Guide to the CADRE Flow samples

INTRODUCTION
The three main elements to the CADRE Flow documentation and tutorial are the

• CADRE FLOW USE R MANUAL

• HELP AND THE “GE TTING STA RTE D” TUTORIA L IN HELP
• THE DOCUMENTE D SAMPLE FLOW SYS TEMS
The sample flow models are supplied and installed with CADRE Flow. Each sample has a Notes page available from
Edit/Notes or by clicking on the file name on the menu bar. This is the same notes page you can use to document
the flow systems for your own projects.
These sample flow systems provide the main benchmark validation and confirmation for CADRE Flow in that many of
the samples are simple enough to be solved by classical techniques and these classical solutions, or references to
their solutions, are also provided.
This guide to the sample models presents each file installed with CADRE Flow along with the information on the
system notes page. In most cases the information here is identical. In a few cases, additional information such as
diagrams and pictures are provided in this guide.
In some cases, the flow systems are the same as the ones developed in the Help, “Getting started” exercises. In
those cases, only an abbreviated discussion is provided here and in the notes page and the reader is referred to the
exercise in Help for step-by-step details.
In other cases, the models are described in much greater detail to illustrate methods and techniques.
The files are listed here in simple alphabetical order (not from simple to complex).

SAMPLE FLOW SYSTEM FILES

ALTERNATEFLUIDS.PLW

ALTERNATE FLUID STATES - HEAT EXCHANGER

This is the fluid system set up and solved in Help, “Getting started”; Exercise 10.

The flow in the heat exchanger, and downstream from it, are at much higher temperature (consequently different
viscosity and vapor pressure) than the upstream side. With the standard environmental fluid, no cavitation occurs,
but when the hot properties are applied to the downstream elements, cavitation occurs.
in Help, “Getting started”; Exercise 10

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BENCHMARKSYSTEM.FLW

Parallel system with fitting losses – benchmark validation

The purpose of this model is to evaluate CADRE Flow results with respect to a known solved problem. This is a
parallel flow model with 4 L’s, 2 T’s, and a single open globe valve. Creating this model would give one experience
with setting ports at fitting locations and assigning loss values to ports of the fittings.

The problem asks the system be solved at true inside diameter values for standard schedule 40 pipe. These are
given as 6.065 and 7.981 inches for 6 and 8 inch respectively.
Loss values are given as 0.45 for turning flow through the T fittings and 0.3 for all 4 of the L fittings. In reality one
could have different values for the T when turning into the 6 inch branch vs the 8 inch branch and different values for
the 6 and 8 inch L fittings. That would be simple to do with this sample model as the fitting ports independently
assignable. But here we stick to the book problem.
The ‘open’ globe valve loss value is given as 4.8.
The flow rate is 1900.8 in 3/sec. All pipe lengths are set up in inches. The model is constructed as a schematic so
each element is assigned a length.
The model is constructed in a set of ‘consistent’ units with inches, pounds, and second.
Ref: “2500 solved problems in fluid mechanics and hydraulics”, Evert, Jack B. and Liu, Cheng, McGra w-Hill
CONSTRUC TION
You can build it starting with the Quick modeler, Flow network template.
Lower left corner (0, -15, 0)
Upper front corner (50, 15, 0)
(Horizontal 1, Vertical 2)
When created, delete the middle horizontal line.
Add a node at some arbitrary location at 7 and draw a pipe from 4 to 7. Add a node 8 at some point to the left of 3
and draw a line from 8 to 3. Use Edit/Extents and grid; and the From model button to set the grid size to 1.

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ORIENTATION
Select and set all lines to match the flow direction using Tools/Swap nodes where necessary (essentially switch
orientation of P13 and P46 so they become P31 and P64). Correct directions aren’t actually necessary for the flow
solution but the results for velocity output may read positive or negative depending on the orientation of the pipe.
You could also leave it for now and after first solving it use the Tools/Reorient nodes feature to switch all the pipe
orientations to fit the flow situation.
PIPE LENGTHS
From the Element Editor, set the pipe lengths (all in inches) from the Element Editor panel Length button. For
example 5 to 3 should be set to 420 inches, 3 to 4 should be 14400 inches, 6 to 7 should be 3200 inches, etc.
PIPE PROPERTIES
In the element library set up two entries:
Pipe 8 inch schedule 40 D=7.981inch Roughness = 0.0018 inch
Pipe 6 inch schedule 40 D=6.065inch Roughness = 0.0018 inch
Select and assign all pipes to the schematic

CREATE FITTING PORTS

To match the sample model, create ports at 1, 2, 5, 6, 3, and 4 in that order.
To set a port, select the single node (i.e. node 1 for an L), right click and use ‘Set ports’. This provides a dialog for
which you can insert small (zero effective length) elements for each port of the fitting.
For 1, 2, 5, and 6 (each selected and set separately) use a factor of 0.3 and check the option to “divide between
ports”. That will place a 0.15 factor in each leg the L creating a total loss of 0.3 when flowing through.
For 3 and 4 (each selected separately) use a factor of 0.225 and check the option to “Apply to all ports” (i.e. all three
ports of the fitting). This provides a total loss value of 0.45 no matter how the fluid flows through the T.
Select node 7 and create a port for the globe valve. Set its K value to 4.8.
Once created, you can use the nodal editor to relocate the nodes for the ports to more appealing distances and also
so that data labels are not too close and garbled. We used 3 grid units in the sample model. The actual pipe lengths
remained set as originally assigned and the port lengths are automatically set to zero length, so nothing changes
when you move these nodes for visual purposes.

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Items are automatically created and set up in the Element Library for each port of each fitting so, if you wanted, you
could go to the Library and set individual values for any port of any fitting. For e xample, you could reset the T fittings
so that the 6 inch outlet had a different value than the 8 inch outlet which would be likely. Here we are just trying to
match the book problem statement.
RENAME NODES
In the book problem the entrance to the left hand T (node 19) is labeled as A, the exit for the right hand T (node 20) is
labeled C, and the final node at the exit (node 7) of the globe valve is labeled as B. You can use the nodal editor
mode and the associated popup menu to rename these 3 nodes 19, 20, and 7 to A, C, and B respectively.
ENVIRON MENT SETTINGS
3
Set density at 0.0361 lb/in
Set kinetic viscosity at 0.001568
Set vapor pressure at -14.39
Set Temperature at 63.3 degrees Fahrenheit
Set gravity at 386.4 (Typically we would use 386.094 but the book uses 386.4)
Uncheck the option to use global measurements
Set “in”; “sec”; and “lb” for the unit labels to match our consistent units.
SYSTEM BOUNDAR Y INPUT/OUTPUT
Use the nodal Editor, Select and set node A (previous node 19), and use the Pressure button to set 95 psig as the
static pressure at that point in the system “In a pipe” with diameter of 7.981 inches.
3
Use the nodal Editor, Select and set node B (previous node 7), and use the Flow button to set -1900.8 in /sec as the
flow exiting the system at that point “In a pipe” with diameter of 7.981 inches.
The system parts upstream of node A are essentially ignored since we set the initial conditions at node A at the
entrance to the first T as specified by the problem statement. You could actually delete that small element segment
(8 to A) and the node 8 at the left end of the system but it isn’t necessary.
DATA PRESENTATION
The data presentation on the schematic can be very cluttered. You can select all nodes and use Hide nodes. Then
turn on the hide/show tool. Select just the ones of interest and use Set nodes to show. We chose node A, 18, 14,
13, 16, 15, 23, 13, 11, 12, 9, 10, and 17 to show and display data. The diagram below shows just the pressure (total
pressure in this case) at each visible node. You can also have nodes to show but have them turned off for displaying
data. These features are essential for providing a readable schematic. You could also set the Output number format
from Options/Settings to show numbers in Fixed 2 rather than scientific.
SOLVING

Using the tool for displaying pressure (total pressure) the model should look something like this:

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COMPARISON WITH BENCHMARK VALUES

The output data, by using the viewer, are compared with the benchmark calculations in the following table. The 1
subscript refers to flow in the 6 inch pipe while the 2 subscript is for flow in the 8 inch pipe.
Parameter CADRE Flow Benchmark
Darcy factor, f1 0.02004 0.0205
Flow rate, Q1 in3/sec 619.69 619.14
Velocity, V1 in/sec 21.45 21.43
Darcy factor, f2 0.01834 0.019
3
Flow rate, Q2 in /sec 1281.11 1281.65
Velocity, V2 in/sec 25.61 25.62
Ptotal, C psig 93.93
Ptotal, B psig 87.98
Pstatic, C psig 93.96 93.8
Pstatic, B psig 87.92 87.7
Differences are minor and are mainly due to the different process of determining the Darcy friction factor. The
Benchmark method interpolates by hand and eye from a published printed Moody chart while CADRE Flow uses
interpolation between a series of fitted equations (derived from such a Moody chart) to de velop the value.

LOWSPEEDDUCT24-17.FLW

Low speed air conditioning duct

Although CADRE Flow is designed for incompressible flow in pipes, some air flow systems are low speed to the
extent that they can be handled well as incompressible systems. Low speed fan and duct systems are usually in this
category.
After solution you should check the maximum pressure change over the system to ensure that the incompressible
assumption is still valid.

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A fan supplies 4 outlets with 1500 cfm. It is 20 feet of 14 inch duct to the first 90 degree turn (LR ELL), then 50 feet of
14 inch duct to the first outlet (A), 30 feet of 12 inch duct to the second outlet (B), then 10 feet of 10 inch duct to the
next 90 degree turn (LR ELL), then 10 feet of 10 inch duct to the third outlet (C), then 30 feet of 6 inch duct to the end
at the last outlet (D).
In the model, the ELL sections 2-3 and 6-7 are modeled with a applied "effective length" to account for the losses in
the LR ELL turns. The values used here are 1 foot of equivalent duct length for each inch of diameter. One could
alternatively set separate library entries for these parts and individual K factors for the losses.
This sample was taken from a Mechanical Engineers PE exam study guide.

LOWSPEEDDUCTEX-7-1.FLW

An air duct supply system - Part I

From Help Getting Started - Exercise 7

Although CADRE Flow is designed for incompressible flow in pipes, some air flow systems are low speed to the
extent that they can be handled well as incompressible systems. Low speed fan and duct systems are usually in this
category. After solution you should always check the maximum pressure change over the system to ensure that the
incompressible assumption is still valid.
An air duct system is designed to supply 3 outlets at C, D, and E with 2000, 800, and 1200 cubic feet of air per
minute. The lengths of each run in feet (from the end or the middle of the bend to the middle of the next bend) are
shown on the ducts in the picture. The bends have a bend radius of 1.5 times the diameter of the bend. The ambient
conditions are at 68 °F for air.
Points C, D and E are outlets to user areas with specified flow rates. There is no information provided as to how the
flow is actually regulated, but that the system should be designed for these flow capacities acting simultaneously.
That condition requires that the inflow be 4000 cubic feet per minute. The ambient pressure is known but the
pressure at the inflow where the fan is located is not given.
See Help Getting Started - Exercise 7 Part II for step-by-step details.

LOWSPEEDDuctEX-7-2.FLW

Air duct system – Part II

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From Help Getting Started - Exercise 7 Part II
This is the same system as LOWSPEEDDUCTEX-7-1 except as modified for part II.
This part of the exercise models the system with all devices and simulates the flow that would be achieved. The fan
is installed in the inlet pipe and grills are attached to all outlets.
An air duct system is designed to supply 3 outlets at C, D, and E with 2000, 800, and 1200 cubic feet of air per
minute. The lengths of each run in feet (from the end or the middle of the bend to the middle of the next bend) are
shown on the ducts in the picture. The bends have a bend radius of 1.5 times the diameter of the bend. The ambient
conditions are at 68 °F for air.
See Help Getting Started - Exercise 7 Part II for step-by-step details.

MULTIFLOOR3D.FLW

Multi-floor 3D piping system

The supply pressure is measured to be 75psig (89.7psia) with the system closed. It is entered as 12916.8 psf
absolute.
The Supply setting is set as "Open or Plenum" to indicate that the value is a total or stagnation pressure (measured
closed with no flow).
The flow condition is set up with all pipes open and flowing on all floors. No valve or fitting losses are included here.
The object would generally be to design pipe sizes to avoid cavitation at extremes of opening and extremes of supply
pressure. In the case set up, the lowest static pressure is 56.77 psf in pipe P*13*A2 on the first floor. This is just
barely above the vapor pressure of 51.8 set in the environmental settings.
INCREASES in supply pressure will REDUCE static pressures near the outflow nodes due to the increase in flow
velocity. Try increasing the supply pressure to 12950 psf and note that cavitation is warned for the first floor pipe
P*13*A2.

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PARALLELSYSTEMSEX-4-1.FLW

Parallel piping systems –flow through - Part I

Model from Help - Getting Started Exercise 4: Parallel piping system

This part of the exercise is a simple flow through parallel system where fluid enters at point A (specified flow rate) and
exits at point B (specified pressure condition)
This is a simple model of the parallel pipe flow situation in which water at 60 °F is flowing at 3 cubic feet per minute
from point A to point B through 3 separate paths and exits to ambient pressure. The exercise is accomplished in the
foot- pound-second system.
Physical and descriptive data
Fluid and environment = Water at 60 °F and external pressure at sea level at 60 °F.
Elevations are all zero.
Pipes
All pipes are standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
Pipe I.D. (feet) Roughness
2 inch 0.1723 0.00015
4 inch 0.3355 0.00015
6 inch 0.5054 0.00015

PARALLELSYSTEMSEX-4-2.FLW

Parallel piping system –closed systems - Part II

Model from Help - Getting Started Exercise 4: Parallel piping system

This part of the exercise includes installing devices (pumps) and addressing closed systems in which the fluid flows
through the pump (specified flow rate) from point A to point B and circulates; no fluid enters or leaves the system.
This is a simple model of the parallel pipe flow situation in which water at 60 °F is flowing at 3 cubic feet per minute
from point A to point B through 3 separate paths and exits to ambient pressure. The exercise is accomplished in the
foot- pound-second system.
Physical and descriptive data

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Fluid and environment = Water at 60 °F and external pressure at sea level at 60 °F.
Elevations are all zero.
Pipes
All pipes are standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
Pipe I.D. (feet) Roughness
2 inch 0.1723 0.00015
4 inch 0.3355 0.00015
6 inch 0.5054 0.00015

PARALLELSYSTEMSEX-4-3.FLW

Parallel piping system –one way pipes - Part III

Model from Help - Getting Started Exercise 4 part III: Parallel piping system with one way pipe
This is part III of the exercise 4 in Help "Getting Started". In in volves inserting a one way pipe to limit flow to one
direction only. When the flow tends to flow in the same direction as the pipe orientation it behaves as an ordinary
pipe,

But if the flow tends to flow opposite to the pipe orientation, then the pipe appears plugged and is represented on the
model as a dashed line with no flow (after solution).

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The orientation of the one-way pipe can be switched by using Tools/Swap nodes. This is item only enabled when the
model is in the un-solved state.

PARALLELSYSTEMSPE5-16PT.FLW

Parallel system with pump, turbine and one-way valves

This is an expansion of the model used in Help - Exercise 4

This illustrates the installation of input (e.g. pumps) and output devices (e.g. turbines) and pipes with one-way valves.

PIPEBENDFORCESEX-5.FLW

Forces on a pipe bend

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Model from Help - Getting Started - E xercise 5 Forces on a pipe joint

Water at 60 °F with a static pressure of 40 psig (pounds per square inch gage) flows at 96 inches/sec
through a reducing elbow as shown in the picture and the flow is turned upward through 30 degrees
resulting in an elevation increase of 26 inches. The reduction in the turn is from 12 inches diameter to 8
inches diameter. The total horizontal length of the elbow from A to B is 90 inches.
(a) Find the resultant force on the joint, and
(b) Find the static pressure at point B .
When solved, use the tool to see the joint force vector at node R.
Select Node R and use the eye viewer tool to see the numerical values of force at R
Nodal Forces>
Fx = 2.765E+03
Fy = -1.070E+03
Fz = 0.000E+00
R = 2.965E+03
Precise answers are achieved with a very simple two element model. See Help, Exercise 5

PumpOutflow5lines.flw

5 line outflow system

This is an outflow system consisting of a pump, a main line, and 5 branch lines. This is the subject of Help "Getting
started" exercise 9.
The branches are connected with 4 "T" and 1 "L" fittings. The environment is set up for pumping water at 60 F with
absolute ambient pressure at the intake. The purpose of this example is to demonstrate how to account for fitting
losses and the precise locations they are installed in a system. This example is performed using the foot pound
second system.

The main pipe is 3 inches in diameter. There are five outflow pipes (2 inches) on a single main line in which water at
60 F is pumped with a flow rate of 0.5 cubic feet per second. The Inlet and outlet pressures are ambient. The object
of the analysis is to find the outflow rates in each outflow pipe, the static pressures along the main line, and the pump
parameters including power required.
Assume that specifications give the following loss factors for the fittings.

K = 0.9 through flow, 1.5 branch flow

Reducing L at K = 0.8
Although one could simply apply the loss to the main and outlet pipes, it is often desired to place the losses at the
precise joints where they occur. This complicates the model somewhat but allows the energy lines and hydraulic
grade lines to be generated more precise and make more sense.

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Refer to Help "Getting started" Exercise 9 for building the model step by step.
CONFIGURING JOINT PORTS
You will need to distribute the losses in the fitting to the ports of the fitting so that the total loss for each type of flow is
realized. For the L you can simply divide the 0.8 loss between the two ports.
Per the specifications for our T fittings we need to have a total of 0.9 for flow through on the main line and 1.5 for the
flow that turns into the branch. The following distribution would achieve this aim.

You can use the "Insert ports" feature to configure segments at each of the main nodes A, B, C, D, and E according
to the following instructions.
At node E select both pipes D-E and E-J and also select node E. Right click and from the pop-up menu choose
Insert ports. In the dialog enter 0.8 for K and also opt to "divide between the ports". Press OK and this will apply 0.4
to each port of the "L" fitting making a total loss of 0.8.
Notice that small pipe segments are added next to the node on each pipe. These short pipe lengths are actually zero
'effectivel y' and a property setting is set up for this segment in the pipe library with the appropriate K value. The
remainder pipe still has its original "effective length" so the only substantial change to the system is the addition of the
total K value exactl y at the node.
Now select node D and just the single branch pipe D-I. Use Insert ports again and this time enter 1.05 for K and use
'Apply K to each port. This is a part of the branch flow loss of the T at the exit into the branch.
Repeat this on all other outlet branch pipes (A, B, C remembering to select both the node and the outflow pipe) to
finish up setting the branch losses.
Now set the through losses at the T's.
Select node D and the horizontal main pipe pieces on each side of it. Use Insert ports again and this time enter 0.9
for K and use "Divide between ports" to split the 0.9 value into 0.45 on each side of the T.
Repeat this on all other T fittings on the main pipe (A, B, C remembering to select both the node and the main pipe on
each side of the node) to finish up setting the branch losses.
The port nodes around each joint node are set by default to hide any flow and pressure data associated with them
since it would be a lot of clutter with little additional information beyond that of the main joint node. You could always
turn them on if needed.
To further clean up the model, select the new additional port nodes (numbers 3 to 16). Right click and choose Hide
nodes to set their appearance (node circle and ID) to be hidden.
PUMP RESULTS:
Total power (lb-feet/sec) >
inlet = 1058.0
outlet = 1202.4
Velocity power = 50.3
Power loss = 0.0
Pump/fan >
Total suction lift (feet) = 0.00
Total discharge head (feet) = 4.63
Total dynamic head (feet) = 4.63
NPSHA (feet) = 33.34
Pressure change (lb/feet^2) = 288.70
Power required (lb-feet/sec) = 144.4
3
OUTLET FLOW RATES (feet /sec)
A 0.161
B 0.113

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C 0.084
D 0.069
E 0.072
FLOW DIRECTIONS?
Installing loss factors for different ports of a fitting imply that one knows in advance the direction of fluid flow (e.g. a
reducer may have a different value for the opposite direction). So, one should check after solution to ensure that
directions are as assumed.
SYSTEM POWER
Notice that the power required of the pump to perform as described is about 144.4 lb-feet/sec or 0.262 HP.
However, the power at the inlet is 1058 and at the exit is 1202.4 lb-feet/sec. The difference is 144.4 lb-feet/sec or
about 1/4 HP. The inlet power value is a result of working in absolute pressure so that the static ambient pressure
provides 1058 lb-feet/sec of initial power (which is lost at the exit to ambient pressure). If the system was set up in
'Gage' pressure then the inlet power would be zero and the only power in the system would be that provided by the
pump.
GAGE PRESSURE
You can set this model to work in gage pressure. Just go to the Environment settings and change the ambient
pressure to zero psi (rather than 2116) and set the vapor pressure to:
36.5 - 2116 or - 2079.5 psi

RESERVOIRFLOW.FLW

Flow from a reservoir through turbine

This sample shows flow from a reservoir with elevation 300 feet to a parallel system with elevation zero.
The system includes a primary turbine and one auxiliary turbine in one path of the parallel system. The
2
primary turbine is capable of extracting 300V /(2g) feet of energy from the s tream. The secondary turbine
2
is capable of extracting 100V /(2g) feet o f energy from the stream.
One way valves are placed after the turbines to ensure no backflow.

SINGLELINEFLOWEX-2.FLW

Single line flow tank-to-tank

This is the model developed in Exercise 2 in Help "Getting Started".

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It is a simple single line flow situation in which fuel oil must be pumped at a rate of 10 cubic meter per minute from a
storage tank at A, to another tank, F, on a hill. The object is to find the power required for the pump at ambient
conditions of 20 °C.

UNITS
This exercise is set up for metric units. The same problem is set up in English units in sample model
(SingleLineFlowSCH87-28-II.flw)
TANKS
The tanks are 30 meter diameter with 10 meter deep of fuel oil.
The tanks are open to ambient pressure.
PIPES
All pipelines including the path through the pump are metric steel tubes (UK 328.9 X 10)
Inside diameter = 0.3039 meter
Roughness value e is 0.00006 meter
The reentrant loss factor K at the source tank, A, is 0.8.
The reentrant loss factor K at the destination tank is 0.5
The length from B to C is 200 meter
The length from C to D is 3 meter (pump length)
The length from D to E is 550 meter
FLUID
Fluid temperature is 20 °C
Specific gravity = 0.858
2
Vapor pressure = 1378.9 Newton/meter
2
Kinematic viscosity = 4.413E-6 meter /sec
PUMPING R ATE
10 cubic meters per minute = 0.1667 meter3/second
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
Ambient pressure = 101315 N/meter2
2
Gravity = 9.807 meter/sec
See Exercise 2 in Help for discussion and details on construction, analysis, and validation.

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SINGLELINEFLOWEX-3.FLW

Single line flow from a pressurized tank

This is the model from Help - Getting started Exercise 3

Water is being pumped from a feed tank mounted on a platform above a pump to an open reservoir as shown. The
flow is 2 cubic feet per second through a 6 inch schedule 40 welded steel pipe throughout. Determine the joint
forces, static suction head and NPSHA at the pump inlet. All ells are long radius flanged connections. The tank exit
orifice is square and flush.
The elevations and pipe lengths are shown in the picture. Note that it is not to scale since that would make viewing
the pump and other small scale items impossible. Likewise it will not be constructed to scale as a model either.
The pipe bends in this model are represented by very short (length set to zero) elements. One node of the joint
element is set to “Hide” so as not to clutter the model with closely spaced nodes. You can temporarily view all hidden
entities by using the Show/Hide tool on the toolbar. While viewed, the hidden ones can be selected and changed to
be fully visible (View/Nodes/Set to show). These short lengths were simply drawn in manually for this model and their
properties were set up in the Library and assigned. One can insert these short segments and set their properties
automatically using the "Insert Ports" option. See the Sample file "PumpOutflow5Lines.flw" for details in using the
Insert Ports option.
TANKS
The tank is 10 feet in diameter
The tank is pressurized to 10 psig (1440 lb/ft2).
There is 5 feet of water above the tank exit pipe
PIPES
All pipes including the path through the pump are 6 inch schedule 40 welded steel.
Inside diameter = 0.5054 feet
Roughness value e is 0.0002 feet
FITTINGS
b. pipe inlet is square mouthed and flush, K = 0.5.
c, d, f, g, h, i, j are long radius flanged 90 deg. ell., K = 0.18
FLUID
Fluid at 60 °F
Vapor pressure = 0.59 feet or 36.8 lb/ft2
2
Kinematic viscosity = 1.217E-5 ft /sec
3
Pumping rate =2 ft /sec
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
Ambient pressure = 2116 lb/ft2
2
Gravity = 32.174 ft/sec
See HELP "Getting Started" for detail discussion and construction instructions.

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SINGLELINEFLOWPE6-7.FLW

Single line flow system to scale

This model is similar to the one developed in Exercise 3 (Sample model SingleLineFlowEX-3.flw) but this one is
modeled to scale using the screen scale for elevation and pipe lengths length (and without some of the localized
fitting losses).

This model is set up with an unpressurized tank while Exercise 3 (Sample model SingleLineFlowEX-3.flw) had a
pressurized tank.
This is mainly to illustrate the need for using schematics rather than full scale on many real systems. Notice that it is
almost impossible to find the pump and it would be even more difficult to deal with fittings.

SINGLELINEFLOWSCH87-28.FLW

Single line flow - Exercise 2 (alternative)

This is the same as Exercise 2 (Sample model SingleLineFlowEX-2.flw) except modeled directly from the top of the
tank.

There is really no great need for modeling the tanks as vertical members for good results except that it makes the
model appear more realistic and it provides opportunity to add fitting losses (reentrants, ell, etc).

SINGLELINEFLOWSCH87-28-II.FLW

Single line flow - Exercise 2 with English units

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This model is similar to Help "Getting Started", Exercise 2 in (sample model SingleLineFlowEX-2.flw) except this one
is set up with approximate units in the English system.

TURBINEFLOWEX-8.FLW

Turbine model
This is the turbine model of Help "Getting Started", exercise 8. This is a very simple model to construct
and solve but there are some nuances about such a problem and it is interesting to s tudy.
PHYSICAL AND DESCRIPTIVE DATA
Water flows through a turbine shown in the figure at the rate of 7.55 cubic feet per second and pressures
at A and B respectively are 21.4 psig (gage pressure) and -5 psig.

The objective is to determine the horsepower delivered to the turbine and the unit discharge rate Q1 for
the turbine. The unit discharge is a characteristic of a turbine ins tallation and is defined as the flow rate
the turbine would have with a head change of 1 unit (1 foot in this case). It is defined by the equation.

No information is provided about the turbine but the inle t and outle t s tatic gage pressures are known and
the flow rate is known along with the elevation change from inlet to outlet.
The use of "static" pressures in moving fluid adds a degree of complication to the problem.
The model can be very simple fully schematic single element model like this.

FLUID
Temperature = 60 °F
2
Vapor pressure = 0.59 feet or 36.8 lb/ft
Kinematic viscosity = 1.217E-5 ft2 /sec

AMBIENT CONDITIONS
2
Ambient pressure = 2116 lb/ft
2
Gravity = 32.174 ft/sec
PUMPING RATE
3
7.55 ft /sec
KNOWN STATIC PRESSURES

CADRE Analytic | 17
 Guide to the CADRE Flow samples

PA = 21.4*144 + 2116 = 5197.6 psf in a 1 foot pipe

PB = -5*144+ 2116 = 1396.0 psf in a 2 foot pipe
The through flow diameter is considered to be 1.0 ft for the first part of the exercise, then 2.0 ft for the
second part.
The exercise is to find the K value for the turbine in each case, the get the Unit Discharge head in each
case.
It is basically a trial and error approach.
Case 1:
With 1 ft diameter through, try setting the turbine factor to K = 45.47: gives Q = 7.55. Q1 = 0.934
Case 2:
With 2 ft diameter through, try setting the turbine factor to K = 727.5 gives Q = 7.55, Q1 = 0.934
See Exercise 8 in Help "Getting S tarted" for complete construction, solution, and discussion.

WATERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMEX-6-1.FLW

Water distribution system (Metric units and minute)

Model from Help - Getting Started -Exercise 6 (Part I)
The main supply lines of a water district are represented in the sketch below.

Water is supplied to the system to point A from a water tower that provides a total pressure of 45 meters of water at
the inlet (point A). The system pipe specific roughness is estimated to be 0.0006 meter. Ignore any loss factors at
intersections (or assume that the factors are included in the given lengths). The pipe lengths and diameters are
shown in meters on the sketch.
UNITS
Meter, Newton, minute
KNOWN FLOWS
Points C, E, D, G, H, I are outlets to user areas and meters at these points provide the following outflow information
on a daily basis and are converted to a minute basis.
Outlet meter3/day meter3/minute
C 3600 2.5
E 1800 1.25
D 9000 6.25
G, H, & I 7200 5
ELEVATIONS (arbitrary datum):
Location Elevation
A, B, C 60 meter
D, E, F 45 meter
G, H, I 30 meter
AMBIENT CONDITIONS

CADRE Analytic | 18
 Guide to the CADRE Flow samples
The temperature is 15 °C for both air and water.
The objective is to find the flow rates in all pipes and the pressure available at each out flow node.
See "WaterDistrib utionSystemEX-6-3.flw" for the same exercise worked in English units.

WATERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMEX-6-2.FLW

Water distribution system (Metric units with 'day')

This is the model used in Help Getting S tarted - Exercise 6 part II. This is the same as sample model
WaterDistributionSystemEX-6-1.flw except that the time variable is per DAY rather than per MINUTE.

3
Metric - 36000 m /day flow rate
C 3600
D 9000
E 1800
G 7200
H 7200
I 7200
A is at elevation 65 meter - pressure head 45 meter
I is at elevation 30 meter
The model was modified to use day as the time domain rather than the minute.
There are only 3 areas that are influenced by time.
Viscosity
Gravity acceleration
Specified flow rates

All other items are independent of time.

2
You can multiply the viscosity (6.86x10-5 meter /minute) by (60)*(24).
2
Kinematic Viscosity = 9.878E-02 meter /day
2
Gravity acceleration = 9.807 * (60)2*(60)2*(24)2 = 73208860000.0 meter/day .
3
Each of the outflow rates at nodes C, D , E , G, H, and I are given in meter /day in the problem statement.
Notice that pressures did not change and that the flow rate numerical values changed. However if you
converted the final flow rates to a per minute basis they would also be the same as the sample model
"WaterDistributionSystemEX-6-1.flw" . See "WaterDistributionSystemEX-6-3.flw" for the same exercise
worked in English units.

WATERDISTRIBUTIONSYSTEMEX-6-EngUnits.FLW

Water distribution system (English units and seconds)

Model from Help - Getting Started -Exercise 6 (but re-modeled here with English system units)
The main supply lines of a water district are represented in the sketch below.

CADRE Analytic | 19
 Guide to the CADRE Flow samples

Water is supplied to the system to point A from a water tower that provides a total pressure of 147.6 feet of water at
the inlet (point A) (i.e. 9355.5 psf). The system pipe specific roughness is estimated to be 0.00196 feet. Ignore any
loss factors at intersections (or assume that the factors are included in the given lengths). The pipe lengths and
diameters are shown in meters on the sketch.
UNITS
Foot, pound, second system
Note: The numeric data here are overly precise because it was converted from the Metric model and kept reasonably
close to allow checking and validation between the different systems.
KNOWN FLOWS
Points C, E, D, G, H, I are outlets to user areas and meters at these points provide the following outflow information
on a daily basis and are converted to a minute basis.
3
Outlet feet /sec
C 1.547
E 0.774
D 3.868
G, H, & I 3.094
ELEVATIONS (arbitrary datum):
Location Elevation
A, B, C 196.8 feet
D, E, F 147.6 feet
G, H, I 98.4 feet
AMBIENT CONDITIONS
The temperature is 60 °F for both air and water.
The objective is to find the flow rates in all pipes and the pressure available at each out flow node.

CADRE Analytic | 20