(6-0H2024 Tue sday

PROPOSI TIONAL L0GlC

Collecien of decaxatine tatement that has eithen

Net

ine innplecation
double pieçation Bidiweciomal

negatien
P

T T

FF T

Lasacdi Aaplecation
QP
T T

T T

T T

Double çmplecatim:
P
T
T

Alwas falsei comin adich

TaLtolegt
Make Tyuth Tasle o Sevas lrow
 Quesi.(P’ ) n p
1(rPV¬Q)) = P

Tuth P
Table: T HH
H
T Q.Tautolo gy or not
T T
T
T
T T

3aadume aiming R
5

Tdempotent laus PUP=p hungy

Tdenity Raw PUFp HappyHa
RS
LDmimant la PvT = T Sta
Ro8
Cemplement lau PVP T I ALLe is aick then Tt ii Hainingyiceveasa HAHa
commuutatius laus Alice is hungy heit happy
(CA¬D) v4cAD)
Dis t ' b t i e Raus pv(qnr) =(Pv4) n(pv) * Alex ¢ithes haue cat or dog
daaeciatiue law pv(qu; (pvq)vr Conitiomal statement
adsozption Raw PV(PAQ)= p Converáe i

LDouble negation tauw rirp) =P Lnvehei

btatement
ogcal equvaluceeie cenditionaltateuaeut IPisthue ama qis False thenOHLgimal
AF a l a e . t comrenAe
amd TnveHOe cte both tHLe
ee dame
that meams LontHapoaitise alwa
t t h alue as 9

P: 2atin Saie is dogical quivance.

tatemnu aMe eQal 4
Tuwo copound peopoitienal
t4 Alice Aeattng them lice bothAeAame th Value.
a nothuy
2 Bit: Bnay Digt
PAv áluee s eating < Hnt uny Biit,
 Pre cedencei oEveuy comp connecied to uni network n working prop.
ite pA op. Pogic Whatprob youface?
SoP PX) Phedcate logic
first laut
t P(x)
nnixed eniegenct
e e t P(x) denote st atenent zP3 ALhatis twtth.
blrop. stasifiabll.Cempaund puop is saisgialle value o4 Plt) amd P(2)
P(4)2E =T Pl 2)=F
Lde its aHiable that
makd it thle, ottherwe tee()=T Domain (4,5,& - c0)
wwAen compoundpHopositien isfalse Oall Jz P(2)3TorE Domaun IR
yamy one
to
deristential quantfils
censpound phop is sAatisgild.
Pre conditlon_post condi tlon
Pogic depends om vatiable and pHePety.
T
Batisfy ateast one 2a y=b dwap conditians teh
Post
G:(Pv9)A (2v ¬7) A(? V1P) =X
Pv v) ^(7pv¬4V¬7)=Y 2combination
P= True
Megation of quantifier: "De Margan's dao)
# aP()= ttx¬P()

X
audu them
T
T T
fo wlich P(xis Fase.
T
FoH eey x Pl)utHle
T
T
T zr(27) 3x1(y)

tx(x²= 2)
tx+2)
 Cat

Tronslate to cunq Lish:

P(X,y)iA Ltatement. X+y=y+2 whatis tuth C (c)= has co mputer
a e ot quantiication iHLty Pxy) T F CC, y)= z44 are friends

domain conaist h IR thene eists y Atudent buch that yhas cemnpten and
and ye guenda.
Assume Qy,2)is atatement. ty=zFind ttuth Topie egatim of mested:
domainIi yaue of quantiicatien i) tatylz Q(x,y,2) T
2. Thoe doeunteetawomen who hes toRen afiçht om
QAss wme P(zy) z+y=o ) Ayt Pray) E leueylinein the Nored Pw, 4) PLE,a) ight on a

me quanti i p l n t then oxcer doeLnt

matte Rules of TAerence

Iransaie: Modu& Ponens

bum of 2poi'uentegens is alway paiti en, Moduus tolens

Son. t P l ) Dexmain 1R.

P(X,y) ty=z
domain LOintegu) Hypothetical
yta>o) (y>0)’Y>o
ayeeogism
Ans.
P R
Diajuncton Pva
yogm
2.wer neal umben eCepto Aas
domain (B xy)
multpicaionimvele. Additon
0)
talaz0) ’ Ehy1) mpliçication paa
Cenjunctian
 cortapositien ame equal.

P
|Resolution
TPV timpttu
thin

eq: sothat the dtatemnt premiaLa

(9) Nite popes tatetemen mo. ama pHopeHty sec.
than yeatenday
iis e dent go 4wimming them wil takea
as e take ntHithen we uil be heme p(q’P)
(T) reVvp)
Cencun is we wil be heme byy suneet PV(rqVpP)=True, TautologN contingeny
13. P P=T
RS (iv) fT T False
PR T.

T
T3. NO
21.c) (PAQ)’R)
-(PAQ) V-R
-PVQV~R
22
Flood destroys P()
o()
R()P(X) V Q(x))
Pirre d estsoys
(R) Tnsur, wiLpay R ()
Aep ealy ad S
-R)(tPa)Vrq(x)]

PVq rRVS t VS
QVS
 Dota

Pao
Proofs!
this boDk,thenm
da eaueMy pHob. nmatthematics
2ASSLMe a = b
ye a'- ab
oede
you wAl leann aÀ a-b2= ab-b2
(atb) (a6)= bla6) Can't t coz
, 2 (a-b)atb-b) =o Canlt bein
cleno, coz deno.
Can't he o,
J. nivOMLAl Jnstamtiotien z P()
2: (2-a) (a- b) (X-c)
dunivedal generalizatien P) fon anbitnay e
..4x P()

3estential Tnutandiatien 3Atudentin thialas as mot Head a iok amd

:.PCOon Beme elemevic eene n this class paed the t xaminatin
teasstintial gealenalisationKjon Aomallemente Cencli homeeme who passed_1 eramhan't eae a book.
:eP() Solh R(X)!hase -B() -RCa)
6.UniveHAa ModA Ponn: t P ( Q ( ) P(a)Passed exam tecl)Pat,P() A
Pla) whee ais impo.d omay Pl) ’rR( )

B(X): Read book J Co) |rR() AP ())

Pla) P(x): Passed Qram
Rul
Al womn auetalented thenejo He Ria À talemted To Prove: 4 /P(x) ArBl))
29 C(a) > Pla)
3) -B(a) ecar
4) rlla) V P(a)
thensom au cs
(B(a8(a)
Shou that aueuMRaAt. 9 () Plx) 9()-8
PCa) a -B(a)

t(Dca) )
im)
Modw on CCm)
 De

Paga

fremises|Agument:
(PAt)(rvs) -poncusion
forens Simplitteation
2
p
Ronen
4 (PAt) (rvs) (p nt)’ (rvs)
,.P OMods Tolens

lpA4) -PV-q

(PAt)(rvs) 7PVtVr
unttien syLo
pvt
mot terBott)
-PlVtV rvs PA-s
then ace uaheld and thee
=-tVr roining.
was a dHophy.(T) Trophy wau not held. , It is
So (rf Vrr)’(AT)
Additon: 1TV ¬H -(AH)
Resuet -lrFVrr) Tollens

2 ormad 5
Modus Poneos ;Simp'cation
Smplif
Mods Ponens nink to
lo (x) ’ ( R() VS(x))) ofhw’ (RT) Vs (Theu)
P
vO(Tue) V o (Thws)
1R(Te) ^ S(Tue) 1R(Tue) ^ 1S Thu
(pAt)rvs 10(Thwu)

'. R(Thuw)Conclesion o (Tue) V o(Thy)

diyuncie auylegiim. o(Tue) ’ R(Tue) V S(Tue) A

R(Tue)
n R(TLe) V s(Tue)) Dis Hun cyllog .
0Tue) VR (Thu)
otrue) Vo Thuu) ACThuu) VoThuu)
 (S
t(o(2)’R(x)VS (x)) sn'+ I+ 4n un (n+)+I
entiL alway oda
0(Tue) Vo (Th) 2(2k+ 2K) +1
3 7R(Tu) ^ 1S (Tue) De morganb

2Proof byconap nisanter and m}2 àodd hen n

Prom O unvenas inatantiation: is odd.
5. o(Tue)’ R(Te) vs (Tue)
o(Th)’R (Tu) VsT) 3n+2 en 3n+2
= 2n+ nt2
6from) amd mods Tolen
24 a 2(n+)+n
0(T) R(uwVsTe) = 3(2k) +2
1(R (Tue) Vstue))
T 2(3k+)
70(Tue)
Lenmadiction: atleOt t oB Ony 22 days amiat e the
from and Diajunction sylogtm
o(TUe)VOCTu)

0(Th) Atalenuat Rande is eemtadici en whene hypethus

10tte)ttThu) amd mods Penen

R(TAe) VsCT)
7S(The) and () Gn'is tiue then nÀtive hecawe cenditional statement
s ni tie and m²itile can be proued p

P
#Diet froot
Proof by LAmtrapositubn
PA.onf by Lenraaiaiem
positiue. E
D miu mot poaitiue thena s mot mis tiue
atatement
hocaAe conditLenae
P’
m (2n+) Cohausue Proot by cas
 P, nis enen |2 q²=81
Case T: 20b
Case TI: 49

m CaseI 4- 0T6 l6,36

2k-1- =2 [k-)+l Hypotheicoe Cale T! 50^ 5
Pa: 2k-l= odd
CawVI:
Pa: (2kiseen 9 (ak2) een yogn
PPPs
PP2 ama P’P3 PPs Proof by couneraam ple,
D0rect Proot
odd l t ak+1 1 Proof t stamalad
DNF:
me2k+l
nz 2k+2 2[ kt)
=9 2 (k+)) een. (Pv) (GUR)
CPAG) V (QAR) DNF

mu
ohaustiue Po0t! AU Cases! cant do ike
(PivPa vP3- vP n ) T (PVa) Gpv) ^ (PvQ)
T PAiG) (PAQ -(P A) v (¬pA ¬9)
clistributw elau
(Pi’)^( Pa ) A(34)-- A(Pn 4) HAPv(PV Q) A ( QVeVQlycorrect by
=fP V) A (PVQ)
(QVIP) ACGUP)
L4,9 l6,25,36, 49, 64, 81, 100 36t,
121, 144, l69, 196, l25 26,289324, 2j00 QV(TPAP) - DNE
PVGVe) A G VevQ)
A(VP)
Pormu ate about final deumal digt sque o dugt
and proot. (¬PV)ACPVG)
¬PVQV) = ()A(¬Pa)
Soln , 4,9, 6,5 unit place (¬pVQ VP) ^ (
2,3,4,8 e appeol e tpIace.
Iniegni asame m= l02+b uhere a amd b and +4 ane enen
t nd both Cy
nd y aue Dy 2 K
a s tega otasinas eem.
then both 2 and y ae

aivided by 10, yisodd or y s o d then +y2s

D.Q+R=d
 C6 Feb2024
or
Friday
2K+|
let Theoy
X=even
Ac: CE NA(X>1)^(yt IN, ztN: yz-t’y=1 V2=1)e
number

Cyz 2s 2k= 2 (2sk) (2k+1) (29+) J2xeNy een nmbet dal eet
ty=a(stk) Yks +2k+23+[
odd
2K+2s+2
= 2(k++) even e (A-B) = 2eA and B
ontra diction
#uniqueness proof i o.AUB)AC =(Anc) VCA08) s l t , LHS RHS àlwbeet.
Ce(AUB) nC cAnc) UCANB
RoX Ao11e patulas ale, theoxomn mat be tuLe.
c e (A UB) ahd c
for Peoot :
Ghous th.at a and b are 2Ce A nC a t ANB
eal mmbesand atO Fue page
then there s unigue eal muumbch tthat
cE Aand c) o C A amdB)
aHtb=o
Soln aseb
E (AUB) AC
e-bla S=-ba
Elunique so Sir's (AUB) AC
Proof (a eA 4 XEB) and(xEC)
#Poot by stsat94
fcisuingproof 2EANC)
(AUB)nC
XE BA c)
(Anc) UCBnc)
#iuaegy by action: chess board
e CANC)U(B AC)

(2tA 0 e B) and cec

e (AUB) AC
(AUB)AC (A0c) n cBne)-)
U(An8)
From) and (A UB)A e-(Ane)
 2 all real no and somex aHe ntegeHh x'=l
ye dl,2.- -3.} (Tuue)
Son.
THue and TLe means THe

D0sjoit: no element s comm on

mCANB)E nAUB)-(A) -nB)

law
Jdenity lau; AAV E A
yE AXB A U A
Dominatign: AV U = U
+ Caueiam Phoduct kelation: AN=
+Fun ction, Idempo teht AUA A
mappng fem xto y Qce to Relation. AA cA

Mamy en ttofits Comp lement: (A)A

CAAB)
Commutoine; AVA NB) = (AVB) A
G eveey tA u-e tB Distr, ASS_Absobl Absorbtion: AV B) AA=A
amd AB Pope et AAB)vA = A
Soyne eB cnd A
Complement LaAUA = AU
Ais bdet o4 B
AA

Crtentes lae
G e det ilde notatçon Poue thot Demonq au's
So1!
2=1 e(AA B) then A d xB
EAAB then
0y 2'= 2 2e A
AVB

c¡nae TS 3
Bi Dive
Çemm Prove again
An 6C AUB
Xe AAB
AVB AAB
men
 Membershup Talblei
A= Lab,c ,de9
Bz dfs4
1t0 5 Beumog eof A
A= dL,3,5,2S1,13,1S)
I0101 oIO101010- Aunetiont) hoing demain amd co-demain axe
Be d2,4,68,10,12, 14y

AAB=0 Bitw'se nceasng i4 )s7Ly) heneç leu

aMd stictty
A B (heue,ony)
hecueQsMAg
Bit songfax et A= (23 45 ,6e3579Le 4Cx)>44)
Bit staiagto find wniont iteiectien.
Ause 1to9
Az |||W0000
B= I01010109
compositibn oj funcuion:
AABE tolo0000 :34S 79

element tarzT amdq ae fncton ofat ’ at cesined

:135 Aume
Sol: 2 (32+2)+3
Openator 3(2X+3) +2 6X+9 +2 - 6 t |

Snaph of funcaion
qoor or ceil funcuen
2+

2 2
 Function:

LJ= nith n<a<ntI

Showw that set o positie JAatimal nmbus ae
Lal= centalte.
4,'Ve 3,21,212,243, 31, 3e312 epetio m0t i Ret.

[-a]=-LxJ (/)S/)
L24nJ= l]+n
T+n7=f]+n
214 3|s
Parition ot Set:.

1- Set A_and Bhae Lame casdinaltyf thee oru-ore. iDncusion- Excusiom:

2 t thene i ene-tA-ne kumctin. nCA)E n(8) 1A1<18) n(AU B) n(A) + nCB) -n CAN B)

iá s centhaetake a coLurse n
thai is ether finite oy has same candimaley Q.A TOtal t 1a3a t
spaA Prench,
pamish 814, Frenh, 4 iu Russian, 03in
studet Yota!
Rotuera no 3 n Spa. 4Russ iam, l4 taten Prench, &o92
Corlable Spaniuh, Prench Áwam,
has taken atteast one of
#VImp qenTAO n1
R
at|4+b+l03 = 879
2
|4+b+C+3 = ||4
lo3+b+a3+d= 9
o3

Ki7n
-(-)"1AiNA-An
Vmp?aR,aEA and be B Symmetrici Ris a bima elation sn sct amd.
aymm)
Rettexine, aea

tiv: Meet operation Shtexagcien

Cuwpty: a det empt
Fuu Rel: ho onte Linto tol| e K=l

HGTHUat ed t
}RRettexw,
Diaraphi8 R
t l ser- Reytex tve = IUele xiue SetA=2,3,4--100
Q HOw many non-zero entles on
ewes. mo. o reflexie t,2,3)n.
Helatibnlih ( orderedpais A,Buch that
ab
uch that i a#b

Cb=1
22(1) R> counn
4 2,2. (ütoo 500
o 3(2) 26 3,3
n(n+) 4110 4900
O. No. of ymmetrlc relatien 2 2
IAI =da,by 19+48
(u) 0o
1B)= da, b cy b b,a b,b bd

G Represent by Diqraph
d 1),,4),c2 2), (3,3), (4, DY

Co
Rejexine
 Pao

(L2)(,3) L4a), (2,) C2,3)(2+), (3U. Cwng machane (mo GA¡m)

(3 42, (4 )(4,2,.(4, 3) S++

1243
end
St 3final C4eneaal Pupo Lenputen luniuwal Tuing machin
then accepteo tal
Mathematcal Tndutien

P(1) Atk( PCk) P(K+))

heny 4 computatibn: PC1) : T e
means tn P(n)=T
DEA DeHAmiaticfinite atoneta P(K)
PLK+ )
inal state: 4 ts baded m Rele Tnstnencesthat tellei P()
M:I
amd tk (PK)’P(k+I) aie THLe,ko cemain o4 tie
C

mPCn) ÀsTue

|+2+22. -. 2n=2 for mon-neg atie cint

So tor 1: 1+2= 2 for o: 2°=2-I

3 t3 TUre

torkAssme to be THLe
DE A: & reneen tuction
NDEA: a.4afy tnite
GiLniamte i< men-emptydd +22
for k+L
2 K+_1

Muet'py wth 2
2+22 2 k+l Ktl +I

detned y 5 tuples ,finite men-enpty Hence, Prohe

M 4
-for 4:

Te
l6
 Step BaslG Recusl
2
JS |+ where
=d n2 fn m3
25-2
oo,1=
y*
ei
Recis tmction
ato. value
of tae ey 1)
cus
s iw Re
caphabt Aeesi Recarie
ln formla fornmad well ae andF gecwnse
ei P(K+H)) APCK) P(3)-P)AP(2) A
fraof
def.lne. formulaefor42,3tthen
Bet from openatn Vaiastes
omd oopoitienal
laaphoploe
AaVolues
I£ formed well InductLON Jusng
Poga
-h Ah statent proofs * X|o 9.274 = E