4.1 Matrices

SM015 CHAPTER 4
MATRICES AND SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
4.1 MATRICES
1. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.
 a11 a12 a13 

2. A matrix A with 3 rows and 3 column is A  a 21 a 22 a 23  .
a31 a32 a33 
a) The order of the matrix with 3 rows and 3 column is 3  3 .
b) Each entry of matrix is called an element.
c) aij refers to the element in the ith row and jth column.
3 a) A matrix which has only one row is called a row matrix.

b) A matrix which has only one column is called a column matrix.
c) Zero matrix is a matrix which every entry is zero, and denoted by 0 .
d) Square matrix is a matrix which has same number of rows and columns.
e) Diagonal matrix is a square matrix which all its elements except leading diagonal are
zeros.
f) Identity matrix is a diagonal matrix in where all its leading diagonal are 1, and denoted
by I .
g) Lower triangular matrix is a square matrix where the elements above the leading
diagonal are zeros.
f) Upper triangular matrix is a square matrix where the elements below the leading
diagonal are zeros.
4. Addition and subtraction of matrices are only defined when they are of the same order.
5. When matrix is multiplied by a scalar, then every element in the matrix is multiplied by
the same scalar.
6. The product of two matrices A and B is defined only when the number of columns in A
is equal to the number of rows in B .
7. The transpose of a matrix A is the matrix whose rows and columns are interchanged.
The transpose of A written as AT .
a b c  a d g 
If A  d e f  , then A  b e h 
  T
 g h i   c f i 
8. Properties of transpose
a) ( A  B) T  AT  B T
b) ( A) T  A
CHENG CHUN LIANG & CHIN HAK CHUN UNIT MATEMATIK KMK Page 1
SM015 CHAPTER 4
c) ( AB) T  B T AT
d) (kA)T  kAT , where k is a scalar
EXAMPLE
1 3 4  7 13  6 1
  
1. Let A  1 3 2 , B    1  7 2  and C  1 .

4 10 9  2 2 0  2
Evaluate ( A 2  B T )C .
Solution
( A2  B T )C  ( AA  B T )C
 1 3 4 1 3 4  7 13  6 T  1
 
  1 3 2 1 3 2    1  7 2   1
 
 4 10 9 4 10 9  2 2 0   2
 
 20 52 46   7  1  2  1
 
  12 32 28    13  7 2   1
 50 132 117  6 2 0   2
  
13 53 48  1
  1 39 26  1
56 130 117 2
162 
  90 
420
SM015 CHAPTER 4
EXERCISE 4.1
PSPM 2003/2004
6  4
1. Let matrix A   .
1 0 
If A2  pA  qI  0 where p and q are real numbers, I is a 2  2 identity matrix and 0 is
a 2  2 null matrix, find p and q . [4 marks]
PSPM 2005/2006
  1 0  2  1  1
2  1 0 

2. Given A   2 1 0  , B   1 0  and C  

3 0  1
.
 1 1 0   2  1 
Find matrix D  A  ( BC )T . [5 marks]
PSPM 2006/2007
1  2
1 0  1
3. If P  1 1  and Q  
0  1 0 
, find matrix R such that
0  1 
 0 2 2
R  2( PQ)   2 4 3 . [5 marks]
 4 5 3
ANSWER
1) p  6 , q  4
 0 2  3
2) D   3 0 2 
 2 1  1
  2  2 4
3) R   4 6 5
 4 3 3
SM015 CHAPTER 4
SOLUTION EXERCISE 4.1
6  4
1. A   
1 0  1 0
A2  pA  qI  0 I  
0 1 
AA  pA  qI  0
6  4 6  4 6  4 1 0 0 0
1 0  1 0   p   q  0 0
   1 0  0 1 
0 0 0 
0 0
32  24 6  4 1 0 0 0
 6  4   p 1 0   q 0 1  0 0
      
32  6 p  q  24  4 p  0 0
 6 p 
  4  q  0 0
6 p 0
p6
4q 0
q  4
  1 0  2  1  1
2  1 0 

2. A   2 1 0  , B   1 0  , C  


 1 1 0   2  1 3 0  1
D  A  ( BC )T
T
 1 0  2   1  1 
    2  1 0  
  2 1 0     1 0   
  3 0  1 
 1 1 0    2  1 
 1 0  2   1  1 1
T
  2 1 0    2 1 0 a b c
T
a d g
 1 1 0   1  2 1 d e 
f   b e h 

  1 0  2   1  2 1   g h i   c f i 
  2 1 0    1 1  2
 1 1 0   1 0 1 
 0 2  3
  3 0 2 
 2 1  1
SM015 CHAPTER 4
1  2
1 0  1
3. P  1 1  , Q  
 0  1 0 
0  1
 0 2 2
R  2( PQ)   2 4 3 .
 4 5 3
 1  2   0 2 2
  1 0  1   
R  2 1 1       2 4 3
 0  1 0  1 0    4 5 3
    
1 2  1  0 2 2
R  21  1  1   2 4 3
0 1 0   4 5 3
2 4  2   0 2 2
R  2  2  2   2 4 3
0 2 0   4 5 3
0 2 2  2 4  2 
R   2 4 3  2  2  2
 4 5 3 0 2 0 
  2  2 4
  4 6 5
 4 3 3

4.1 Matrices

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SM015 CHAPTER 4

MATRICES AND SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

1. A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers.

 a11 a12 a13 

3 a) A matrix which has only one row is called a row matrix.

Find matrix D  A  ( BC )T . [5 marks]

SOLUTION EXERCISE 4.1

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