Amphisoft Technologies

OOPS Concepts
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism - Method overloading and overriding, operator overloading
➢
Interface
➢ Interfaces and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Encapsulation
 Encapsulation
➢
Encapsulation - or Information Hiding
➢
Encapsulation - process of combining data and functions into a single
unit called class
➢
Encapsulation - Data is only accessible through the functions present
inside the class
➢
Encapsulation - most often achieved through information hiding
➢
Information Hiding - structure of an object is hidden, as well as
implementation of its methods
 Encapsulation
➢
Each class has two parts
➢
An Interface
➢
An Implementation
➢
Interface - implementation code for
the external Interface
➢
Implementation - code that does all
the operations, makes the interface
look as if it is doing something
Encapsulation -Example (1/6)
Encapsulation -Example (2/6)
Encapsulation -Example (3/6)
Encapsulation -Example (4/6)
Encapsulation -Example (5/6)
Encapsulation -Example (6/6)
 Benefits of Encapsulation
➢
Improves maintainability and flexibility and re-usability
➢
The fields can be made read-only or write-only
➢
User would not be knowing what is going on behind the scene,
They would only be knowing that to update a field call set method
and to read a field call get method but what these set and get
methods are doing is purely hidden from them
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Association
 Association
➢
Association - Relationship between two Objects
➢
Association - Objects have independent lifecycles
➢
Association - There is no owner
➢
Association - Objects have independent lifecycles
 Types of Association
➢
One to One association

➢
One to Many association

PRODUCT VENDOR
➢
Many to One association

INSTRUCTOR SKILL
➢
Many to Many association
 Association
➢
SwipeCard class uses the Manager class and the Manager class uses the
SwipeCard class
➢
we can create objects of the Manager class and SwipeCard class
independently and they can have their own object life time
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
 Aggregation
➢
Aggregation - Special case of association
➢
Aggregation - also called a “Has-a” relationship
➢
Aggregation - directional association between objects
➢
Aggregation - Object have independent life-cycles
➢
Aggregation - Parent-Child relationship
 Aggregation
➢
The Manager object will own Worker objects
➢
The child Worker objects can not belong to any other object
 Aggregation
➢
A Worker object cannot belong to a SwipeCard object
➢
But the Worker object can have its own life time which is completely
disconnected from the Manager object
➢
Looking from a different perspective, it means that if the Manager
object is deleted, the Worker object does not die
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
 Composition
➢
Composition - Special case of aggregation
➢
Composition - Strong Type of Aggregation
➢
Composition - When an object contains the other object, if the
contained object cannot exist without the existence of container
object
 Composition
➢
Manager and the project objects are dependent on each other
➢
The lifetimes of both the objects are the same. In other words, the
project will not be successful if the manager is not good, and the manager
will not get good increments if the project has issues
 Composition
➢
Both objects are heavily dependent on each other
➢
In other words, if one goes for garbage collection the other also has to be
garbage collected, or putting from a different perspective, the lifetime of
the objects are the same
➢
That’s why the composition is called “Death” relationship
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Association->Aggregation-
>Composition(Difference)
 Association->Aggregation-
>Composition(Difference)
➢
Aggregation is a special kind of an association
➢
Composition is a special kind of an aggregation
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Abstraction
 Abstraction
➢
Abstraction - Abstraction means ignoring irrelevant features, properties,
or functions and emphasizing the relevant ones
➢
Abstraction = managing complexity

"Relevant" to what?
 Abstraction
➢
Abstraction is something we do every day
➢
Looking at an object, we see those things about it that have meaning to
us
➢
We abstract the properties of the object, and keep only what we need
➢
E.g. students get "name" but not "color of eyes"
➢
Allows us to represent a complex reality in terms of a simplified model
➢
Abstraction highlights the properties of an entity that we need and hides
the others
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
 Abstract Class
➢
A class which can not be instantiated is known
as abstract class
➢
Not allowed to create object of Abstract class
➢
An abstract class has no use until unless it is
extended by some other class
➢
If you declare an abstract method in a class then
you must declare the class abstract as well. you
can’t have abstract method in a non-abstract
class. It’s vice versa is not always true
➢
If a class is not having any abstract method then
also it can be marked as abstract
➢
Abstract class can have non-abstract method as
well
 Abstract class declaration

➢
Abstract Method

➢
Abstract method has no body

➢
Always end the declaration with a semicolon(;)

➢
It must be overridden, An abstract class must be extended and in a same
way abstract method must be overridden

➢
Abstract method must be in a abstract class
Abstract class and Method - Example

Output
 Benefits of Abstract Class
➢
Group several related classes together as siblings
➢
Grouping classes together is important in keeping a program
organized and understandable
➢
An Abstract class is a way to organize inheritance, sometimes it
makes no since to implement every method in a class
➢
Abstract classes are templates for future specific classes
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
 Generalization
➢
Generalization - a bottom approach in which two lower level
entites combine to form a higher level entity
➢
The higher level entity can also combine with lower level entity
to make further higher level entity
 Generalization
➢
Bird generalizes from Parrot and Sparrow
➢
Generalization is the process of extracting common features from
two or more classes, and combining them into a generalized super class
➢
Common features can be attributes, associations, or methods
➢
Generalization can relate to the “extends” keyword
 Generalization - Example
Bird.java Parrot.java

Sparrow.java
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Inheritance
 Inheritance
➢
Inheritance - allows reuse of code without modifying the
original code
➢
Inheritance - allows flexibility to programmer to make
modifications to the program without altering the original code
➢
Base class - create a new class that inherits the properties
from another class
➢
Derived class - class derives or inherits, from the base class
Inheritance Example (1/6)
Inheritance Example (2/6)
Inheritance Example (3/6)
Inheritance Example (4/6)
Inheritance Example (5/6)
Inheritance Example (6/6)
Types of Inheritance (1/2)
 Types of Inheritance (2/2)
➢
Based on Class
➢
Single Inheritance - one derived class inherits from one base class
➢
Multilevel Inheritance - hierarchy wherein subclass acts as a base
class for other classes
➢
Hierarchical Inheritance - hierarchy wherein multiple subclasses
inherit from one base class
➢
Based on Interface
➢
Multiple Inheritance - Multiple inheritance is not supported in
java in case of class because of to remove ambiguity, provide more
maintainable and clear design
➢
Hybrid Inheritance - hierarchy that reflects any legal combination
of other four types of inheritance
 Benefits of Inheritance
➢
Reusability - facility to use public methods of base class without
rewriting the same
➢
Extensibility - extending the base class logic as per business logic of
the derived class
➢
Data hiding - base class can decide to keep some data private so that it
cannot be altered by the derived class
➢
Overriding - With inheritance, we will be able to override the methods
of the base class so that meaningful implementation of the base class
method can be designed in the derived class.
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Polymorphism
 Polymorphism
➢
Polymorphism - "Poly" means "many" and "morph" means "form"
➢
Polymorphism - means that some code or operations or objects behave
differently in different contexts
➢
Polymorphism – reusable code by programmers
➢
Polymorphism enables us to "program in the general" rather than
"program in the specific"
➢
Two Types of Polymorphism

Polymorphism

CompileCompile
Time Polymorphism
Time Polymorphism
(Static) RunTime Polymorphism (Dynamic)
 Compile Time Polymorphism

➢
Compile time polymorphism is nothing but the Method Overloading
in java
➢
Method Overloading - can say that a class can have more than one
methods with same name but with different number of arguments or
different types of arguments or both
Compile Time Polymorphism- Example

OUTPUT
No parameters
a: 10
a and b: 10 20
double a:303.23
Result of ob.Method(123.2):
91948.43290000001
 RunTime Polymorphism
➢
Runtime polymorphism or Method Overriding or Dynamic Method
Dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is
resolved at runtime rather than compile-time
➢
Example - Consider a scenario, Bank is a class that provides method to
get the rate of interest. But, rate of interest may differ according to
banks. For example, SBI, ICICI and AXIS banks could provide 8%,
7% and 9% rate of interest
RunTime Polymorphism - Example
 Benefits of Polymorphism
➢
Simplicity
➢
If you need to write code that deals with a family of types, the code
can ignore type-specific details and just interact with the base type
of the family
➢
Even though the code thinks it is using an object of the base class,
the object's class could actually be the base class or any one of its
subclasses
➢
This makes your code easier for you to write and easier for others to
understand
➢
Extensibility
➢
Other subclasses could be added later to the family of types, and
objects of those new subclasses would also work with the existing
code
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Interface
 Why Interface?
Class A
Class A Class B Class C

Class ABC

➢
Class ABC inherits all variables and methods from Class A, Class B, and
Class C
➢
Java does NOT support multiple inheritances
➢
So the interface to implement the functionality of multiple inheritance
 Interface
➢
Interface defines a standard and public way of specifying the behavior
of classes
➢
Defines a contract
➢
All methods of an interface are abstract methods
➢
Defines the signatures of a set of methods, without the body
(implementation of the methods)
➢
A concrete class must implement the interface (all the abstract methods
of the Interface)
➢
Interface allows classes, regardless of their locations in the class
hierarchy, to implement common behaviors
➢
Interface also represents IS-A relationship
➢
Interface cannot be instantiated just like abstract class
 Interface
Defining Interface
public interface [InterfaceName]
{
//some methods without the body
}

Implementing Interface

class ClassName implements InterfaceName

[, InterfaceName2, …]
{
// Body of Class
}
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
 Interface and classes
➢
A class extends another class, an interface extends another interface
but a class implements an interface
 Simple Interface
➢
Printable interface have only one method, its implementation is
provided in the A class
Interface - Example

Printable

extends
Showable

implements
Class A
 OOPS Concepts
➢ Encapsulation
➢ Association
➢ Aggregation
➢ Composition
➢
Association, aggregation and composition (difference)
➢ Abstraction
➢ Abstract class
➢
Generalization
➢ Inheritence
➢ Polymorphism
➢
Interface
➢ Interface and classes
➢
Abstract Class vs Interface
Abstract class vs Interfaces