PLANT INTRODUCTION

Introduction Coriandrum sativum:

Coriandrum sativum Linn. (C. sativum) or coriander, is recognized for its wide range of uses in
culinary as well as traditional medicine in a variety of conditions . Different chemical compounds
have been identified in each part of the plant including roots, leaves, fruits, and seeds, which
account for its broad spectrum of uses. To name a few, such compounds include gallic acid,
thymol, and bornyl acetate, which are expected to exert anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and
autonomic relaxation induction effects, respectively .Linalool, a terpene alcohol found in
coriander, has been reported to be the main constituent that is responsible for some therapeutic
values of coriander as it possesses neuroprotective, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and analgesic
effects.

Figure 1 A) Sativum flowers, B)Coriander half and full seed

Ethnomedicinal Uses:
C. sativum was used as one of the earliest spices by humans. Traditionally, C. sativum seeds were
consumed to relieve pain, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammation , whereas the decoction of coriander
was believed to treat mouth ulcers and eye redness . The seeds have been prescribed to relieve
gastrointestinal disorders such as flatulence, diarrhea, indigestion, and nausea . Coriander is believed to
exert these actions by stimulating the liver to increase the secretion of bile and other digestive enzymes
which escalate the action of the digestive system, hence shortening the time of food passage through the
gastrointestinal tract . In countries such as Saudi Arabia, Jordan, and Morocco, coriander was also known
to lower blood glucose levels , have antimicrobial properties against food-borne pathogens, such as
Salmonella, in addition to aphrodisiac and analgesic power . Furthermore, coriander has been used
traditionally in Turkey and India to relieve indigestion ; increase water excretion; and prevent seizures,
anxiety, and sleeplessness . Moreover, it has been documented of C. sativum in Morocco being used
traditionally in the treatment of diabetes, indigestion, flatulence, insomnia, renal disorders, loss of
appetite, and as a diuretic .
Phytochemistry:

Recent studies revealed that different kinds of alkaloids, essential oils, fatty acids, flavonoids,
phenolics, reducing sugars, sterols, tannins, and terpenoids were extracted from C. sativum . In
particular, the leaves were reported to have an abundant concentration of folates, ascorbic acid,
gallic acid, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid. Additionally, the investigation of the
water-soluble components of C. sativum seeds showed the presence of 33 compounds, including
monoterpenoid, monoterpenoid glycosides and glucosides, and aromatic compound glycosides
such as norcarotenoid glucoside . In the vegetative part of the C. sativum, different phenolics and
flavonoids were detected in significantly high concentrations, such as quercetin diverse glycosides
(405.36–3296.16 mg/kg), kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (320.86 mg/kg), in addition to ferulic acid
glucoside and p-coumaroylquinic acid . Another study of the polyphenolic contents of coriander
grass showed that a 40% ethanol extract contains many flavonoids (0.13% to 10.71%), coumarins
(1.4% to 6.83%), and phenolcarboxylic acids (7.24% to 13.51%) . Anthocyanin was also
characterized in coriander leaves, and the concentration was found to be influenced by salicylic
acid, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc fertilizers . and Table 1 present the different
phytochemical structure classes of C. sativum.

Table 1:

Main phytochemical constituents of C. sativum classified according to their chemical class,

including the plant part that was extracted and the extraction method.
Phytochemical Chemical
Plant Part Extraction Solvent/Method
Components Class

Ferulic acid, Gallic Above-

Phenolic
acid, and Caffeic ground Ether, ethyl acetate, butanol, and 2-ethyl acetate extracts
acids
acid parts
Phytochemical Chemical
Plant Part Extraction Solvent/Method
Components Class

Benzoic acid
Salicylic acid
derivative

Esculetin, Esculin,
Scopoletin
4-
Coumarins
Hydroxycoumarin,
Umbelliferone, and
Dicoumarin

Hyperoside, rutin,
hesperidin, vicenin,
diosmin, luteolin,
Flavonoids
apigenin, orientine,
dihydroquercetin,
catechin, and arbutin

Leaves at
mature
and young
β-carotene and total Ice-cold acetone was then partitioned against petroleum
Carotenoids plant
carotenoids ether.
stage,
fresh and
dry seeds

α-, β-, γ- δ-
Whole
tocopherols, and α-, Tocols Extracted with n-hexane
fruit,
γ-tocotrienols
Phytochemical Chemical
Plant Part Extraction Solvent/Method
Components Class

Petroselinic acid, pericarp,

Boiled in water, then grounded using a mixture of
linoleic acid, and seeds
Fatty acids chloroform/methanol/hexane and finally separated by thin-
palmitic acid, and
layer chromatography
oleic acid

Seed and
Stigmasterol, β- pericarp
sitosterol, δ- Sterols of Extracted with n-hexane in a Soxhlet apparatus
stigmasterol coriander
fruit

Referance: National Institutes of Health (NIH)- (www.ncbi.nih.gov)

Introduction to Curcumin (turmeric powder):

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and might be one of the most
valuable herbal medicinal plants.1 Turmeric is also referred to as Indian saffron due to its brilliant
yellow colour.Turmeric contains a yellow pigment called curcumin or diferuloylmethane, which
is the principal ingredient responsible for its properties.

Turmeric is distributed throughout subtropical and tropical regions of the world. It is extensively
cultivated in Asian countries, especially in China and India. It grows up to a height of one meter
and has a short stem.
Ethnomedical uses:

Turmeric (Haldi) might exhibit cardioprotective (heart-protective) effects mainly due to its
potential antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiplatelet, and cholesterol-lowering activities. Turmeric’s
cholesterol-lowering effect might be attributed to reduced cholesterol intake by the intestines and
enhanced cholesterol conversion to bile acids in the liver. However, heart diseases are to be treated
by a specialist. Kindly consult a doctor for heart conditions.

Constituents of turmeric might have positive effects on the gastrointestinal system. Turmeric
might stimulate bile secretion, hence potentially helping improve the body’s ability to digest
fats. This might aid in better digestion and may also help in the elimination of toxins from the
liver. However, more research is required to prove such claims.
Turmeric might be helpful against tooth decay and is used in the preparation of toothpaste due to
its potential antibiotic, astringent (causing the contraction of cells to reduce bleeding from minor
abrasions) and anti-inflammatory activities. It might help against bacteria responsible for the
development of cavities and may also help tone the gums. However, more research is required.
Therefore, kindly consult a doctor and do not self-medicate.A cataract is an eye disease caused by
the oxidation of the lens in your eyes. The internal consumption of turmeric might help reduce the
oxidation of the lens. Hence, it may be helpful in cataracts. It may also be helpful in relieving eye
pain.Turmeric might be effective in arresting nosebleeds, clearing the sinuses, and restoring a
quicker sense of smell. Turmeric may also help with cough, sinusitis, and dyspnoea (difficulty in
breathing). However, these effects need to be ascertained by further research.

A variety of bacteria, disease-causing fungi, and parasites might be inhibited by turmeric extract
and the essential oil of Curcuma longa. The aqueous extract of turmeric might exhibit antibacterial
effects. The growth of several bacteria like staphylococcus, lactobacillus, and streptococcus might
be suppressed by curcumin. Turmeric might also possess antiviral properties. All these properties
of turmeric may help fight against infection-causing microbes.

Phytochemistry:
Curcuma longa L. was known as turmeric that was extensively served as a food colorant;
nonetheless, it was considered to be plenty of possible biological and medicinal activities, such as
anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory properties, etc. (Possible biological and medicinal
activities of compounds/extracts from turmeric rhizomes are summarized in Table 1). The
chemical structures of some available compounds (natural curcuminoids curcumin) . The quality
and quantity of curcuminoids and chemical components of turmeric are significantly noticed to
their performance in human disease treatments, for instance, the major bioactive properties in the
turmeric rhizome are curcuminoids , phenolic acid and flavonoids . To maintain the quality of
turmeric during storage and usage processes, dehydration (moisture removal) is suggested as a
main method for turmeric preservation , such as freeze-drying, lowtemperature drying, and
microwave-vacuum drying methods . Among them, the common hotair drying method is a good
selection, owing to being a simple and easy process; however, if this method is conducted during
a long time with high temperatures, it can degrade color, flavor, and bioactive compounds. For the
freeze drying method, it is the most effective approach to maintain turmeric quality, but its
disadvantages are high cost, long drying time, and high energy consumption. For the sun-drying
method, it is known a traditional approach, which takes a long time that can reduce the product
quality and bioactive compounds . Thereby, a more effective drying method is required to maintain
expected quality as well as to preserve the major bioactive compounds in turmeric. Chemical
structures of natural curcuminoids and metabolites of curcumin. Actually, turmeric from Curcuma
longa L. contained carbohydrates (69.4%), protein (6.3%), fat (5.1%), minerals (3.5%), and
moisture (13.1%), as well as its oil, could attain ~5.8% through steam distillation of turmeric
rhizomes with borneol (0.5%), αphellandrene (1%), zingiberene (25%), sabinene (0.6%), cineole
(1%), and sesquiterpenes (53%) (33). In particular, curcumin is a mixture of three curcuminoids
[i.e., curcumin I (C21H20O6, diferuloylmethane, 94%), curcumin II (C20H18O5,
demethoxycurcumin, 6%) and curcumin III (C19H16O4, bis-demethoxycurcumin, 0.3%)] , which is
considered a characteristic for its yellow color. Besides, curcumin I (C21H20O6, curcumin,
diferuloylmethane) is a major curcuminoid, as well as phenolic -OH and -CH2 groups in β-diketone
moiety contained in these turmeric compounds, have been revealed to possess anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant properties, and other effective bio-activities as shown in Table 1, leading to
becoming an engaging nutraceutical for chemopreventive purposes or disease treatments.
Moreover, it is dissolved well in some organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and dimethyl.
Referance: National Institute of Health (NIH), (www.ncbi.nih.gov)

The present work:

In the present investigation deals synthesis of silver nanoparticles through green method using
coriandrum and curcumin. The silver nanoparticles was characterized by x-ray diffraction (X-RD)
studies, Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectral studies and UV visible spectral studies. The
antibacterial properties of silver nanoparticles was tested against Stephyllococcus aureus (S.
aureus) and Escherichia coli (E.coli).