Formulário Física Moderna

𝑣
Δ𝑡0 𝑣2 (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡) 2 𝑥) (𝑡 −
′ 𝑐′
Δ𝑡 = ; 𝐿 = 𝐿0 √1 − 2 𝑥 = ;𝑡 =
2 𝑐 2 2
√1 − 𝑣2 √1 − 𝑣 2 √1 − 𝑣 2
𝑐 𝑐 𝑐
𝑣𝑥 − 𝑣
𝑣′𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑣 1 ± 𝑣/𝑐
1 − 𝑥2 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑐 = √ 𝑓
𝑐 1 ∓ 𝑣/𝑐 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐸 = 𝛾(𝑣)𝑚𝑐 2 ; 𝑝⃗ = 𝛾(𝑣)𝑚𝑣⃗ 1
𝛾(𝑣) =
2
𝐸 2 = 𝑚2 𝑐 4 + 𝑝2 𝑐 2 √1 − 𝑣2
𝑐
𝑙𝑛2 𝑔ℎ
𝑁 = 𝑁0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 ; 𝑇1/2 = 𝜆 Δ𝑡ℎ = (1 + 2 ) Δ𝑡0
𝑑𝑁 𝑐
𝑎 = | | = 𝑁0 𝜆𝑒 −𝜆𝑡 = 𝑎0 𝑒 −𝜆𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑥 𝑡 𝜆 𝜔
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 [2𝜋 ( ± ) + 𝜙] 𝑣= =
𝜆 𝑇 𝑇 𝑘
= 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥 ± 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)
𝜙 𝜙 𝑟1 − 𝑟2 𝑟1 + 𝑟2
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = (2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑘𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 + ) 𝑌 = 2𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (𝑘 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑘 − 𝜔𝑡)
2 2 2 2
𝑦(𝑥, 𝑡) = 2𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑥) 𝑐𝑜𝑠( 𝜔𝑡) 𝜆
𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 ; 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = (2𝑛 + 1)
2
2𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆
𝐸𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 𝐸𝑐,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ℎ 𝑓 − 𝑊 ℎ 𝑊′
𝑉𝑝 = ( ) 𝑓 −
𝑒 𝑒
ℎ ℎ
𝐸 = 𝑝𝑐 ; 𝑝 = 𝜆 𝜆′ − 𝜆 = (1 − cos 𝜙)
𝑚𝑒 𝑐
𝑣
𝐸𝑓′ 𝐸𝑒 (1 + )
𝑐
=
𝐸𝑓 𝐸 (1 − cos𝜙) + 𝐸 (1 + (𝑣 ) cos𝜙)
𝑓 𝑒 𝑐
𝛼 𝛼
|⟩ ⇔ (𝛽 ); ⟨| ⇔ (∗ ∗ ) ⟨|⟩ = (  ) (𝛽 ) = |𝛼| +|𝛽|2
∗ ∗ 2

𝑡′ ); U = 1 (−1 1 𝑖𝜑𝑈
UBS=(𝑟 BS1 ) U𝜑 = ( 𝑒 0 )
𝑡 𝑟′ √2 1 1 0 𝑒 𝑖𝜑𝐷
|ψ〉 = |x⟩⟨x|⟩ + |y〉⟨y|⟩ ⟨x|x'⟩ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ; ⟨y|x'⟩ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
⟨y|y'⟩ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 ; ⟨x|y'⟩ = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜙
𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖çã𝑜 𝐴&𝐵: ⟨𝑏𝑚 |𝑎𝑛 ⟩⟨𝑎𝑛 |𝜓⟩
|𝜓⟩ = |+𝑧⟩⟨+𝑧|𝜓⟩ + |−𝑧⟩⟨−𝑧|𝜓⟩ 𝜃 𝜃
1 1 |+𝒏⟩ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 |+𝒛⟩ + 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 |−𝒛⟩
|±𝑥⟩ = |+𝑧⟩ ± |−𝑧⟩ 2 2
√2 √2 𝜃 𝑖𝜙
𝜃
|−𝒏⟩ = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 |+𝒛⟩ − 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠 |−𝒛⟩
1 𝑖 2 2
|±𝑦⟩ = |+𝑧⟩ ±
|−𝑧⟩
√2 √2
|+𝐳⟩ ⇔ (1); |−𝐳⟩ ⇔ (0) 𝑃(𝐴 = 𝑎𝑛 ) = 𝑃𝑛 = |⟨𝑎𝑛 |𝜓⟩|2
0 1
〈𝐴〉 = ∑ 𝑎𝑛 𝑃𝑛
|𝜓(0)⟩ = 𝑐1 |𝐸1 ⟩ + 𝑐2 |𝐸2 ⟩ + ⋯ 𝑖 𝑖
|𝜓(𝑡)⟩ = 𝑐1 𝑒 −ℏ𝐸1 𝑡 |𝐸1 ⟩ + 𝑐2 𝑒 −ℏ𝐸2 𝑡 |𝐸2 ⟩ + ⋯
𝑔𝑞 𝑔𝑒 𝜃 𝜔0 𝑡 𝜃 𝜔0 𝑡
𝐸=− 𝑆⃗ ⋅ 𝐵
⃗⃗ = + 𝑆 𝐵 = 𝜔0 𝑆𝑧 |𝜓(𝑡)⟩ = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑒 −𝑖 2 |+𝒛⟩ + 𝑒 𝑖𝜙 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒 +𝑖 2 |−𝒛⟩
2𝑚 2𝑚 𝑧 0 2 2

1
 ℏ
〈𝑺𝒛 〉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃; 〈𝑺𝒙 〉 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜙 + 𝜔0 𝑡);
𝟐 𝟐
ℏ
(∆𝑂)2 = 〈𝑂2 〉 − 〈𝑂〉2
ℏ
〈𝑺𝒚 〉 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜙 + 𝜔0 𝑡)
𝟐

x +∞
⟨𝑥|𝜓⟩ = 𝜓(𝑥); 𝑃(x1 <x< x2) = ∫x 2|𝜓(𝑥)|2 𝑑𝑥
1 ⟨𝜑|𝜓⟩ = ∫ 𝜑∗ (𝑥)𝜓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
−∞
+∞
ℏ
⟨𝑥⟩ = ∫ 𝑥|𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)|2 𝑑𝑥 𝛥𝑥𝛥𝑝𝑥 ≥
−∞ 2

𝜕 ℏ2 𝜕 2 𝐸
𝑖ℏ
𝜕𝑡
𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = −
2𝑚 𝜕𝑥 2
𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) + 𝑉(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜓𝐸 (𝑥)𝑒 −𝑖 ℏ 𝑡

ℏ2 𝑑2 𝜓𝑠 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑐1 𝑒 −𝑖
𝐸1
𝑡
ℏ 𝜓1 (𝑥) + 𝑐2 𝑒 −𝑖
𝐸2
𝑡
ℏ 𝜓2 (𝑥)
− 𝜓 (𝑥) + 𝑉(𝑥)𝜓𝐸 (𝑥) = 𝐸𝜓𝐸 (𝑥)
2𝑚 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐸
2 𝑛𝜋 𝑛2 𝜋2 ℏ2 𝑛2 ℎ2
𝜓𝑛 (𝑥) = √𝐿 sin ( 𝐿 𝑥); 𝐸𝑛 = 2𝑚𝐿2
= 8𝑚𝐿2
𝜓𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝐷𝑒 𝑞𝑥 ; 2𝑚 𝐸 2𝑚(𝑉0 −𝐸)
𝜓𝐼𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝐴 sin( 𝑘𝑥) + 𝐵 cos( 𝑘𝑥); 𝑘=√ ℏ2
; 𝑞=√ ℏ2
; 𝑇 ∝ 𝑒 −2𝑞𝑥
𝜓𝐼𝐼𝐼 (𝑥) = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑞𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥/𝑑
1 𝑍𝑒 2 𝑎0 =
4𝜋𝜀0 ℏ2
;
𝐹= 𝑚𝑒 2
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
1 2 𝑚𝑒 4 ℏ2 ℎ𝑐 𝐸𝑛 (𝑍) = 𝑍 2 𝐸𝑛
𝐸𝑛 = − [ ] = − = −𝑅∞ 2
4𝜋𝜀0 2ℏ2 𝑛2 2𝑚𝑎02 𝑛2 𝑛

𝑒 𝑖𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 → |𝑧|2 = 𝑧 ∗ 𝑧 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2

sen (𝑥 ± 𝑦) = sen 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ± cos 𝑥 sen 𝑦 1 1
sen2 𝑥 = − cos 2𝑥
2 2
cos (𝑥 ± 𝑦) = cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 ∓ sen 𝑥 sen 𝑦 1 1
cos2 𝑥 = + cos 2𝑥
2 2

Constantes (2018 CODATA+ SI 2019)- https://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Constants/index.html

Valores exatos em negrito, limitados a 10 algarismos (todos para as constantes definidas do SI).
𝒄 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟗𝟕𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟖 𝐦/𝐬 ; 𝒉 = 𝟔. 𝟔𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟏𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝐉 ∙ 𝐬 = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟔𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟓 𝐞𝐕 ∙ 𝐬
ℏ = 𝒉⁄𝟐𝝅 = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟓𝟒𝟓𝟕𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟑𝟒 𝐉 ∙ 𝐬 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟐𝟏𝟏𝟗𝟓𝟔𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟔 𝐞𝐕 ∙ 𝐬
𝒆 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐂 ; 𝑵𝑨 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟎𝟕𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 𝐦𝐨𝐥−𝟏
𝟏 𝐞𝐕 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟕𝟔𝟔𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 𝐉
𝒉 𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟖𝟔𝟒𝟒𝟓𝟒𝟗𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟓 𝐉 ∙ 𝐦 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟗𝟖𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟖𝟑𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 𝐞𝐕 ∙ 𝐦
𝜀0 = 8.8541878128 × 10−12 𝐹/𝑚 1⁄4𝜋𝜀0 = 8.987551792 × 109 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚2 ⁄𝐶 2

massas: eletrão 𝑚𝑒 = 9.1093837015 × 10−31 kg ; 𝑚𝑒 𝑐 2 = 510.9989500 keV

protão: 𝑚𝑝 = 1.672621923 × 10−27 kg = 1836.152673 𝑚𝑒 ; neutrão: 𝑚𝑛 = 1.674927498 × 10−27 kg
Dalton=unidade massa atómica, 1 amu = 1.6605390666 × 10−27 kg
1 Curie: 𝐶𝑖 = 3.7 × 1010 𝐵𝑞 = 37 𝐺𝐵𝑞
ℎ
𝜆𝑐(𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑟ã𝑜) = = 2.42631023867 × 10−12 m
𝑚𝑒 𝑐
𝑒ℏ
𝜇𝐵 = = 9.2740100783 × 10−24 J⁄T
2𝑚𝑒

1 2 𝑚 𝑒4 ℏ2 ℎ𝑐
𝐸𝑛 = − [ ] 2 2
= − 2 2
= −𝑅∞ 2 ≈ −13.606 eV/𝑛2
4𝜋𝜀0 2ℏ 𝑛 2𝑚𝑒 𝑎0 𝑛 𝑛
4𝜋𝜀0 ℏ2 1 2 2𝜋2 𝑚 𝑒 4
𝑎0 = ≈ 52.92 𝑝𝑚 ; 𝑅∞ = [ ] ≈ 1.0974 × 107 m−1
𝑚𝑒 𝑒 2 4𝜋𝜀0 ℎ3 𝑐