Miscellaneous Notes

Kernel boot parameters are text strings which are interpreted by the system to change specific
behaviours and enable or disable certain features. Kernel boot parameters are case-sensitive and
sometimes just a simple word ("splash" or "noapic")

find -name filename.txt to find files in the current directory.

find ./ -type d -name directoryname to look for directories.

Press the Tab button to auto-fill after entering a command with an argument.

Use Ctrl + C to terminate a running command.

Press Ctrl + Z to pause a working command.

Use Ctrl + S to freeze your Terminal temporarily.

Press Ctrl + Q to undo the Terminal freeze.

Use Ctrl + A to move to the beginning of the line.

Press Ctrl + E to bring you to the end of the line.

When executing multiple commands in a single line, use (;) to separate them. Alternatively, use && to
only allow the next command to run if the previous one is successful.

Procedure of selecting a process among various processes is done by the scheduler. Once the scheduler
has selected a process from the queue, the dispatcher comes into the picture, and it is the dispatcher
who takes that process from the ready queue and moves it into the running state. Therefore, the
scheduler gives the dispatcher an ordered list of processes which the dispatcher moves to the CPU over
time.

A processor in a computer running Windows has two different modes: user mode and kernel mode. The
processor switches between the two modes depending on what type of code is running on the
processor. Applications run in user mode, and core operating system components run in kernel mode.

User-mode programs are less privileged than user-mode applications and are not allowed to access the
system resources directly. For instance, if an application under user-mode wants to access system
resources, it will have to first go through the Operating system calls

Daemons are processes that run unattended. They are constantly in the background and are available
at all times.

PROCESS STATE CODES

ps options

a option outputs all running processes of all users in the system.

u option provides additional information like memory and CPU usage percentage, the process state
code, and the owner of the processes.

x option lists all processes not executed from the terminal. A perfect example of this is daemons, which
are system-related processes that run in the background when the system is booted up.

top command options: k, Kills a process. M, Sorts the list by memory usage. N, Sorts the list by PID. r,
Changes the priority of a process. h, Displays the help window. z, Displays running processes in colors. q
Stops the top command.

There are 3 types of users in Linux.

Regular

Administrative(root)

Service

Regular User

A regular user account is created for you when you install Ubuntu on your system. All your files and
folders are stored in /home/ which is your home directory. As a regular user, you do not have access to
directories of other users.

Root User
Other than your regular account another user account called root is created at the time of installation.
The root account is a superuser who can access restricted files, install software and has administrative
privileges. Whenever you want to install software, make changes to system files or perform any
administrative task on Linux; you need to log in as a root user. Otherwise, for general tasks like playing
music and browsing the internet, you can use your regular account.

Service user

Linux is widely used as a Server Operating System. Services such as Apache, Squid, email, etc. have their
own individual service accounts. Having service accounts increases the security of your computer. Linux
can allow or deny access to various resources depending on the service.