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Assignment 2

The expected number of bags weighing less than 5.5 kg in a batch of 500 bags is: 500 * 0.00621 = 3.105 So the expected number of bags weighing less than 5.5 kg in a batch of 500 bags is approximately 3 bags.

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14 views

Assignment 2

The expected number of bags weighing less than 5.5 kg in a batch of 500 bags is: 500 * 0.00621 = 3.105 So the expected number of bags weighing less than 5.5 kg in a batch of 500 bags is approximately 3 bags.

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amdcrypto36
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© © All Rights Reserved
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ABDULRAZAQ MUHAMMAD SANI

BU/16C/ENG/2110
EEE504: ASSIGNMENT 2
1. Write a short note on Normal Distribution
The normal distribution is the most important probability distribution in statistics because it
fits many natural phenomena. For example, heights, blood pressure, measurement error, and
IQ scores follow the normal distribution. It is also known as the Gaussian distribution and the
bell curve.

The normal distribution is a probability function that describes how the values of a variable
are distributed. It is a symmetric distribution where most of the observations cluster around
the central peak and the probabilities for values further away from the mean taper off equally
in both directions. Extreme values in both tails of the distribution are similarly unlikely.

In this blog post, you’ll learn how to use the normal distribution, its parameters, and how to
calculate Z-scores to standardize your data and find probabilities.

Example of Normally Distributed Data: Heights


Height data are normally distributed. The distribution in this example fits real data that I
collected from 14-year-old girls during a study.
As you can see, the distribution of heights follows the typical pattern for all normal
distributions. Most girls are close to the average (1.512 meters). Small differences between an
individual’s height and the mean occur more frequently than substantial deviations from the
mean. The standard deviation is 0.0741m, which indicates the typical distance that individual
girls tend to fall from mean height.

The distribution is symmetric. The number of girls shorter than average equals the number of
girls taller than average. In both tails of the distribution, extremely short girls occur as
infrequently as extremely tall girls.

Parameters of the Normal Distribution


As with any probability distribution, the parameters for the normal distribution define its
shape and probabilities entirely. The normal distribution has two parameters, the mean and
standard deviation. The normal distribution does not have just one form. Instead, the shape
changes based on the parameter values, as shown in the graphs below.

Mean

The mean is the central tendency of the distribution. It defines the location of the peak for
normal distributions. Most values cluster around the mean. On a graph, changing the mean
shifts the entire curve left or right on the X-axis.
Standard deviation

The standard deviation is a measure of variability. It defines the width of the normal
distribution. The standard deviation determines how far away from the mean the values tend
to fall. It represents the typical distance between the observations and the average.

On a graph, changing the standard deviation either tightens or spreads out the width of the
distribution along the X-axis. Larger standard deviations produce distributions that are more
spread out.

When you have narrow distributions, the probabilities are higher that values won’t fall far
from the mean. As you increase the spread of the distribution, the likelihood that observations
will be further away from the mean also increases.

Population parameters versus sample estimates

The mean and standard deviation are parameter values that apply to entire populations. For
the normal distribution, statisticians signify the parameters by using the Greek symbol μ (mu)
for the population mean and σ (sigma) for the population standard deviation.

Unfortunately, population parameters are usually unknown because it’s generally impossible
to measure an entire population. However, you can use random samples to
calculate estimates of these parameters. Statisticians represent sample estimates of these
parameters using x̅ for the sample mean and s for the sample standard deviation.
2. The weights of bags of potatoes delivered to a supermarket are approximately
Normally distributed with mean 5 Kg and standard deviation 0.2 Kg. The potatoes are
delivered in batches of 500 bags.
(i) Calculate the probability that a randomly selected bag will weigh more than
5.5 Kg.
(ii) Calculate the probability that a randomly selected bag will weigh between 4.6
and 5.5 Kg.
(iii) What is the expected number of bags in a batch weighing less than 5.5 Kg?

Solution:

i) P(X>5.5)
X−μ
Z-score for raw data of 5.5 =
σ
5.5−5
=
0.2
= 2.5
P(X>5.5) = P(Z>2.5)
P(X>5.5) = 1 – P(X<=5.5)
From the Z – Table,
P (Z<=2.5) = 0.00621
Therefore, P(X>5.5) = 1 – 0.00621
= 0.99379
ii) P(4.6<= X <=5.5)
First, calculate P(X>4.6)
X−μ
Z-score for raw data of 4.6 =
σ
4.6−5
=
0.2
= -2
P(X>4.6) = P(Z> -2)
P(X>4.6) = 1 – P(X<= -2)
From the Z – Table,
P (Z> -2) = 0.02275
Therefore, P(4.6<= X <=5.5) = P(5.5) – P(4.6)
= 0.99379 – 0.02275
= 0.97104
iii) P(X<5.5) = 1 – P(X>5.5)
= 1 – 0.99379
= 0.00621

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