % mi;qZDr lHkh n'kkvksaR =esa
r gks]
;fn rks
vuqLi'kZ
mHk;fu"B js[kk dh yackbZ
= d = dsUnzksa ds chp dh nwjhA

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27. Common Chord/mHk;fu"B thok (c) When radii of both the circles are equal,
then R = r.
(a) Two circles of radii R and r intersects and
AB is the common chord, then
tc nksuksa o`Ùk dh f=kT;k leku R
gks]
= rrks

R rFkkr f=kT;k ds nks o`Ùk ,d&nwljs dks izfrPNsn djrs A

gksa rFkk
AB mudh mHk;fu"B thok gks] rks r r
Q
R A O P
r r r
O P
Q B
OP = 4R 2 – AB2
B
O and P are the centers AB is common OP
OQ = PQ =
chord, 2

r
O rFkkP dsUnz vkSj
AB mHk;fu"B thok gS (d) When radii of both the circles are equal and

si
AB the both the circles pass through the cen-
AQ = BQ = tres of the other circle, i.e. R = r

an by
2
tc nks o`Ùkksa dh f=kT;k cjkcj gks rFkk nksuksa o`Ùk ,d&nwlj
 AB 2   AB 2  d s d s Un z ls g k s d j x q t j r s g k s a vFk k Z r ~

n
OP = R2 –  2
+ r – 
 2   2  R=r

ja
AQO =AQP = 90º A
R s
r r
a th

(b) When/tc OAP = 90º i.e.

The tangent of a circle at point A or B pass O Q P
through the centre of the other circle.
fcUnq
A vFkokB ij o`Ùk dh Li'kZ js[kk nwljs o`Ùk ds
ty a

dsUnz ls gksdj tk,xh B

di M

OPA is an equilateral triangle.

A
OPA ,d leckgq f=kHkqt gSA
R r
OP = r, AB =
3r
O Q
P  OBPA is a rhombus.
28. Cyclic Quadrilateral/pØh; prqHkqZt
B If all the four vertices of a quadrilateral lie on
the circumference of a circle, then the quadri-
OP = R2  r 2
lateral is called a cyclic quadrilateral.
R2 ;fn fdlh prqHkqZt dh pkjksa 'kh"kZ fdlh o`Ùk dh ifjf/ ij
OQ =
A

2
R r 2
fLFkr gksa rks prqHkqZt] pØh; prqHkqZt dgykrk gSA
r2 A D
QP =
R2  r 2

2Rr
AB = or
R2  r 2

2Rr
AB =
OP B C
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 Properties of a Cyclic Quadrilateral  (v) If the sides of a cyclic quadrilateral is a, b, c

pØh; prqHkqZt dh fo'ks"krk,¡ and d, then

If ABCD is a cyclic quadrilateral, then ;fn pØh; prqHkqZt dh Hkqtk,¡

a, b, c rFkkd gksa rks]
;fn ABCD ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gks] rks Area of the cyclic quadrilateral
(i) The sum of the opposite angles is 180º. pØh; prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
foijhr dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
180º gksrk gSA
= s (s – a )(s – b )(s – c )(s – d )
A D
a b c d
where s =
2

29. If circles are concentric/

B C ;fn o`Ùk ldsUnzh; gksa
A + C = 180º

r
B + D = 180º

si
(ii) Exterior angle at a vertex = opposite interior
angle. If BC is extended to E, then A = DCE.
r1 O

an by
fdlh 'kh"kZ dk oká dks.k
= foijhr var% dks.kA ;fn
BC
r2
dks rd c<+k;k tk, rks
E A = DCE

n
A C B
A D

ja
R s
Lenght of AB = 2AC = 2 r12 – r22
a th

30. ABC is an isosceles triangle with AB = AC . A

B C E circle through B touching AC at the middle
(iii) Ptolemy's Theorem : If ABCD is a cyclic point and intersect AB at P. Then AP : AB ?.
quadrilateral, then
ty a

ABC ,d lEkf}ckgq f=kHkqt gS ftlesa

AB = AC gSA ,d o`Ùk
VkWYeh dk izes; %ABCD
;fn ,d pØh; prqHkqZt gS] rks
tks B ls gksdj xqtjrk gSA vkSj
AC dks eè; fcUnq ij Li'kZ
di M

A D
rFkkAB dks fcUnqP ij izfrPNsn djrk gS rks
AP : AB \

B C
AB × DC + BC × AD = AC × BD P
Q

(iv) A

B C
B
A

AQ 2  AB  AP
C D
1
1  2  AP  AP 
If one diagonal of cyclic quadrilateral bisects 2
other diagonal then
;fn pØh; prqHkqZt dk ,d fod.kZ nwljs fod.kZ dks AP  1  1
lef}Hkkftr djs rks AB 2 4
2
AB × BC = CD × AD

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31. Two parellel chords are drawn in a circle of 33. Two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre
diameter 30 cm. The lengths of one chord is O, intersect each other at P. If AOD = xº. and
24 cm and the distance between the two chords
BOC = yº. Then the value of APC is:
is 21 cm. the length of the other chord is
O dsaæ okys ,d o`Ùk dh nks thok,¡
 AB vkSjCD ,d nwljs
30 lseh O;kl okys ,d o`Ùk esa nks lekukarj thok,¡ •haph
dksP ij dkVrh gSaA ;fn
AOD = x° vkSjBOC = y°
tkrh gSaA ,d thok dh yEckbZ 24 lseh rFkk nksuksa thokvksa
gSrc APC dk eku gS%
ds chp dh nwjh 21 lseh gSA nwljh thok dh yackbZ gS
A

xº
A 12 cm E 12 cm B D
O
15 yº
O 21 cm P
15 C
C F D

r
B
(x  y )

si
APC = 180º –
2

an by
34. Two chords AB and CD of a circle with centre
OE = 152 – 122  9 cm O, intersect each other at P. If AOC = xº and

n
OF = 21 – 9 = 12 cm BOD = yº. Then the value of BPD is:
O dsaæ okys ,d o`Ùk dh nks thok,¡
 AB vkSjCD ,d nwljs

ja
CF = 152 – 122  9 cm dksP ij dkVrh gSaA ;fn
AOC = x° vkSjBOD = y°
R s
CD = 2 × 9 = 8 cm gSrc BPD dk eku gS%
a th

32. In a circle of radius 17 cm, two parellel chords

of length 30 cm and 16 cm are drawn. If both
the chords are on the same side of the centre, O
ty a

then the distance between the chords is: xº yº

A
17 lseh f=kT;k okys ,d o`Ùk esa 30 lseh vkSj 16 lseh
yº/
2
di M

xº/2

yackbZ dh nks lekukarj thok,¡ •haph tkrh gSaA ;fn nksuksa thok,¡
P
dsaæ ds ,d gh vksj gksa] rks thokvksa ds chp dh nwjh gS% C B

(x  y )
BPD =
2
35 Chords are intersecting at an external point.
thok,a ,d ckgjh fcanq ij çfrPNsn dj jgh gSaA
O
17
B
A 17 15 cm B A
A

E
C 8 cm F D P
xº yº
O
C
OE = 17 – 15  8 cm &
2 2
D
OF = 17 2 – 8 2  15 cm
(x – y )
BPD =
EF = OF – OE = 15 – 8 = 7cm 2

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36. I and O are respectively the incentre and

circumcentre of a triangle ABC. The line AI 39. C
produced intersects the circumcircle of
triangle ABC at the point D. If angle
ABC = xº , BID = yº & BOD = zº then find O
x z
the value of ?
y
I vkSj O Øe'k% f=kHkqt
ABC ds var%dsaæ vkSj ifjdsUæ gSaA
A B
cM+hjs•k AI f=kHkqt ds ifjo`Ùk dks Dfcanq
ij çfrPNsn E
djrh gSA ;fnABC = x° BID = y° & BOD = z°
x z D
gS rks y dk eku Kkr dhft,A
A If CD = 2b, AB = 2a,
EO = c

a 2  b2  c 2

r
r
I O 2
2

si
/ yº zº
xº
40. A

an by
B C

n
D
z x z
BAD  In BAI, y  

ja
2 2 2
R s
xz
a th

 2
y
D
37. B C
a
ty a

E
di M

r AB × AC + DE × AE
= AE2
b
Where, AE is angle
bisector of BAC
r 2  ab
41.

38. L
r3 Q
r2 r1
c2 c1 P xº
c3
A

S O P

r1, r2 & r3 yº
are always R
in G.P M
If xº & yº is given then,
r2  r1 .r3
QSR = 180 – (x + y)

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42. AB is diameter of circle If BAC is given]

DAC = 90º – 2 BAC
B
If DAC is given
A x
BAC = DAC – 90º

b
P 44.
C D
a S R

Q

x  90 –
2

43. 
Q P

r
A B
If PQ || SR then SQR

si
makes isosceles triangle

an by
SQR = , QSR = QRS
C D

n
ja
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

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Quadrilateral/prqZHkqt A S D

C P R
D

B Q C
If P, Q , R , S are the mid-point of the side
AB, BC, CA and DA, respectively, then
A B ;fn P, Q , R , S Øe'k% Hkqtkvksa
AB, BC, CA vkSj
(a) Sum of interior angles of a quadrilateral = 360º DA ds eè; facanq gks rks%
prqHkqZt ds var%dks.kksa dk
= ;ksxiQy
360º (i) PQRS is a parallelogram
i.e., A + B + C + D = 360º PQRS ,d lekUrj prqHkqZt gksxk
(b) If diagonals of the quadrilateral intersect

r
(ii) If the area of the quadrilateral is x, then
each other at 90º, then

si
x
;fn fdlh prqHkqZt ds fod.kZ ,d&nwljs90º
dksij Area of t he parallelogram PQRS =
2
izfrPNsn djs rks]

an by
AB2 + CD2 = BC2 + AD2 ;fn prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
x gks rks lekUrj prqHkqZt

n
C x
D PQRS dk {ks=kiQy
=
2

ja
R s
(e) If BO and CO are the angle bisectors of
angles B and C, respectively, then
a th

;fn BO rFkkCO Øe'k%B vkSjC ds dks.k

A B lef}Hkktd gks rks%
ty a

(c) Area of quadrilateral/prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy A D

D C
di M

O
E

F
B C

A B 1
BOC  (A  D)
2
1
= × diagonal × (sum of perpendicular (f) If ABCD is any quadrilateral, A, B, C, D are
2
areas, then
dropped on it)
A

A1 × A2 = A3 × A4
1
= × fod.kZ× (fod.kZ ij Mkys x, yEcksa dk ;ksx) B
2 A
(d) The quadrilateral formed by joining the mid-
A1
point of the adjacent side of the quadrilateral
will be a parallelogram of half area. A3 A4
prqHkZqt dh vklUu Hkqtk ds eè;&fcanq dks feykus ls cuus
okyk prqHkZqt vk/s {ks=kiQy dk lekarj prqHkZqt gksxkA A2

D C

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Square/oxZ
D a C

(a) All sides are equal and parallel.

lHkh Hkqtk,¡ cjkcj vkSj lekarj gksrh gSaA a d a
(b) All angles are right angles.
lHkh dks.k ledks.k gksrs gSaA
(c) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other A a B
at right angle. (g) Diagonal/fod.kZ= side 2 = a 2
fod.kZ cjkcj ,oa ,d&nwljs dks ledks.k ij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSaA
(d) Straight lines joining the mid points of (h) Perimeter/ifjeki = 4 × side = 4a
adjacent sides of any square forms a square. (i) If P be a point inside a square ABCD, then
oxZ dh laxr Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnq dks feykus ls cuus PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2
okyh vkÑfr oxZ gksrh gSA ;fn P oxZ ds vanj dksbZ fcanq gks rks

r
PA2 + PC2 = PB2 + PD2

si
R D C
D C P

an by
n
S Q

ja
R s
A B
Rectangle/vk;r
a th

A P B (a) Opposite sides are parallel and equal.

foijhr Hkqtk,¡ lekarj ,oa cjkcj gksrh gSaA
ty a

(b) Diagonals are equal and bisect each other

P, Q, R, and S are mid points and PQRS is a
but not at right angles.
square.
di M

fod.kZ cjkcj rFkk ,d&nwljs dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa

P, Q, R vkSjS eè;&fcUnq gSa PQRS
rFkk ,d oxZ gSA ijarq ledks.k ij ughaA
(e) Side of a circumscribed square is equal to (c) Perimeter = 2(l + b) where l = length and b =
the diameter of the inscribed circle. breadth

fdlh o`Ùk ds vanj cus oxZ dh Hkqtk o`Ùk ds O;kl ds ifjeki = 2(l + b) tgk¡l = yackbZ vkSj
b = pkSM+kbZ gSA

cjkcj gksrh gSA (d) Area/{ks=kiQy= AB × BC = l × b

(e) Diagonal/fod.kZ= (l2 + b2)
(f) Of all the rectangles of given perimeter the
D C D C square will have the maximum area.
fn;s gq, ifjeki okys lHkh vk;rksa esa ls oxZ dk {ks=kiQy
A

E F vf/dre gksrk gSA

O (g) Bisector of the four angles enclose a square
pkjksa dks.kksa ds lef}Hkktd ,d oxZ cukrs gSaA
A B A B (h) When the rectangle is inscribed in a circle,
it will have the maximum area when it is a
square.
(diagonal)2 d 2
(f) Area = (Side)2 = (a)2 = = o`Ùk ds vanj cus vk;r dk {ks=kiQy vf/dre gksxk tc
2 2
;g ,d oxZ gksrk gSA

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(i) If P is a any point inside the rectangle then, D C

AP² + PC², = BP² + PD²
S
;fn P vk;r ds vanj dksbZ fcanq gks rks R
AP² + PC², = BP² + PD²
P
R C
D Q
y
A B
P
AS, BP, CQ and DR are angle bisectors
x therefore, PQRS is a rectangle.
A Q B AS, BP, CQ vkSjDR dks.k lef}Hkktd gSaA blfy,
P PQRS ,d vk;r gSA
(f) Each diagonal divides the parallelogram into
two triangle of equal area.
A B izR;sd fod.kZ lekarj prqHkqZt dks nks cjkcj {ks=kiQy ds

r
f=kHkqtksa esa foHkkftr djrk gSA

si
or D C

D
an by C

n
(j) ABCD is any Rectangle or Square.
P is a point inside it,

ja
R s
W, X, Y, Z are areas, then
A B
W + X = Y + Z.
a th

Area of ABC = Area of ADC.

A B (g) A parallelogram inscribed in a circle is
always a rectangle.
W
o`Ùk ds varj cuk gqvk lekarj prqHkqZt ges'kk vk;r gksrk
ty a

gSA
Y Z
di M

P
X
D C
D C

Parallelogram/lekarj prqHkZt
(a) Opposite sides are parallel and equal. A B
foijhr Hkqtk,¡ lekarj ,oa cjkcj gksrh gSA
(b) Diagonals may or may not be equal.
(h) A parallelogram circumscribed about a
fod.kZ cjkcj gks Hkh ldrs gS ;k ugha Hkh gks ldrs gSA
circle is always a rhombus.
(c) Diagonals may or may not bisect each other
A

at right angles. o`Ùk ds ifjr% cuk lekarj prqHkqZt ges'kk le prqHkqZt gksrk gSA
fod.kZ ,d&nwljs dks ledks.k ij izfrPNsn dj Hkh ldrs D C
gSa ;k ugha Hkh dj ldrs gSaA
(d) Sum of any two adjacent angles = 180º
fdUgha nks laxr dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
180º gksrk gSA
(e) Bisectors of the four angles enclose a
rectangle.
pkjkssa dks.kksa ds lef}Hkktd vk;r cukrs gSaA A B

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Therefore ABCD is a rhombus. (e) In a parallelogram the sum of the square of

blfy, ABCD ,d leprqHkqZt gSaA the diagonals = 2 × (sum of the squares of
the two adjacent sides.)
D R C lekarj prqHkqZt esa] nksuksa fod.kks± ds oxksaZ
= dk ;ksxiQy
2 × (nks laxr Hkqtkvksa ds oxks± dk ;ksxiQy)
S D C
Q

A P B
1
(i) Area of PQRS = × Area of ABCD
2
(j) (a) Area of parallelogram = Base × Height A B
lekarj prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
= AB × h AC2 + BD2 = 2(AB2 + AD2)
(f) P is any point inside parallelogram
D C

r
A1 + A2 = A3 + A4
A B

si
h A1

an by A4 A2

n
A B P
(b) Area of parallelogram = AB × AD sin A3

ja
lekarj prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy
R s
(c) Area of Parallelogram D C
a th

= 2 s(s – a)(s – b)(s - d) (g) If PQRS is a parallelogram

b RO = a, OU = b, UT = c then,
A B
a2 = b (b + c)
ty a

a
di M

d a c

P S
U
D C b
b

abd O
Where, s 
2 a
(d) Area of b1 × h1 = b2 × h2
Note : Height of parallelogram is inversely Q R
proportional to the base. (h) If AE is the angle bisector of BAD and
EC = x
A

x=b–a
A B
h2 A E x B

a
h1
b2

D b1 C c
D b

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Rhombus/leprqZHkqt Trapezium/leyEc prqHkZqt

(a) Opposite sides are parallel and equal. (a) A trapezium can be divided into smaller
ones by drawing a line parallel to the parallel
foijhr Hkqtk,¡ lekarj ,oa cjkcj gksrh gSA sides.
(b) Opposite angles are equal. lekarj Hkqtkvksa ds lekukarj ,d js•k •hapdj NksVs
foijhr dks.k cjkcj gksrs gSaA leyEc prqHkqtksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
D b C
(c) Diagonals bisect each other at right angle,
but they are not necessarily equal. x
M N
fod.kZ ,d&nwljs dks ledks.k ij lef}Hkkftr djrs gSa
y
ysfdu vko';d ugha fd os cjkcj gksaA
(d) Diagonals bisect the vertex angles. a B
If the line divides the non-parallel sides in
fod.kZ] 'kh"kZ dks lef}Hkkftr djrs gSaA the ratio of x : y then the length of the line
(e) Sum of any two adjacent angles is 180º ;fn dksbZ js•k xSj&lekukarj Hkqtkvksa
x : y dks
ds
A + B = 180º vuqikr esa foHkkftr djrh gS rks js•k dh yackbZ
ax  by

r
fdUgha nks laxr dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy
180º gksrk gSA EF =
xy

si
(f) Figure formed by joining the mid-points of
(b) The line joining the mid-points of the
the adjacent sides of a rhombus is a oblique (nonparallel) sides is half the sum

an by
rectangle. of the parallel sides and is called the
median. i.e. x = y
leprqHkqZt dh Hkqtkvksa ds eè; fcUnqvksa dks feykus ls
frjNh (xSj&lekukarj) Hkqtkvksa ds eè;&fcanqvksa dks feykus

n
cuh vkÑfr vk;r gksrh gSaA okyh js•k lekukarj Hkqtkvksa ds ;ksx dh vk/h gksrh gS
D R C vkSj ekfè;dk dgykrh gSA ;kuh
x=y

ja
1
R s
1
EF = × (AB + DC), NM = (AB – DC), M &
2 2
S
a th

Q N are midpoints of diagonals

(c) Diagonals intersect each other
proportionally in the ratio of lengths of
parallel sides.
A B
P fod.kZ ,d nwljs dks lekukarj Hkqtkvksa dh yackbZ ds
ty a

Therefore, PQRS is a rectangle.

vuqikr esa lekuqikrh :i ls dkVrs gSaA
(g) Area of a rhombus/le prqHkqZt dk {ks=kiQy D C
di M

1
(i) = × product of diagonals (fod.kks± dk
2 O
xq.kuiQy)
1 A B
= × d1 × d2 AO DO AB
2 = = (by similarity property)/
CO BO CD
D C le:irk ds xq.k ls
d1
(d) Area of AOD = Area of BOC
O (e) AC2 + BD2 = AD2 + BC2 + 2(AB × CD)
(f) Area of trapezium/leyEc prqHkZqt dk {ks=kiQy
d2
A

1
A a B = × (sum of parallel sides × height)
2
1
(ii) Area of ABCD/ABCD dk {ks=kiQy = × (AB + CD) × h
2
= a2sin D C
(iii) d12  d22 = 4a2

d1.d2 h
(iv) Heigh of rhombus (H) = d12  d22
A B

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Isosceles Trapezium/le leyEc prqHkZqt

D b C
POLYGONS/cgqHkqt
A polygon is a ‘n’ sided closed figure formed by
line segments.
cgqHkqt] js[kk[kaMksan}kjk
Hkqtkvksa
cuk }kjk cuh can vkÑfr
A a B
gksrh gSA
(a) AD = BC
(b) DAB = CBA (a) Sum of all internal angles of a polygon of n
(c) Diagonals are equal, AC = BD/fod.kZ cjkcj sides = (n – 2) 180°
gksrs gS]
AC = BD n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt ds lHkh vkarfjd dks.kksa dk
(d) If a trapezium is inscribed in a circle it has
to be one isosceles trapezium. ;ksxiQy= (n – 2) 180°
;fn leyEc prqHkZqt dks ,d o`Ùk ds vanj cuk;k tkrk (b) Sum of all exterior angles of a polygon of n
gSA rks ;g ,d lef}ckgq leyEc prqHkqZt gksrk gSA
(e) ADC + DAB = ABC + BCD = 180° sides = 360°
(f) The length in terms of a and b, of a parallel n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt ds lHkh oká dks.kksa dk ;ksxiQy

r
line segment (i.e. EF) through the
intersection of diagonals of the isosceles = 360°

si
trapezium is (c)Each interior angle of a regular polygon of
(n  2)180
leyEc prqHkqZt ds fod.kksZ ds izfrPNsn ls gksdj xqtjus n sides =

an by 2ab n
okys lekUrj js[kk [kaM
(EF) dh yEckbZ= n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt dk izR;sd vkarfjd dks.k

n
a b
D a C (n  2)180
=
n

ja
E (d) Each exterior angle of a regular polygon of
R s
F
360
a th

b n sides =
n
A B
360
Kite/irax n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt dk izR;sd oká
= dks.k
n
Diagonal of a polygon/cgqHkqt dk fod.kZ
ty a

A quadrilateral is called a kite, it have two

pairs of equal and adjacent.
,d prqHkZqt dks irax dgk tkrk gS] blesa leku vkSj If you join any 2 (non-adjacent) vertex of a
di M

vklUu ds nks ;qXe gksrs gSaA polygon then that is a diagonal.

B
;fn ge fdlh cgqHkqt ds nks vlaxr 'kh"kks± dks feyk,¡ rks
;g fod.kZ dgykrk gSA
A C
(e) No. of diagonals in a polygon of n sides
n Hkqtkvksa okys cgqHkqt ds fod.kks± dh =la[;k
n (n  3)
2
(f) Area of a regular polygon of n sides where
D
a2 180
(a) Two pairs of adjacent sides are equal. length of each side is a : n cot
A

4 n
laxr Hkqtkvksa ds nks ;qXe cjkcj gksrs gSaA
(b) The diagonals intersect at right angles. n Hkqtkvksa okys le cgqHkqt dk {ks=kiQy tgk¡ izR;sd Hkqtk
fod.kZ ledks.k ij çfrPNsn djrs gSaA
(c) The longer diagonal bisects the shorter a2 180
diagonal. dh yackbZ
a gS %n co t
yack fod.kZ NksVs fod.kZ dks lef}Hkkftr djrk gSA 4 n
1 (g) Perimeter of regular polygon = n × a
(d) Area = × product of diagonals.
2 le cgqHkqt dk ifjeki= n × a
1 where a is the length of the side
= × AC × BD
2 tgk¡n Hkqtk dh yackbZ gSA

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(h) No. of side in a regular polygon (i) Ratio of the measure of an interior angle of
le cgqHkqt esa Hkqtkvksa dh la[;k a polygon of n-sides to the measure of its
n 
360º exterior angle is given by  – 1 : 1
= 2(x  1) 2 
=
exterior angle
n okys le cgqHkqt ds var% vkSj oká dks.kksa dh
Hkqtk
interior angle n 
where x = eki dk vuqikr =  2 – 1 : 1
exterior angle  

r
si
an by
n
ja
R s
a th
ty a
di M
A

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