MICROWAVES AND BEYOND

For more information:

1 kHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz

30 Hz 300 Hz 3 kHz 30 kHz 300 kHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 2 GHz 3 GHz 4 GHz 8 GHz 12 GHz 18 GHz 27 GHz 30 GHz 40 GHz 50 GHz 60 GHz 75 GHz 110 GHz 140 GHz 170 GHz 300 GHz 330 GHz 500 GHz 750 GHz 1.1 THz 1.4 THz 1.7 THz Frequency

Band 1 ELF Band 3 ULF Band 5 LF Band 7 HF Band 9 UHF Band 11 EHF ITU radar bands
3 Hz to 30 Hz Band 2 SLF 300 Hz to 30 kHz to Band 6 MF 3 MHz to Band 8 VHF 300 MHz to 3 GHz 30 GHz to 300 GHz
3 kHz Band 4 VLF 300 kHz 30 MHz Band 10 SHF Band 12 THF
30 Hz to 300 kHz to 30 MHz
3 kHz to 30 kHz 3 GHz to 30 GHz 300 GHz to 3000 GHz
300 Hz 3 MHz to 300 MHz
V band mm band
40 GHz to 75 GHz 110 GHz to 300 GHz
Ka band W band IEEE radar bands
L band C band Ku band
27 GHz to 40 GHz 75 GHz to 110 GHz
1 GHz to 2 GHz 4 GHz to 8 GHz 12 GHz to 18 GHz
S band X band K band
2 GHz to 4 GHz 8 GHz to 12 GHz 18 to 27 GHz V band F band 750 GHz
Y band
50 GHz to 75 GHz 90 GHz to 140 GHz 170 to 260 GHz to 1.1 THz

Q band E band D band H/J band 500 GHz Waveguide bands

33 GHz to 50 GHz 60 GHz to 90 GHz 110 GHz to 170 GHz 220 GHz to 330 GHz to 750 GHz 1.1 THz to 1.7 THz

U band W band G band

40 GHz to 60 GHz 75 GHz to 110 GHz 140 GHz to 220 GHz 330 GHz to 500 GHz

10000 km 1000 km 100 km 10 km 1 km 100 m 10 m 1m 100 mm 10 mm 1 mm Wavelength

MISMATCH REFERENCE AND ESTIMATE OF DIRECTIVITY AND UNCERTAINTY SIGNAL LEVEL WAVEGUIDE STANDARDS
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY Measurement uncertainty as a function of the measured return loss, directivity and test port match

Directivity
CONVERSIONS Operating
frequency
Cutoff
frequency
Waveguide band Waveguide designations
Inner dimensions ­waveguide
opening
4 in GHz in GHz IEEE 1785.1-2012 EIA (US) RCSR (UK) IEC in mm in inches
1.12 to 1.70 0.908 L (part) WR650 WG6 R14 165.10 × 82.550 6.5000 × 3.2500
Return Reflection Standing wave Impedances in Vectorial superposition of 1 and |x| ­Signal to­ dBm dBµV dBV W VRMS VPP
Measurement uncertainty dB

dB
dB
loss ­coefficient ratio a 50 Ω system ­error ratio 30 1.45 to 2.20 1.157 WR510 WG7 R18 129.54 × 64.770 5.1000 × 2.5500

20

40
50 157 37 100.00 W 70.71 V 200.00 V
RL in dB |Γ| VSWR ZL (real) in Ω 1 + |x| 1 – |x| 3 1.70 to 2.60 1.372 WR430 WG8 R22 109.22 × 54.610 4.3000 × 2.1500

Measurement uncertainty in dB
1 +x |x| in dB Δφmax in ° Test port match 40 147 27 10.00 W 22.36 V 63.25 V
0 1.0000 ∞ 0.0 or ∞ in dB in dB 2.20 to 3.30 1.736 S (part) WR340 WG9A R26 86.360 × 43.180 3.4000 × 1.7000
|x| 10
dB dB 30 137 17 1.00 W 7.07 V 20.00 V
1 0.8913 17.391 2.9 or 869.5
0 6.021 ∞ 90.0 50 2.60 to 3.95 2.078 S (part) WR284 WG10 R32 72.136 × 34.036 2.8400 × 1.3400
max 1 1 5.535 –19.271 63.0 2 20 127 7 0.10 W 2.24 V 6.32 V
3.30 to 4.90 2.577 C (part) WR229 WG11A R40 58.166 × 29.083 2.2900 × 1.1450
2 0.7943 8.724 5.7 or 436.2
14 d 10 117 –3 10.00 mW 707.11 mV 2.00 V
3 0.7079 5.848 8.5 or 292.4
1 – |x| 2 5.078 –13.737 52.6 B 3.95 to 5.85 3.152 C (part) WR187 WG12 R48 47.549 × 22.149 1.8720 × 0.8720
9 116 –4 7.94 mW 630.21 mV 1.78 V
3 4.649 –10.691 45.1 4.90 to 7.05 3.712 C (part) WR159 WG13 R58 40.386 × 20.193 1.5900 × 0.7950
4 0.6310 4.419 11.3 or 221.0 1 +|x| 1
20 dB 8 115 –5 6.31 mW 561.67 mV 1.59 V
4 4.249 –8.658 39.1 5.85 to 8.2 4.301 C (part) WR137 WG14 R70 34.849 × 15.799 1.3720 × 0.6220
5 0.5623 3.570 14.0 or 178.5
26 dB 7 114 –6 5.01 mW 500.59 mV 1.42 V
5 3.876 –7.177 34.2 7.05 to 10.0 5.260 – WR112 WG15 R84 28.499 × 12.624 1.1220 × 0.4970
6 0.5012 3.010 16.6 or 150.5 6 113 –7 3.98 mW 446.15 mV 1.26 V
6 3.529 –6.041 30.1 0 8.2 to 12.4 6.557 X WR90 WG16 R100 22.860 × 10.160 0.9000 × 0.4000
7 0.4467 2.615 19.1 or 130.7 5 112 –8 3.16 mW 397.64 mV 1.12 V
7 3.207 –5.141 26.5 26 dB 10 to 15 7.869 – WR75 WG17 R120 19.050 × 9.525 0.7500 × 0.3750
8 0.3981 2.323 21.5 or 116.1
Measurement uncertainty: 20 log (1 − |x|) dB 8 2.911 –4.410 23.5
4 111 –9 2.51 mW 354.39 mV 1.00 V
12.4 to 18 9.488 Ku WR62 WG18 R140 15.799 × 7.899 0.6220 × 0.3110
9 0.3548 2.100 23.8 or 105.0 20 dB 3 110 –10 2.00 mW 315.85 mV 0.89 V
9 2.638 –3.806 20.8 –1 15 to 22 11.572 – WR51 WG19 R180 12.954 × 6.477 0.5100 × 0.2550
10 0.3162 1.925 26.0 or 96.2
20 log (1 + |x|) dB 10 2.387 –3.302 18.4
2 109 –11 1.58 mW 281.50 mV 0.80 V
18 to 26.5 14.051 K WR42 WG20 R220 10.668 × 4.318 0.4200 × 0.1700
11 0.2818 1.785 28.0 or 89.2 dB 1 108 –12 1.26 mW 250.89 mV 0.71 V
11 2.157 –2.876 16.4 14 22 to 33 17.357 – WR34 WG21 R260 8.636 × 4.318 0.3400 × 0.1700
12 0.2512 1.671 29.9 or 83.5
Phase deviation maximum: Δφmax = arcsin(x) 12 1.946 –2.513 14.5
–2 0 107 –13 1.00 mW 223.61 mV 0.63 V
26.5 to 40 21.077 Ka WR28 WG22 R320 7.112 × 3.556 0.2800 × 0.1400
13 0.2239 1.577 31.7 or 78.8 –1 106 –14 794.33 µW 199.29 mV 563.68 mV
13 1.755 –2.201 12.9 33 to 50 26.346 Q WR22 WG23 R400 5.690 × 2.845 0.2240 × 0.1120
14 0.1995 1.499 33.4 or 74.9 –2 105 –15 630.96 µW 177.62 mV 502.38 mV

dB
14 1.580 –1.933 11.5 40 to 60 31.391 U WR19 WG24 R500 4.775 × 2.388 0.1880 × 0.0940

10
15 0.1778 1.433 34.9 or 71.6 –3 –3 104 –16 501.19 µW 158.30 mV 447.74 mV
Smith Chart 15 1.422 –1.701 10.2 50 to 75 39.875 V WR15 WG25 R620 3.759 × 1.880 0.1480 × 0.0740

50
16 0.1585 1.377 36.3 or 68.8 –4 103 –17 398.11 µW 141.09 mV 399.05 mV

dB
16 1.278 –1.499 9.1 60 to 90 48.373 E WR12 WG26 R740 3.099 × 1.549 0.1220 × 0.0610
17 0.1413 1.329 37.6 or 66.4 –5 102 –18 316.23 µW 125.74 mV 355.66 mV

30

40
20
Γ= j

dB

dB
dB
17 1.148 –1.323 8.1 –4 75 to 110 59.014 W WM-2540 WR10 WG27 R900 2.540 × 1.270 0.1000 × 0.0500
18 0.1259 1.288 38.8 or 64.4 –6 101 –19 251.19 µW 112.07 mV 316.98 mV
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
19 0.1122 1.253 39.9 or 62.6 │Γ│= 1 18 1.030 –1.169 7.2
–7 100 –20 199.53 µW 99.88 mV 282.51 mV
90 to 140 73.768 F WM-2032 WR8 WG28 R1.2K 2.032 × 1.016 0.0800 × 0.0400
Measured return loss in dB
19 0.924 –1.034 6.4 110 to 170 90.791 D WM-1651 WR6/WR7 *) WG29 R1.4K 1.651 × 0.826 0.0650 × 0.0325
20 0.1000 1.222 40.9 or 61.1 –8 99 –21 158.49 µW 89.02 mV 251.79 mV
Re (z) = 0 Im (z) = 1 20 0.828 –0.915 5.7 140 to 220 115.75 G WM-1295 WR5 WG30 R1.8K 1.295 × 0.648 0.0510 × 0.0255
21 0.0891 1.196 41.8 or 59.8 –9 98 –22 125.89 µW 79.34 mV 224.40 mV
21 0.742 –0.811 5.1 170 to 260 137.27 Y WM-1092 WR4 WG31 R2.2K 1.092 × 0.546 0.0430 × 0.0215
22 0.0794 1.173 42.6 or 58.6 –10 97 –23 100.00 µW 70.71 mV 200.00 mV
Re (z) = 1 22 0.664 –0.719 4.6 220 to 325
23 0.0708 1.152 43.4 or 57.6 –20 87 –33 10.00 µW 22.36 mV 63.25 mV 173.49 H/J WR3 WG32 R2.6K 0.864 × 0.432 0.0340 × 0.0170
24 0.0631 1.135 44.1 or 56.7 Inductive 23 0.594 –0.638 4.1
–30 77 –43 1.00 µW 7.07 mV 20.00 mV
220 to 330 WM-864
325 to 500 268.16 WR2.2 **) 0.559 × 0.279 0.0220 × 0.0110
24 0.531 –0.566 3.6
25 0.0562 1.119 44.7 or 56.0 –40 67 –53 0.10 µW 2.24 mV 6.32 mV 330 to 500 262.98 WM-570 R4K 0.570 × 0.285 0.0224 × 0.0112
Im(Γ) 25 0.475 –0.503 3.2
26 0.0501 1.106 45.2 or 55.3 –50 57 –63 0.01 µW 0.71 mV 2.00 mV 500 to 750 394.46 WM-380 R6.2K 0.380 × 0.190 0.0150 × 0.0075
26 0.425 –0.447 2.9
27 0.0447 1.094 45.7 or 54.7 Γ= 1 –60 47 –73 1000.00 pW 223.61 µV 632.46 µV 750 to 1100 599.58 WM-250 R9K 0.250 × 0.125 0.0098 × 0.0049

CORRECTION FACTOR FOR S/N

Γ =–1 Im (z) = 0 Γ= 0 Re(Γ) 27 0.380 –0.397 2.6
28 0.0398 1.083 46.2 or 54.1 1100 to 1700 914.00 WM-164 R14K 0.164 × 0.082 0.0065 × 0.0032
Short Open –70 37 –83 100.00 pW 70.71 µV 200.00 µV
Match 28 0.339 –0.353 2.3
29 0.0355 1.074 46.6 or 53.7
z=0 z →∞ –80 27 –93 10.00 pW 22.36 µV 63.25 µV
30 0.0316 1.065 46.9 or 53.3
z=1 29 0.303 –0.314 2.0
*) WR7 is official term, but also referred to as WR6.
–90 17 –103 1.00 pW 7.07 µV 20.00 µV
30 0.270 –0.279 1.8 **) Inner dimensions are slightly different from those of the WM waveguide because IEEE applies the metric system.
31 0.0282 1.058 47.3 or 52.9 Correction factor cN as a function of total power/inherent noise (PS + PN)/PN for measurement of noise –100 7 –113 0.10 pW 2.24 µV 6.32 µV
31 0.241 –0.248 1.6
32 0.0251 1.052 47.5 or 52.6
Capacitive or noise-like signals using RMS detector –107 0 –120 0.02 pW 1.00 µV 2.83 µV
32 0.215 –0.221 1.4
33 0.0224 1.046 47.8 or 52.3 –110 –3 –123 0.01 pW 0.71 µV 2.00 µV
33 0.192 –0.197 1.3
34 0.0200 1.041 48.0 or 52.0 –120 –13 –133 0.001 pW 0.22 µV 0.63 µV

RF CONNECTOR TYPES
34 0.172 –0.175 1.1
35 0.0178 1.036 48.3 or 51.8
Im (z) = – 1 35 0.153 –0.156 1.0 10
36 0.0158 1.032 48.4 or 51.6
36 0.137 –0.139 0.9
37 0.0141 1.029 48.6 or 51.4
Formulas for signal level conversion
Correction factor cN in dB

37 0.122 –0.124 0.8

38 0.0126 1.025 48.8 or 51.3
38 0.109 –0.110 0.7 8 Conversion mW  dBm Conversion W  VRMS Typical coaxial RF connector types with a 50 Ω ­characteristic impedance
39 0.0112 1.023 48.9 or 51.1 Γ= – j
39 0.097 –0.098 0.6 x /dBm Connector type Frequency range Mechanically compatible with
40 0.0100 1.020 49.0 or 51.0 z/V= (y / W) × 50 Ω BNC 1) DC to 3 GHz
41 0.0089 1.018 49.1 or 50.9
40 0.086 –0.087 0.6 y / mW =10 10 –/–
7/16 PC7
–RL/dB 41 0.077 –0.078 0.5 6 2
7/16 2) DC to 8.5 GHz –/–
42 0.0079 1.016 49.2 or 50.8 x / dBm = 10 × log (y / mW) ( z /V )
43 0.0071 1.014 49.3 or 50.7
Return loss: │Г│ =10 20 RL/dB = –20 log |Γ| 42 0.069 –0.069 0.5 y/W= PC7 3) DC to 18 GHz –/– Mechanically Mechanically
43 0.061 –0.062 0.4
50 Ω N 4) DC to 18 GHz –/– compatible compatible
44 0.0063 1.013 49.4 or 50.6 4
44 0.055 –0.055 0.4 SMA 5) DC to 18 GHz PC 3.5 (3.5 mm); 2.92 mm (K)
45 0.0056 1.011 49.4 or 50.6
46 0.0050 1.010 49.5 or 50.5 1+ Г VSWR – 1 45 0.049 –0.049 0.3 Conversion dBµV  dBV Conversion dBV  VRMS PC 3.5 DC to 34 GHz SMA; K
SMA 2.4 mm
Reflection coefficient: VSWR = Г= 46 0.043 –0.044 0.3
y / dBµV = x / dBV + 120 x / dBV = 20 × log (z / V)
2.92 mm (K) DC to 40 GHz SMA; PC 3.5 (3.5 mm) N
47 0.0045 1.009 49.6 or 50.4
1– Г VSWR + 1 47 0.039 –0.039 0.3
2 2.4 mm DC to 50 GHz 1.85 mm
48 0.0040 1.008 49.6 or 50.4
48 0.035 –0.035 0.2 x / dBV = y / dBµV – 120 x /dBV
1.85 mm (V) DC to 67 GHz 2.4 mm 1.85 mm (V)
49 0.0035 1.007 49.6 or 50.4 z / V =10 20
1+ Г Z – Z0 49 0.031 –0.031 0.2 1.35 mm (E) DC to 90 GHz –/– PC 3.5
50 0.0032 1.006 49.7 or 50.3 ZL = Z0 Г= L 0
Conversion VPP  VRMS Conversion dBm  dBµV 1.00 mm (W) DC to 110 GHz –/–
1– Г ZL + Z 0 50 0.027 –0.028 0.2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 BNC
Total power/inherent noise in dB y / dBµV = x / dBm + 107 1)
75 Ω version available. Direct connection of 50 Ω and 75 Ω versions possible.
Vpp = 2 2 × VRMS 2)
For high power levels.
1.35 mm (E)
2.92 mm (K)
x / dBm = y / dBµV – 107 Sexless.
3)

4)
75 Ω version available. Direct connection of the 50 Ω and 75 Ω versions not possible and can even damage the connectors!
5)
Economical, more rugged alternative to the PC 3.5 type connector, but worse RF data. 1.00 mm (W)

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