Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Regional Office No. VIII
DIVISION OF NORTHERN SAMAR
Laoang V District
OLERAS NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Oleras, Laoang, Northern Samar
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION
& IMMERSION
Ethically Selecting, Citing and
Synthesizing Related Literature
(Week 3 – Week 5)
E
Thought, and ideas are the source of all wealth,
success, material gain, all great discoveries,
inventions and achievements.
Mark Victor Hansen

Name of Learner: ________________________________________

Grade Level & Section: ___________________________
Score: _________________________________

________________________________ LAS – Q3: Week 3-5

Parent/ Guardian’s Signature -Mam Melz-

Learning Activity Sheet

Ethically Selecting, Citing and Synthesizing Related Literature
At the end of this module, you should be able to:

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 WEEKS
1. Prepares a plan and a focus on issues and ideas in their respective field 3-5

I Background Information for the Learner

Getting so much better! You are getting near towards a successful
research work! After having a concrete understanding of a research topic and the
systematic ways of planning it as well as in crafting SMART and purpose-driven
research problem statements in accordance with the acceptable guidelines, this
section will broaden your background and knowledge about your initial research
topic and the concepts and issues around it.
As you learn more about it through reading various materials, you will discover
and be able to scholarly and ethically select, cite and synthesize related literature
and studies. Before we jump in to that point, let us do a simple recall of these
important concepts in writing a research.

RELATED LITERATURE
A research should have a good review of existing knowledge that it will stand
on. A research topic is more likely to become “researchable” if it is a determined
research gap from the available literature and studies from various resources.
Literature in its conceptual definition refers to a collection of written work with a
heightened and artistic use of words may it be fiction or nonfiction. However, in its
operational definition in research, this terminology refers to published information in
a particular subject area which sometimes covers a certain period of time.
Related literature can come and be taken from the following types of resources
(Clemente, Julaton, & Orleans, 2016):
A. General references - books, monographs, conference manuals,
research articles, professional journals and similar documents
B. Primary sources - academic research and university research journals
and reputable organizations
C. Secondary sources - articles, analyses, essays, newspaper, single or
multiple authored textbooks
D. Tertiary resources - books based on secondary sources that interprets
the work of others.

One of the major tasks of a researcher, like you, are to review various
references to survey theories and concepts about your research interest. This will
give you a better perspective of your research topic and eventually identify the
research gap.

It is sure that you are now ready to delve deeper in reviewing related literature
about your initial research topic! Maintain that level of enthusiasm and energy as we
get into the real thing!

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 At this point, as you work on searching for information that is related to your
research topic, you have to make considerations of some characteristics that make
a material worth taking and citing. Go ahead and read them.

Characteristics of Materials to be Cited

Having recalled the definition of literature, its purpose, and sources. It is
important to learn how to distinguish a good literature to be cited or included in the
review. Calderon and Gonzales (2014) identified the following characteristics of
ideal materials to be cited.
1. Recency. The materials that should be included in the review should be
recent as much as possible. For general references, published materials 10
years ago are yet sound and valid. Meanwhile, primary, secondary and tertiary
references within the last five years are ideal. Archived materials may also be
used as reference for theories and concepts.

2. Objectivity. Since research is academic and scholarly, the materials

should be fair, objective and bias-free. It should not favor any extreme and
obvious vested interest aside from delivering facts, information, and findings.
3. Relevance. The weight of relevance of the material to the current
research undertaking must be checked. Before citing it, it should bear essential
information to clarify and deepen the issues and concepts of the research being
conducted. Otherwise, the material should not be considered for the review.
4. Conciseness. The materials that the review should have must be
sufficient enough, not too few and not too many, to provide the researcher and
the readers strong insight about the general and specific problems that the
research is trying to address or answer.

The number of related literature that a review should have for a senior high
school research is only 4 to 6 local and international publications or materials.
However, in higher education, graduate and post-graduate level, the number of
literatures will range from 15-50.

D Learning Task 1: Mental Muscles

Learning Task 1: Exercise your mental muscles by choosing which of the
described materials can be included in a review. Check () the box before the
number if it merits to be included otherwise, cross () it out.

1. A book published in 2015 that is being used by public and private

schools.

2. An international journal produced in 2018 by unknown organization.

3. An annual report for 2016 issued by the Department of Education.

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 Learning Task 2: RRL
Learning Task 2: Read the following excerpt from a review of related literature
about language and its sustainability in the teaching and learning process. Briefly
describe its (a) recency, (b) objectivity, (c) relevance and (d) conciseness. Do it on
your notebook.

Review of Related Literature on Language and its Sustainability in the

Teaching and Learning Process (Excerpt)
Eugene Ray F. Santos, MAT

With the major premise to bring higher literacy among younger children,
learners are being taught using their mother-tongue in their primary education
alongside with “Tagalog” which is the most common variety of the national
language of the country. This is in consonance with the findings of various
studies on bilingualism. McCabe et al., (2013) found a reasonable basis from
the growing population of bilinguals in the world to affirm that learning using two
languages does not lead to confusion or difficulty in an academic environment.
The mentioned studies zoom in the starting phase of language
development wherein most factors that affect language learning are externally
produced or the physical language environment. It can be pointed out that the
situation where a learner is raised and the people who surround him have
bearing in the failure or success of language acquisition, training, and learning.
Considering these factors beyond the school, the actual teaching-learning
environment, language teachers indeed have a very serious job to work out.
It is undeniable that there is voluminous input available about language
teaching and learning. However, making language learning effective and
efficient, considering learners’ diversity, personality, behavior, intelligence and
other equally important factors still remains quite challenging for language
professionals.
The study of Scott et al., (2010) through neuroscience points out that
every learner is a totally unique across contexts. In this light, it is affirmative
that the inability or failure of the teaching and learning process especially in
language acquisition is definitely dependent on the delivery of information to a
student’s learning style.
Hakura et. al (2014) presents six evidenced-based principles of language
development from a review of various papers which highlight the struggle in
second language learning. From those principles, it could be inferred that
‘matching’ teaching with learning styles is essential. Dedicating more time in
providing the motivation and skills necessary to attain learning objectives is
also a priority including strategies that appeal to each learning style (visual,
auditory, and kinesthetic) from a range of individualized and group tasks for
language.
Meanwhile, from the investigation of Cabrera and Cotosi (2010) over the

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 last 15 years, they noted that higher critical thinking starts with hands-on
explorations and the sense of touch. It is found out that touch contributes not
only to the understanding of abstract concepts but also to four critical thinking
skills essential to learning: making distinctions, recognizing relationships,
organizing systems, and taking multiple perspectives.
From an intelligent view, the reviewed papers offer non-conventional
findings and bases about language learning and the way how the various
factors effect change especially on how language can be best acquired and
learned.

References:

Cabrera, D., & Cotosi, L. (2010, September/October). “The World at

our Fingertips.” Scientific American Mind, 21(4), 49-55.
Hakura, et. al, (2014) Six Principles of Lanaguage Development:
Implications for Second Language Learners, Developmental
Neuropsychology. Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
McCabe, A. et al., (2013) Multilingual Children: Beyond Myths and
Towards Best Practices. Social Policy Report, Society for Research in Child
Development.
Scott, L. O., Lynn, S. J., Ruscio, J., & Beyerstein, B. L. (2010). 50 Great
myths of popular psychology: Shattering widespread misconceptions about
human behavior. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell.

Since you are now informed of the characteristics of a literature that is worthy
of citation in the review and the commonly set number of materials to be read and
reviewed for a research, we are now ready to study how to organize them in an
actual review of related literature.
Organization of the Review of Related Literature
As in all forms of writing, it always pays to have a catchy opening or
introduction, a wider discussion of the perspectives about the topic in the body
paragraphs, and a sound closing paragraph or statement.
In writing a review of related literature, there are three major approaches in
ordering or sequencing the topics and concepts that you are to include.
1. Chronological
This approach in organizing the review puts emphasis on the timeline of
development or the year the materials were written. In this case, the intention is to
show how changes about the topic occurred from its emergence. This also presents
the evolving mindset and thinking of the authors. Mostly, this approach is used in
qualitative researches.
Example:
Santos (2017) affirms that literature is an efficient springboard towards
introducing and teaching language skills among Junior High School learners.

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 Tesoro (2018), meanwhile, found out that a literature-based classroom should
always consider the context of the learners, the literature, and the context of the
teacher.
Further, Solano (2019) reported that there is a wider opportunity when the
teaching of language skills is embedded in the teaching of literature.

2. By Topic/Concept
In this case, if many or several authors have a comparable opinion about the
same topic or issue, it is appropriate to use this approach. This manner of
organizing the review highlights the interrelationship of concepts which support the
development of the current study. This approach is applicable in all methods of
research.
Example:
It is found out that the use of music in teaching mathematics has a significant
effect in the motivation of learners which contributed to their increased numeracy
skills (Gonzales, 2016; Fernandez, 2013; Dionisio, 2012) .

3. By Author/Writer
To build credibility with the claims that the research would like to stand on,
presenting different authors even though they have similar ideas is highly advisable.
Each point of view of every author is explained and expound to back up the main
idea being presented in the review. Each author is cited in the footnote.
Example:
Clemente, Julaton, and Orleans (2016) stress that research suggests an
action that denotes to look for something again. It is taken from the composition of
the word “re” and “search.”
Calderon and Gonzales (2014) reiterates that research is a purposive,
systematic and scientific process of discovering truth. Thus, it entails systematic
gathering of data to formulate findings and judgment.

Always remember that only major findings and conclusions, concepts,

hypotheses, and formulated theories should be included in the review of related
literature. Also, these are never directly lifted or copied, but summarized and
synthesized.

Learning Task 3: Draft of RRL

Learning Task 3: Having learned of the basics of review of related literature and the
ways and approaches to organize it, your task is to write a draft of review of related
literature for your initial research topic. Follow the specific instructions below.
1. Gather essential concepts, information, and data about your initial
research topic.
2. Secure 4-6 readings/materials from local and international level and their
references.

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 3. You may maximize the available material at home and make use of the
Internet in gathering related literature.
4. Organize your review of related literature using any of the approaches
that were discussed in this lesson.
5. Consider the following guidelines as you write your draft.
a. recency, objectivity, relevance and conciseness of the literature
b. appropriateness of the organization of the review of related Literature
6. Write your draft on a clean sheet of paper.
7. Submit the draft through the modality best fitted to you.

You are very much prepared for this! Please be able to do the task within two
(2) school days. Once the subject teacher has received and evaluated your draft,
you will receive general and specific comments and, only if necessary,
recommendations for enhancement will also be given to you.
Ethical Ways of Citing Literature
In writing the review of related literature, it is expected that a complete
reference should be present in the list of references or bibliography section of your
research paper.
Securing a scholarly reference list or bibliography takes away violations of the
ethical standards in writing. The following are only a few of the related legal charges
that may be called against unethical writing.

1. Plagiarism. Republic Act No. 8293 otherwise known as the Intellectual

Property Code of the Philippines “protects and secures the exclusive rights of
scientists, inventors, artists and other gifted citizens to their intellectual
property and creations, particularly when beneficial to the people.” In simple
words, claiming and copying a portion of someone’s written work. This act is
never tolerated even in schools and universities and violators are subject to
failure in the subject or the worse are expelled.
2. Copyright. This is also covered in Republic Act No. 8293 or the "Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines." It differs from plagiarism as it may pertain to
the breach of contract between the authors and the publishers about the
coverage or scope of circulation and distribution of the original work.
These charges are serious and it does not excuse anyone. In order to avoid
this untoward scenario, writers and researchers like you should observe ethical
standards through acknowledging the original authors of the work where the
concepts, ideas or information is taken.
The making of list of references or bibliography follows specific standards and
format. The commonly used formats are:
 American Psychological Association or APA Style;
 Modern Language Association or MLA Style; and
 Chicago Manual of Style.

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 American Psychological Association or APA Style
The APA Style is the most commonly used format in citing references. This
provides the author’s surname and year of publication in the citation with a complete
detail in the bibliography of the research. The page number is not included in the in-
text citation.
In-Text Citation
1. A work by two authors
Education 4.0 refers to… (Santos & Portillo, 2017)
Santos and Portillo (2017) noted …
2. A work by three to five authors
Garcia, Santos, Hilario, Cruz and Aduan (2019) reiterated…
Complementary tool is…(Garcia, Santos, Hilario, Cruz & Aduan,
2019)

In other format, the citation may include only the surname of the first author
with the word “et al.” as an extension plus the publication year enclosed in
parentheses. This additional part means ‘and others.’
Garcia et al. (2019) emphasized that …
3. Six or more authors
Santos et al. (2017) pointed out ...
4. Government and private agencies, organizations etc. as an author
According to Department of Education (2020) …
Based on the press release of the Department of Health (2020)…
Only abbreviation of the agencies will appear on the succeeding in-text citations
in the paper
5. citing indirect sources in another source
Portillo positioned that … (as cited in Santos, 2019 p. 25)
6. electronic sources
Tamayo (2020) discussed that…
7. Citing
websites (without an author, title and the date are cited; for
sources with no date “n.d.” is placed)
Smith, n.d. argued that...
a. In-text citation for website with no author
Rizal Province is now establishing coordinated operations to defeat rapid
increase of COVID-19 cases (Rizal Provincial Government, 2020).
b. Reference entry for website with no author
Rizal Provincial Government. (2020). Retrieved from
http://www.rizalprovince.ph/news/monitor-aug122020.html
c. In-text citation for section of website without an author
DepEd Cavite’s Project Compassion: Suporta sa mga Katropa reached 180
beneficiaries since its launching in April (DEPED CALABARZON, 2020).
d. Reference entry for section of a website with no author

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 DepEd CALABARZON. (2020). Retrieved from
https://depedcalabarzon.ph/2020/06/cavites-project-compassion
raises-more-than-p650k-for-deped-cavite-frontliners-backliners/
Modern Language Association or MLA Style
MLA Style is commonly used in liberal arts and humanities research work.
This style involves putting relevant source information in parentheses after the
quote or paraphrase. The source of information required in a citation in
parentheses depends on the source medium and its source in the Bibliography.
In-Text Citation
Author-Page Style
Santos stated that “photovoice” helps learners expound their ideas in
writing essays (21).
“Photovoice” helps learners expound their ideas in writing essays
(Santos 21).
Santos found out that “photovoice” helps learners expound their
ideas in writing essays (21).
Chicago Manual of Style
This style contains two basic referencing system, such as notes and
bibliography and author-date.
Notes and Bibliography System
One author
end note: Eugene Ray F. Santos, Overcoming Writing Apprehension
through Photovoice (Rizal: Morong National High School,
2017), 21.

in-text citation: Santos, Overcoming Writing Apprehension, 21.

bibliographic entry: Santos, Eugene Ray F. Overcoming Writing
Apprehension through Photovoice.
Rizal: Morong National High School, 2017.

Two or more authors

end note: Eugene Ray F. Santos and Ellen C. Dollente.

Implications of the Implementation of MTB-MLE in Southeast

Asia (Manila:PNU, 2019), 25.
in-text citation: Santos and Dollente, Implications, 25.
bibliographic entry: Santos, Eugene Ray F. and Ellen C. Dollente.
Implications of the Implementation of MTB-MLE in
Southeast Asia. Manila: PNU, 2019.
Four or more authors
First end note: Freddie R. Garcia et al., Complementary Classroom
Observation Tool
Succeeding note: Garcia et al., Complementary Classroom...

Author-Date System
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 One author
in-text citation: (Santos 2017, 21)
bibliographic entry: Santos, Eugene Ray F. 2017. Overcoming
Writing Apprehension through Photovoice.
Rizal: Morong National High School.
Two or more authors
in-text citation: (Santos and Dollente 2019, 25)
bibliographic entry: Santos, Eugene Ray F. and Ellen C. Dollente.
2019. Implications of the Implementation of
MTB-MLE in Southeast Asia. Manila: PNU.
Four or more authors (List all authors in the reference list)
in-text citation: (Garcia et al.,2019)
Websites (website content can be restricted in in-text citation)
In April, DepEd Cavite’s Project Compassion: Suporta sa mga Katro
pa reached 180 beneficiaries…
If a more format citation is necessary, the format below may be used:
DepEd CALABARZON. 2020. “Cavite’s Project Compassion: Suporta
sa mga Katropa.” Last modified on June 22. https://
depedcalabarzon.ph/2020/06/cavites-project-compassion-raises- more-
than-p650k-for-deped-cavite-frontliners-backliners/
(DepEd CALABARZON 2020)
If date cannot be found on the page, use the access date as the basis of date of
modification

E Learning Task 4

Learning Task 4: With your rich background on the three major styles of citation
and referencing, show the similarities and differences of APA Style, MLA Style and
Chicago Manual of Style through a Venn Diagram.

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 A Learning Task 5
Learning Task 5: Study the details of the references below. On a one whole
` of paper, create the in text and bibliographic entry for it using the APA Style,
sheet
MLA Style and Chicago Manual of Style.

1. Authors: No Author
Title of the Book: Research in TVET Made Easy
Publisher: Colombo Plan Staff College
Date of Published: 2009 Place: DepEd Complex, Pasig City Page: 52
Style In-text Citation Bibliographic entry
APA Style

2. Authors: H.E. Caintic and J.M. Cruz

Title of the Book: Scientific Research Manual
Publisher: C&E Publishing, Inc.
Date of Published: 2008 Place: Quezon City Page: 52
Style In-text Citation Bibliographic entry
MLA Style

3. Authors: M.Q. Patton and M. Cochran

Title of the Book: A Guide to Using Qualitative Research Methodology
Publisher: Medecins Sans Frontieres
Date of Published: 2002
Access Date: December 15, 2015 Page: 21-22
Access Link/URL: www.alnap.org/pool/files/qualitative-research-methodology.pdf

Style In-text Citation Bibliographic entry

Chicago Manual of
Style

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 Reflective Notes

• I learned that_______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
• I enjoyed most on__________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
• I want to learn more________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________

References
Calderon, J. F. & E.C. Gonzales. (2014). Methods of Research and Thesis Writing.
National Bookstore. Mandaluyong City.

Clemente, RF., A.B.E. Julaton., & A.V. Orleans. (2016). Science in Today’s World Research in
Daily Life 1. Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Quezon City.

Moore, Anabelle. (2009) “ 5 Things to Consider in Doing Research Paper.” Re-trieved from
http://EzineArticles.com/?5Thing-to-consider-in-Doing-Research-paper&id=188224 on August 13,
2020

USC Libraries.(2020). “Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper.” Retrieved from
https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/researchdesigns. University of Southern California.

Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education Region 4A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Cainta Rizal

Landline: 02
-8682-5773local420/421

Email Address: [email protected]

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