Chapter 4 – Measurement and introduction to

Pythagoras’ theorem
Solutions to Exercise 4A
4A Building understanding
1 a There are 10 mm in 1 cm. 2 a 3 cm = 3 × 10 = 30 mm

b There are 100 cm in 1 m. b 6.1 m = 6.1 × 10 = 610 cm

c There are 1000 m in 1 km. c 8.93 km = 8.93 × 1000 = 8930 m

d There are 100 000 cm in 1 km. d 3 m = 3 × 1000 = 3000 mm

e There are 1000 mm in 1 m. e 0.0021 km = 0.0021 × 1000 = 2.1 m

f There are 1 000 000 mm in 1 km. f 320 mm = 320 ÷ 10 = 32 cm

2 a 10 × 100 = 1000 g 9620 m = 9620 ÷ 1000 = 9.62 km

b 100 × 1000 = 100 000 h 38 000 cm = 38 000 ÷ 100 000 = 0.38 km

c 10 × 100 × 1000 = 1 000 000 i 0.0043 m = 0.0043 × 1000 = 4.3 mm

j 0.0204 km = 0.0204 × 100 000 = 2040 cm

3 a The marks on the two sides of the triangle
indicate that they have the same length. k 23 098 mm = 23 098 ÷ 1000 = 23.098 m
x = 10 cm
l 342 000 cm = 342 000 ÷ 100 000 = 3.42 km
b The length of x will equal the sum of the
length of the two opposite sides. m 194 300 mm = 194 300 ÷ 1000 = 194.3 m
x = 7 + 3 = 10 m
n 10 000 mm = 10 000 ÷ 1 000 000 = 0.01 km
c The length of x will equal the difference
between the lengths of the two opposite sides. o 0.02403 m = 0.02403 × 1000 = 24.03 mm
x = 14 − 12 = 2 m
p 994 000 mm = 994 000 ÷ 1 000 000 =
Exercise 4A 0.994 km

1 a i 3.6 cm = 3.6 × 10 = 36 mm
3 a 5 + 6 + 8 = 19 m
ii 28 mm = 28 ÷ 10 = 2.8 cm
b 15 + 7 + 15 + 7 = 44 m
b i 42 000 cm = 42 000 ÷ 100 000 = 0.42 km
c 5 + 5 + 3 = 13 cm
ii 0.21 km = 0.21 × 100 000 = 21 000 cm

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 165

d 10 + 10 + 3 + 3 + 6 = 32 cm f x + x + x + x = 26
4x = 26
e 8 + 8 + 5 + 1 + 6 = 28 km
x = 6.5 km
f 4 + 1 + 5 + 2 + 2 + 4 = 18 cm

g 7.2 + 7.2 + 2.8 = 17.2 mm 5 a 10 + 10 + 10 + 10 = 40 cm

h 4.3 × 8 = 34.4 cm b 30 + 15 + 45 + 40 + 40 = 17 cm

i 5.1 + 5.1 + 9.6 + 9.6 = 29.4 m c 20 + 20 + 11 + 11 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 7.8 cm

d 7 + 3.5 + 3.5 + 3 + 3 = 2000 cm

4 a x + 3 + 4 = 12
e 10 + 9 + 9 + 7 + 7 + 4 = 46 cm
x + 7 − 7 = 12 − 7
x=5m f 44 + 44 + 12 + 12 + 20 + 44 = 176 m
= 17 600 cm
b x + 4 + 4 = 10
x + 8 − 8 = 10 − 8
6 a 2 × (x + 5) + 5 + 5 = 24
x=2m
2x + 10 + 10 = 24
c x + x + 7 + 7 = 22 2x + 20 − 20 = 24 − 20
2x + 14 − 14 = 22 − 14 2x = 4
2x = 8 x = 2 cm
x = 4 cm
b 5 + 5 + 5x + 3x = 34
d x + x + 10 = 46 10 + 8x = 34
2x + 10 − 10 = 46 − 10 10 − 10 + 8x = 34 − 10
2x = 36 8x = 24
x = 18 mm x = 3 cm

e x + x + 7 + 13 = 39 c x + x + 12 + 12 + x + x = 60
2x + 20 − 20 = 39 − 20 4x + 24 − 24 = 60 − 24
2x = 19 4x = 36
x = 9.5 m x=9m

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166 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

7 Perimeter of fence = 2 × (50 + 42) e This is like a rectangle, but one side is made
= 2 × 92 up of three lines of length a, and the opposite
side is made of five lines of length a.
= 184 m P = 5a + 3a + b + b
Cost of fencing = $13 per m
= 8a + 2b
= 13 × 184
= $2392 f P=a+a+a+a+b+b
= 4a + 2b
8 Gillian jogs 100 m in 24 seconds
= 1 m in 0.24 seconds 11 a P = x + 4 + 7
Gillian jogs 2000 m in 0.24 × 2000
= x + 11
= 480 seconds
= 8 minutes x = P − 11

b P= x+2+2
9 Length of framed picture = 65 + 10
= x+4
= 75 cm
x= P−4
Width of framed picture = 35 + 10
= 45 cm c P= x+x+3
Perimeter of the framed picture = 2 × (75 + 45) = 2x + 3
= 2 × 120 2x = P − 3
= 240 cm P−3
x=
2
10 a P = 2a + b d P= x+x+4+4
b P = 2 × (a + b) = 2x + 8
= 2a + 2b 2x = P − 8
P−8
c This is a rectangle with a piece removed, but x=
2
the perimeter of the shape remains the same.
P = 2 × (a + b) e P= x+x+x+x
= 2a + 2b = 4x
P
d This is a rectangle with many small pieces x=
4
removed, but the perimeter of the shape
remains the same. f P= x+x+x+x+x+x+x+x
P = 2 × (a + b) = 8x
= 2a + 2b P
x=
8

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 167

x
12 a Let the side of the outermost square be x. =4×
729
Perimeter of the outermost square = 4x
x 4x
Side of the second square = = = 0.005x
3 729
Perimeter of the second square So the seventh square would have a perime-
x
=4× ter less than one-hundredth (0.01) of the
3
4x outermost square.
= = 1.33x
3
x b Let the side of the innermost square be y.
Side of the third square =
9 Perimeter of the innermost square = 4y
x
Perimeter of the third square = 4 × Side of the second square = 3y
9
4x Perimeter of the second square
= = 0.44x = 4 × 3y = 12y
9
Side of the fourth square =
x Side of the third square = 9y
27 Perimeter of the third square
Perimeter of the fourth square
x = 4 × 9y = 36y.
=4×
27 Side of the fourth square = 27y
4x Perimeter of the fourth square
= = 0.15x
27
x = 4 × 27y = 108y
Side of the fifth square = Side of the fifth square = 81y
81
x Perimeter of the fifth square
Perimeter of the fifth square = 4 ×
81 = 4 × 81y = 324y
4x Side of the sixth square = 243y
= = 0.05x
81 Perimeter of the sixth square
x
Side of the sixth square =
243 = 4 × 243y = 972y
Perimeter of the sixth square Side of the seventh square = 729y
x
=4× Perimeter of the seventh square
243
4x = 4 × 729y = 2916y
= = 0.02x So the seventh square will have a perimeter
243
x more than 1000 times that of the innermost
Side of the seventh square =
729 one.
Perimeter of the seventh square

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168 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Exercise 4B
4B Building understanding
1 Students use a calculator to find the answers to Exercise 4B
this question.
1 a C = 2πr
a π × 5 = 15.71 =2×π×3

b π × 13 = 40.84 = 18.85 m

c 2×π×3=π×6 b C = πD

= 18.85 =π×8
= 25.13 cm
d 2 × π × 37 = π × 74
= 232.48
2 a C = 2πr
= 2 × π × 18
2 π = 3.1415926 . . .
= 113.10 m
a π = 3.1 (one decimal place)
b C = 2πr
b π = 3.14 (two decimal places) = 2 × π × 39

c π = 3.142 (three decimal places) = 245.04 cm

c C = πD
3 a The distance across the centre of a circle is the =π×7
diameter.
= 21.99 km
b The distance from the centre to the circle is
d C = πD
the radius.
=π×5
c The distance around a circle is the circumfer- = 15.71 cm
ence.

3 a C = πD
4 C ÷ d = 81.7 ÷ 26
= 3.14 × 100
= 3.1
3.1 is pi to one decimal place. = 314 cm

b C = πD
= 3.14 × 20
= 62.8 m

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 169

c C = 2πr 5 Circumference of water tank

= 2 × 3.14 × 3 = πD

= 18.84 km = π × 3.5
= 11 m
d C = 2πr
22
=2× ×7 6 1 lap of the circular track = 2πr
7
= 44 mm = 2 × π × 40
= 251.33 m
e C = 2πr 10 laps = 10 × 251.33
22
=2× × 21 = 2513.3 m
7 Each week the athlete jogs
= 132 cm 5 × 2513.3 = 12 566.5 m

f C = πD = 12 567 m
22
= × 70
7 7 The perimeter of a semicircle is half the cir-
= 220 m cumference of the circle plus twice its radius, or
P = πr + 2r
C
4 a d=
π a P = πr + 2r
20 cm = π × 12.5 + 25
=
π
= 64.27 cm
= 6.4 cm
C b P = πr + 2r
b d=
π = π × 2.4 + 4.8
150 m
= = 12.34 m
π
= 47.7 cm c P = πr + 2r

c r=
C = π × 12 + 24
2π
= 61.70 mm
43.8 mm
=
2π
= 7.0 mm πr
8 a P= + 2r
2
C π× 8
d r= = +2× 8
2π 2
2010 km = 28.57 cm
=
2π
= 319.9 km

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170 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

3 11 C = 2πr
b P= × 2πr + 2r
4
3 =2×π×r
= × 2π × 14 + 2 × 14
4 =π×2×r
= 93.97 m = π × D, because D = 2r
45
c P= × 2πr + 2r
360 12 C = 2πr
45
= × 2π × 2 + 2 × 2 = 2π × 2 = 4π mm
360
C = 2πr
= 5.57 cm
= 2 × π × 18 = 36π m
C = 2πr
9 a P = 4 × πr
= 2 × π × 39 = 78π m
=4×π×2 C = πD
= 25.13 cm = π × 4 = 4π m
C = πD
b P = πr1 + πr1 + πr2
= π × 7 = 7π km
= π × 4.5 + π × 4.5+ π × 9
C = πD
= 56.55 m
= π × 5 = 5π cm
c P = πr + πr + 10 + 10
= π × 2.5 + π × 2.5 + 20 13 P = 4 × πr
= 35.71 m = 4 × π × 2 = 8π cm
P = πr1 + πr1 + πr2
10 Mick0 s C = 2πr = π × 4.5 + π × 4.5 + π × 9 = 18π m
=2×π×4 P = πr + πr + 10 + 10

= 25.1 cm = π × 2.5 + π × 2.5 + 20 = 5π + 20 m

Svneya s C = 2πr
0

= 2 × π × 3.5 14 a i C = 2πr
= 21.99 m C
r=
Andre s C = 2πr
0 2π

= 2 × π × 1.1 ii C = πD
= 6.91 m C
D=
Svneya and Andrew have incorrect measure- π
ments.

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 171

C C
b i r= ii D =
2π π
14 20
= = 2.23 m = = 6.37 cm
2π π

15 Answers will vary.

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172 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Exercise 4C
4C Building understanding
1 a i 102 = 100 mm2 Exercise 4C
ii 4 × 102 = 400 mm2 1 a i 0.137 m2 = 0.137 × 10 000 = 1370 cm2

iii 300 ÷ 100 = 3 cm2 ii 6250 cm2 = 6250 ÷ 10 000 = 0.625 m2

b i 1002 = 10 000 cm2 b i 5900 mm2 = 5900 ÷ 100 = 59 cm2

ii 7 × 1002 = 70 000 cm2 ii 49 cm2 = 49 × 100 = 4900 mm2

iii 40 000 ÷ 10 000 = 4 m2

2 a 2 cm2 = 2 × 100 = 200 mm2
c i 1000 = 1 000 000 m
2 2

b 7 m2 = 7 × 10 000 = 70 000 cm2

ii 5 × 10 = 5 000 000 mm
2 2

c 0.5 km2 = 0.5 × 1 000 000 = 500 000 m2

iii 2 500 000 ÷ 1 000 000 = 2.5 km 2

d 3 ha = 3 × 10 000 = 30 000 m2
d i 100 = 10 000 m
2 2

e 0.34 cm2 = 0.34 × 100 = 34 mm2

ii 3 × 10 000 = 30 000 m 2

f 700 cm2 = 700 ÷ 10 000 = 0.07 m2

iii 75 000 ÷ 10 000 = 7.5 m 2

g 3090 mm2 = 3090 ÷ 100 = 30.90 cm2

2 The height is always perpendicular (at right
angles) to the base. h 0.004 km2 = 0.004 × 1 000 000 = 4000 m2

a The base is 7 m; the height is 3 m. i 2000 cm2 = 2000 ÷ 10 000 = 0.2 m2

b The two perpendicular sides can be used as j 450 000 m2 = 450 000 ÷ 1 000 000 =
base and height in two ways: 0.45 km2
The base is 8 cm; the height is 6 cm; the base
k 4000 m2 = 4000 ÷ 10 000 = 0.4 ha
is 6 cm; the height is 8 cm.

c The height is the perpendicular line, which is l 3210 mm2 = 3210 ÷ 100 = 32.10 cm2
1.7 mm.
m 320 000 m2 = 320 000 × 10 000 = 32 ha
The base is 2.4 mm; even though this line does
not touch the line measured for height, it still n 0.0051 m2 = 0.0051 × 10 000 = 51 cm2
forms the base of the triangle.
o 0.043 cm2 = 0.043 × 100 = 4.3 mm2
3 By definition, 1 hectare = 10 000 m2 p 4802 cm2 = 4802 × 10 000 = 0.48 m2

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 173

q 19 040 m2 = 19040 ÷ 10 000 = 1.904 ha h Parallelogram

A = bh
r 2933 m2 = 2933 ÷ 10 000 = 0.2933 ha
= 3 × 1.5
s 0.0049 ha = 0.0049 × 10 000 = 49 m 2
= 4.5 cm2
t 0.77 ha = 0.77 × 10 000 = 7700 m2
i Parallelogram
u 2.4 ha = 2.4 × 10 000 = 24 000 m2 A = bh
= 5 × 1.2
3 a A = l2
= 6 m2
=3 2
1
= 9 cm2 j A = bh
2
1
b A = lw = × 7 × 18
2
=7×3 = 63 cm2
= 21 m2
1
k A = bh
1 2
c A = bh
2 1
= ×3×2
1 2
= × 13 × 6
2 = 3 m2
= 39 cm2
1
1 l A = bh
d A = bh 2
2 1
1 = ×3×4
= ×9×4 2
2 = 6 km2
= 18 cm2

e A = lw 1
4 a A = lw + bh
2
= 11 × 3 1
= 10 × 5 + × 10 × 4
= 33 m 2
2
= 50 + 20
f A = l2
= 70 m2
= 12 2

= 144 cm2 b A = lw + l2
= 9 × 5 + 32
g Parallelogram
A = bh = 45 + 9

= 10 × 5 = 50 m2 = 54 m2

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174 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

1 f 1 000 000 000 mm2

c A = l2 − bh
2
1 = 1 000 000 000 ÷ 10 000 000 000
= 142 − × 14 × 8
2 = 0.1 ha
= 196 − 56
= 140 cm2 6 a l2 = l1 ÷ 3
1 = 9 ÷ 3 = 3 cm
d A = bh
2 A = l1 w − l22
1
= × (16 + 10) × 7 = 9 × 6 − 32
2
1 = 54 − 9
= × 26 × 7
2 = 45 cm2
= 91 cm2
b l2 = 14 − 3 − 3 = 8
e A = lw1 − lw2
w2 = 20 − 3 − 3 = 14
= 10 × 6 − 7 × 2
A = l1 w1 − l2 w2
= 60 − 14
= 14 × 20 − 14 × 8
= 46 km2
= 168 m2
1
f A = l12 + bh + l22 c b = 15 ÷ 3 = 5 km
2
1 1 1
= 62 + × 6 × 4 + 42 A = lw − bh − bh
2 2 2
= 36 + 12 + 16 = lw − bh
= 64 mm2 = 15 × 12 − 5 × 12
= 180 − 60
5 a 0.2 m = 0.2 × 1 000 000 = 200 000 mm
2 2
= 120 km2
b 0.000043 km2 = 0.000043 × 1011
= 430 000 cm2 7 a Let the side length be x.
Area = x2 = 36
c 374 000 cm2 = 374 000 ÷ 1011 √
x = 36 = 6
= 0.00003740 km2 Side length is 6 m.

d 10 920 mm2 = 10 920 ÷ 1 000 000 b Let the side length be x.

Area = x2 = 2.25
= 0.011 m2 √
x = 2.25 = 1.5
e 0.0000002 ha = 0.0000002 × 108 Side length is 1.5 cm.
= 20 cm2

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 175

8 a Let the side length of the square be a. 1

b A=a×b+ ×b×a
P = 4 × a = 20 2
1
a = 20 ÷ 4 = 5 m = ab + × ab
2
A = 52 = 25 m2 3ab
= or 1.5 ab
2
b Let the side length of the square be a.
A = a2 = 169 m2 1
c A = a2 − ×b×a
√ 2
a = 169 = 13 m ab b
!
=a −
2
or a a −
P = 4 × a = 4 × 13 = 52 m 2 2
1
9 Area = × base × height 13 a Area of the rectangle = 24 square units
2
= 20 cm2 Use the factors of 24 as dimensions
1 Length = 24, width = 1
× 4 × height = 20
2 Length = 12, width = 2
2 × height = 20
Length = 8, width = 3
height = 20 ÷ 2
Length = 6, width = 4
= 10 cm There are four possible rectangles.

10 Area = base × height b Area of the square = 16 square units

= 26 m2 Use the square root of 16 as dimensions
Length = 4, width = 4
13 × height = 26
There is one possible square.
height = 26 ÷ 13
=2m
14 a For a rectangle of length = l, width =
w and area = A,
11 Area of rectangular wall = 6.5 × 3 A=l×w
= 19.5 m2 A
19.5 w=
Paint needed = l
10
b For a square of length = l and area = A,
= 1.95 L
A = l2
= 4 L for 2 coats of paint √
l= A
Cost of paint = 12 × 4
c For a triangle of base b, height h and area A,
= $48 1
A= ×b×h
2
12 a A = (a + 2b) × b + 2b × b
2A = b × h
= ab + 2b2 + 2b2
2A
= ab + 4b2 or b (4b + a) h=
b

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176 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

15 a i 1 sq. mile = 1.612 km2 v 1 sq. mile = 640 acres

= 2.59 km2 = 259 ha
1 acre = 0.4 ha
ii 1 sq. mile = 2.59 km2
vi 1 sq. mile = 640 acres
= 2.59 × 10002 m2
= 259 ha
= 2 590 000 m2 1 ha = 2.5 acres
iii 1 sq. mile = 2 590 000 m2 b 200 acres of land = 200 × 0.4
= 2 590 000 ÷ 10 000 = 80 ha
= 259 ha
2500
c 2500 m2 = acre
iv 1 sq. mile = 640 acres 4047
= 0.62 acre
= 2 590 000 m2
1 acre = 4047 m2 = 62%

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 177

Solutions to Exercise 4D
4D Building understanding
1 c Trapezium
1 a A= xy
2 1
A = (a + b)h
1 2
= × 5 × 12
2 1
= × (4 + 16) × 7
= 30 2
= 70 mm2
1
b A= (a + b) h
2 2 a Rhombus
1 1
= (2 + 7) × 3 A = xy
2 2
1
= 13.5 = ×5×3
2
= 7.5 cm2
2 a A perpendicular angle is 90 degrees.
b Rhombus
b The two diagonals in a kite or rhombus are 1
A = xy
perpendicular. 2
1
1 = × 11 × 22
c To find the area of a trapezium you multiply 2
2 = 121 km2
by the sum of the two parallel sides and then
by the perpendicular height. c Rhombus
1
d The two special quadrilaterals that have the A = xy
2
same area formula using diagonal lengths x 1
= × 3.1 × 6.2
and y are the kite and the rhombus. 2
= 9.61 m2
Exercise 4D
d Kite
1
1 a Rhombus A = xy
1 2
A = xy
2 1
= ×2×4
1 2
= × 10 × 8
2 = 4 cm2
= 40 cm2
e Kite
1
b Kite A = xy
1 2
A = xy
2 1
= × 20 × 30
1 2
= × 5 × 11
2 = 300 mm2
= 27.5 m2

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178 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

f Kite 1
1 c A= (a + b) h
A = xy 2
2 1
1 = (3 + 10) × 13
= × 1 × 1.8 2
2 = 84.5 cm2
= 0.9 mm2

g Trapezium 1
1 4 A= xy
A = (a + b) h 2
2 1
1 = × 60 × 90
= (7 + 17) × 8 2
2
= 2700 cm2
= 96 cm2 = 0.27 m2
h Trapezium 1
1 5 a A = l2 + (a + b)h
A = (a + b) h 2
2 1
1 = 22 + × (2 + 4) × 2
= (9 + 4) × 5 2
2 =4+6
= 32.5 m2
= 10 cm2
i Trapezium
1 1 1
A = (a + b) h b A= xy + bh
2 2 2
1 1 1
= (20 + 50) × 16 = ×8×6+ ×5×3
2 2 2
= 560 mm2 = 24 + 7.5
= 31.5 m2
1
3 a A= (a + b) h
2 1
1 6 A= xy
= (2 + 4) × 2 2
2 1
= × 8 × 14.5
= 6 cm2 2
= 58 m2
1
b A= (a + b) h Cost of landscaping = $20 per m2
2
1 = 20 × 58
= (4 + 10) × 5
2 = $1160
= 35 m2

7 Let the length of one parallel side be a; then the

other parallel side = 3a.
Height of the trapezium = 2 cm

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 179

1 We would instead use the formula for a parallel-

Area =


sum of parallel sides × height
2 ogram, which uses the base and perpendicular
1
= (a + 3a) × 2 height, since a rhombus is also a parallelogram.
2
1
= × 4a × 2
2 11 a Rhombus
= 4a A = four triangle areas

= 12 cm2 1
=4× × bh
12 2
a= 1 1 1
4 =4× × x× y
= 3 cm 2 2 2
4×1×x×y
Parallel sides are 3 cm and 9 cm. =
2×2×2
xy
=
8 a A quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides 2
is a trapezium. b Trapezium 1
A = Area triangle 1 + Area triangle 2



1
b Area =


sum of parallel sides × height
2 1 1
= × b1 × h + × b2 × h
1 2 2
= (5 + 8) × 3
2 1 1
= a×h+ b×h
= 19.5 cm2 2 2
1 1
= ah + bh
2 2
9 a Rhombus: 1
1 = (a + b) h
A = xy 2
2
1 c Trapezium 2
= × 2a × a
2 A = Area rectangle + Area triangle



= a2 1
= length × width + × base × height
b Kite: 2
1 1
A = xy =a×h+ × (b − a) × h
2 2
1 1 1
= × 2a × 3b = ah + bh − ah
2 2 2
= 3ab 1 1
= ah + bh
2 2
1
10 This formula would not be useful because x and y = (a + b) h
2
are the length of the two diagonals, which are not
marked in the diagram.
12 Answers may vary

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180 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Exercise 4E
4E Building understanding
1 a 3.14 × 10 = 31.4 c A = π × 1.52
= 7.07 mm2
b 3.14 × 4 = 12.56
22 d A = π × 52
c × 7 = 22
7 = 78.54 km2
22
d × 72 = 22 × 7 = 154 e A = π × 3.42
7
= 36.32 cm2
2 Students use a calculator to find the answers to
this question. f A = π × 1.72

a π × 52 = π × 25 = 78.54 = 9.08 m2

b π × 132 = π × 169 = 530.93 3 A = πr2

22
c π × 3.12 = π × 9.61 = 30.19 a A= × 72
7
d π × 9.82 = π × 96.04 = 301.72 = 22 × 7
= 154 cm2
3 a The diameter = 10 m, so the radius = 5 m
22
b A= × 72
b The radius = 2.3 mm 7
= 22 × 7
c The diameter = 7 km, so the radius = 3.5 km
= 154 km2

22
Exercise 4E c A= × 142
7
1 A = πr2 = 22 × 28
A = π × 52 = 616 mm2
= 78.54 cm2 d A = 3.14 × 102
2 A = πr2 = 3.14 × 100
= 314 km2
a A = π × 32
= 28.27 cm2 e A = 3.14 × 22
= 3.14 × 4
b A = π × 62
= 12.56 m2
= 113.10 m 2

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 181

f A = 3.14 × 1002 diameter = 2 × r

= 3.14 × 10 000 = 2 × 1.6 m
= 31 400 m2 = 3.2 m

4 Area of semicircle = πr2 ÷ 2 6 Diameter of pizza tray = 30 cm

Radius = 15 cm
Area of quadrant = πr2 ÷ 4
Area of pizza tray = π × 152
a A = π × 22 ÷ 4 = 707 cm2
= 3.14 cm2
7 Radius = 60 cm = 0.6 m
b A = π × 162 ÷ 4 Area = π × 0.62
= 201.06 cm2 = 1.13 m2
Yes, the area is 0.13 m2 or 1300 cm2
c A = π × 172 ÷ 4
more than 1 m2 .
= 226.98 mm2

d A = π × 52 ÷ 2 8 Diameter of oil slick = 1 km

Radius = 0.5 km
= 39.27 cm2
Area of oil slick = π × 0.52
e A = π × 1.82 ÷ 2 = 0.79 m2
The newspaper is incorrect.
= 5.09 mm2

f A = π × 82 ÷ 2 9 Radius of first plate = 12 cm

= 100.53 m 2 Area of first plate = π × 122
= 452.39 cm2
r Radius of second plate = 13 cm
A
5 a r= Area of second plate = π × 132
π
r = 530.93 cm2
35
= Difference in area = 530.93 − 452.39
π
= 3.3 cm = 78.54 cm2
r
A
b r= 10 Area of circle = π × 52
π
r = 78.54 m2
7.9
= Area of semicircle = π × 72 ÷ 2
π
= 1.6 m = 76.97 m2

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182 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Area of quadrant = π × 92 ÷ 4 b Area of quadrant = π × 72 ÷ 4

= 63.61 cm2 =
49
π
The circle has the largest area. 4

c Area of semicircle = π × 122 ÷ 2

11 Area of the square = 102 = 72π
= 100 cm 2

Area of the hole = π × 52 14 a Area of circle = π × r2

= 78.54 cm2  D 2
=π×
Area remaining = 100 − 78.54 2
= 21 cm2 πD 2
=
4

12 Radius = 2 cm π102
b Area of circle =
4
a Area = 3.14 × 22 = 25π m2
= 12.56 cm2
15 a A = π × r2 = 10
b New radius = 4 cm
Area = 3.14 × 42 r2 = 10 ÷ π
= 50.24 cm2 r = 1.78

c Area increases by 4 times as radius is doubled. b i A = π × r2 = 17

r2 = 17 ÷ π
d New radius = 6 cm
Area = 3.14 × 62 r = 2.33 m
= 113.04 cm2
ii A = π × r2 = 4.5
Area increases by 9 times as radius is tripled.
r2 = 4.5 ÷ π
e New radius = 8 cm
r = 1.20 km
Area = 3.14 × 82
= 200.96 cm2 iii A = π × r2 = 320
Area increases by 16 times as radius is r2 = 320 ÷ π
quadrupled.
r = 10.09 mm
2
f Area is multiplied by n when radius is
multiplied by n. c π × r2 = A
A
r2 =
π
13 a Area of circle = π × 92 r
A
= 81π r=
π

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 183

Solutions to Exercise 4F
4F Building understanding
180 180 × 1 1 b Angle of the sector = 360 − 55 = 305
1 a = =
360 180 × 2 2 305
A = π × r2 ×
90 90 × 1 1 360
b = = 305
360 90 × 4 4 = π × 72 ×
360
60 60 × 1 1 = 130.42 cm2
c = =
360 60 × 6 6
60
45 45 × 1 1 2 a A = π × r2 ×
d = = 360
360 45 × 8 8
60
= π × 132 ×
360
2 Students use a calculator to find the answers to
= 88.49 mm 2
this question.
30
180 b A = π × r2 ×
a × π × 22 = 6.28 360
360 30
= π × 202 ×
20 360
b × π × 72 = 8.55
360 = 104.72 mm2
210 90
c × π × 2.32 = 9.69 c A = π × r2 ×
360 360
90
= π × 2.52 ×
90 1 360
3 a =
360 4 = 4.91 cm 2

60 1 270
b = d A = π × r2 ×
360 6 360
270
120 1 = π × 5.12 ×
c = 360
360 3
= 61.28 m 2

240
e A = π × r2 ×
Exercise 4F 360
150 240
1 a A = π × r2 × = π × 11.22 ×
360 360
150 = 262.72 cm 2
= π × 42 ×
360 315
= 20.94 m 2 f A = π × r2 ×
360
315
= π × 18.92 ×
360
= 981.93 m 2

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184 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

3 a Angle of the sector = 360 − 240 = 120 c Area = Area 1 triangle + Area 2 (semicircle)


120
A = π × r2 × 1
360 = bh + (π × r2 ÷ 2)
2
120
= π × 62 × 1
360 = × 20 × 10 + (π × 102 ÷ 2)
2
= 37.70 m 2
= 100 + 157.08
b Angle of the sector = 360 − 80 = 280 = 257.08 m2
280
A = π × r2 ×
360 d Area = Area 1 rectangle − Area 2 quadrant



280
= π × 7.52 × = lw − (π × r2 ÷ 4)
360
= 137.44 m2 = 20 × 9 − (π × 92 ÷ 4)
= 180 − 63.62
c Angle of the sector = 360 − 115 = 245
245 = 116.38 mm2
A = π × r2 ×
360
e Area = Area 1 square − Area 2 (circle)


245
= π × 14.32 ×
360 = l2 − (π × r2 )
= 437.21 km 2
= 242 − (π × 122 )
= 576 − 452.39
4 a Area = Area 1 square + Area 2 (semicircle)


= 123.61 km2
= l + (π × r ÷ 2)
2 2

f Area = Area 1 square + Area 2 3 quadrants

= 52 + (π × 2.52 ÷ 2)
= 25 + 9.82 = l2 + (3 × π × r2 ÷ 4)

= 34.82 m2 = 42 + (3 × π × 42 ÷ 4)
= 16 + 37.70
b Area = Area 1 rectangle


= 53.70 m2
+ Area 2 (semicircle)
= lw + (π × r2 ÷ 2) g Area = Area 1 (circle 1) − Area 2 (circle 2)

= 2 × 3 + (π × 22 ÷ 4) = (π × r2 ) − (π × r2 )

= 6 + 3.14 = π × 52 − (π × 32 )

= 9.14 m2 = 78.54 − 28.27

= 50.27 km2

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 185

h Area = Area 1 (circle 1) − Area 2 (circle 2) 7 Area of arch = area of outer semicircle
= (π × r2 ) − (π × r2 ) − area of inner semicircle
= π × 52 − (π × 12 ) = (π × r2 ÷ 2) − (π × r2 ÷ 2)
= 78.54 − 3.14 = (π × 1202 ÷ 2) − (π × 602 ÷ 2)
= 75.40 mm2 = 22 619.47 − 5 654.89
= 16 965 cm2
i Area = Area 1 (semicircle 1)
− Area 2 (semicircle 2)
8 a Total area = area of rectangle
= (π × r2 ÷ 2) − (π × r2 ÷ 2)
= lw
= (π × 32 ÷ 2) − (π × 12 ÷ 2)
=8×4
= 14.135 − 1.57
= 32 cm2
= 12.57 cm2
Shaded area = area of the semicircle
= (π × r2 ÷ 2)
5 Angle of the sector = 100 ◦
100 = (π × 42 ÷ 2)
A = π × r2 ×
360 = 25.13 cm2
100
= π × 1.22 × % of area that is shaded =
25.13
× 100
360 32
= 1.26 m 2
= 78.5%
The wiper covers an area of 1.26 m2
b Total area = π × r2
6 The 15 cm radius pizza: = π × 32
45
A = π × r2 × = 28.27 m2
360
45 Angle of the sector = 360 − 249
= π × 152 ×
360 = 111◦
= 88.36 cm 2 Shaded area = area of quadrant
The 13 cm radius pizza: 111
60 = π × r2 ×
A = π × r2 × 360
360
111
60 = π × 32 ×
= π × 132 × 360
360
= 8.72 m 2
= 88.49 cm 2
8.72
The 13 cm radius pizza gives 0.13 cm2 or % of area that is shaded = × 100
28.27
13 mm2 more area.
= 30.8%

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186 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

c Total area = area of the square d Arch area = area of outer semicircle
= l2 − area of inner semicircle
= 7.22 = (π × r2 ÷ 2) − (π × r2 ÷ 2)
= 51.84 cm2 = (π × 102 ÷ 2) − (π × 52 ÷ 2)
Shaded area = area of square − area of quadrant = 50π − 12.5π
= 51.84 − π × r ÷ 4
2
1
= 37 π m2
= 51.84 − π × 7.22 ÷ 4 2
= 51.84 − 40.72 e Required area = area of 4 quadrants
= 11.12 cm2 + the square
11.12
% of area that is shaded = × 100 = area of circle + l2
51.84
= 21.5% = π × r 2 + l2
= π × 32 + 32

9 a Shaded area = area of quadrant = 9π + 9 cm2

90
= π × r2 × f Required area = Area 1 square


360

90 − Area 2 quadrant
= π × 22 ×
360 = l2 − (π × r2 ÷ 4)
= π cm 2
= 152 − (π × 152 ÷ 4)
40 1
b Area of quadrant = π × r2 × = 225 − 56 π km2
360 4
40
= π × 52 ×
360 10 a Total area = area of square
25
= π m2 = l2
9
= 82
c Shaded area = area of outer circle
= 64 cm2
− area of inner circle
Area of circle = π × r2
= (π × r2 ) − (π × r2 )
= π × 42
= (π × 3 ) − (π × 1 )
2 2
= 50.27 cm2
= 9π − π Percentage of area occupied by the circle
= 8π mm2 inside the square
50.27
= × 100
64
= 78.5%

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 187

b Total area = area of the square 30

11 a Area of sector AOB = π × r2 ×
360
= l2 30
= π × 52 ×
= 202 360
= 400 cm2 = 6.54 m 2

Area of circle = π × r2
b Area of triangle that fits in sector AOB
=π×r 2 1
= bh
2
= π × 102 1
= × 4.33 × 2.5
= 314.16 cm2 2
Percentage of area occupied by the circle = 5.4125 m2
inside the square Area watered outside the rectangular
314.16
= × 100 lawn on one side = 6.54 − 5.4125
400
= 78.5% = 1.1275
The percentage area occupied by the circle Area watered outside the rectangular lawn
remains the same. = 2 × 1.1275
= 2.26 m2
c % area occupied by the circle
area of the circle c Total area watered is a semicircular area
= × 100
area of the square = π × r2 ÷ 2
π × r2 = π × 52 ÷ 2
= × 100
l2
As l = 2r, area occupied by the circle = 39.27 m2
π × r2 2.26
= × 100 Wastage area = × 100
(2r)2 39.27
π × r2 = 5.8%
= × 100
4r2
= 78.5%

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188 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Exercise 4G
4G Building understanding
1 a There are six faces, all of which are squares. Area of three rectangular faces
= 10 × 12 + 10 × 5 + 10 × 13
b There are six faces; two are squares and four
are rectangles. = 300 m2
TSA = area of all five faces
c There are five faces; two are triangles and
= 300 + 30 + 30
three are rectangles.
= 360 m2

2 a This is the net for a rectangular solid, so it

matches C. 2 a Area of one square face = length2
= 22
b This is the net for a triangular prism, so it
matches A. = 4 cm2
TSA = area of all 6 square faces
c This is the net for a cube, so it matches B.
=6×4
= 24 cm2
3 a A triangular prism has two triangular ends
and three rectangular sides, so it has three b Area of one square face = length2
rectangular faces.
= 8.22
b A rectangular prism has two rectangular ends = 67.24 m2
and four rectangular sides, so it has a total of TSA = area of all six square faces
2 + 4 = 6 rectangular faces. = 6 × 67.24
c A hexagonal prism has two hexagonal = 403.44 m2
ends and six rectangular sides, so it has six
c Area of front and back faces
rectangular faces.
= length × width
d A pentagonal prism has two pentagonal =1×3
ends and five rectangular sides, so it has five
= 3 cm2
rectangular faces. Area of each side face
= length × width
Exercise 4G =2×3
1 = 6 cm2
1 Area of triangular face = bh
2 Area of top and bottom faces
1 =1×2
= × 12 × 5
2
= 2 cm2
= 30 m2

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 189

TSA = area of all six faces Area of three rectangular faces

=2×3+2×6+2×2 = 14 × 15 + 12 × 14 + 9 × 14

= 22 cm2 = 504 cm2

TSA = area of all five faces
d Area of front and back faces
= 504 + 54 + 54
= length × width
= 612 cm2
=8×4
= 32 cm2 1
g Area of triangular faces = bh
Area of each side face 2
= length × width 1
= ×6×4
2
= 12 × 4
= 12 mm2
= 48 cm2 Area of triangular bases = 12 × 2
Area of top and bottom faces
= 8 × 12 = 24 mm2
Area of three rectangular faces
= 96 cm2 =6×5+6×5+6×6
TSA = area of all six faces
= 96 mm2
= 2 × 32 + 2 × 48 + 2 × 96 TSA = area of all faces
= 352 cm2 = 96 + 24
1 = 120 mm2
e Area of triangular face = bh
2
1 h Area of front and back faces = length2
= ×4×3
2 = 32
= 6 m2
= 9 m2
Area of three rectangular faces
=6×5+6×4+6×3 Area of side faces = length × width

= 72 m2 =8×3
TSA = area of all five faces = 24 m2
Area of top and bottom faces
= 72 + 6 + 6
= length × width
= 84 m2
=8×3
1
f Area of triangular faces = bh = 24 m2
2 TSA = area of all six faces
1
= × 12 × 9 = 9 × 2 + 24 × 2 + 24 × 2
2
= 54 cm2 = 114 m2

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190 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

i Area of top and bottom faces = length2 5 TSA of each book

= 1.52 = 2 × 20 × 15 + 2 × 15 × 3 + 2 × 3 × 20

= 2.25 m2 = 810 cm2

Area of side faces = length width Total area to be covered for 1000 books = 1000 × 810

= 1.5 = 810 000 cm2

= 6.3 m2 = 81 m2
Area of front and back faces
= length × width 6 a TSA = area of rectangular face
= 1.5 × 4.2 + area of two trapezoidal faces
= 6.3 m 2
+ area of rectangular bottom
TSA = area of all six faces
+ area of rectangular top
= 2.25 × 2 + 6.3 × 2 + 6.3 × 2
+ area of rectangular back
= 29.7 m2
1
= 3 × 6 + ( × (3 + 7) 3) × 2
2
3 a Area of each parallelogram = bh +6×3+5×6+7×6
= 6 × 1.5 = 18 + 30 + 18 + 30 + 42
= 9 cm2 = 138 m2
Combined area of two ends = 2 × 9
b TSA of shape = TSA of a triangular prism
= 18 cm2 sitting on a rectangular prism
TSA of rectangular prism
b TSA = combined area of front and back
= 2 × 5 × 15 + 2 × 5 × 10 + 10 × 15
+ combined area of top and bottom
= 400 m2
+ combined area of two sides TSA of triangular prism
1
= 18 + 2 × 8 × 2 + 2 × 6 × 8 = 2 × × 8 × 6 + 6 × 15 + 8 × 15
2
= 18 + 32 + 96 = 258 m2
= 146 cm2 TSA of shape = 400 + 258
= 658 m2
4 Area of square faces = 202  
c Area of front and back = 2 × 32 + 12
= 400 cm2
The box has five faces as it does not have a lid. = 2 × 10 cm2
TSA of the box = 5 × 400 = 20 cm2
= 2000 cm2

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 191

Area of the side faces = 2 × 32 9 a i Old TSA = 6 × l2 = 6 × 12 = 6 cm2

=2×9 New TSA = 6 × l2 = 6 × 22 = 24 cm2
Area is quadrupled when length is
= 18 cm2
doubled.
Area of bottom = 32
= 9 cm2 ii Old TSA = 6 × l2 = 6 × 12 = 6 cm2
Area of top = 32 + 3 × 1 × 2 New TSA = 6 × l2 = 6 × 32 = 54 cm2
= 15 cm2 Area increases by nine times when length
TSA = 20 + 18 + 9 + 15 is increased by three times.

= 62 cm2 iii Old TSA = 6 × l2 = 6 × 12 = 6 cm2

New TSA = 6 × l2 = 6 × 42 = 96 cm2
7 Area increases by sixteen times when
1
Area of front and back = 2 × (1.52 + × 1.5 × 1.3) length is increased by four times.
2
= 2 × 3.225 b Area is increased by n2 times when length is
= 6.45 m2 increased by n times.
Area of sides = 2 × 1.5 × 2
=3×2 10 a Area of five outside faces except the top
= 5 × 402
= 6 m2
Area of bottom = 2 × 1.5 = 8000 cm2
Area of top = 402 − 362
= 3 m2
Area of roof = 2 × 2 × 1.5 = 304 cm2
Area of four exposed inside side faces
= 6 m2 = 4 × 36 × 38
TSA = 6.45 + 6 + 3 + 6
= 5472 cm2
= 21.45 m 2
Area of exposed inside bottom face
Cost = 5 × 21.45 = 362
= $107.25 = 1296 cm2
TSA of the open box
= 8000 + 304 + 5472 + 1296
8 a Area of each square face = l2
= 15 072 cm2
TSA of six square faces = 6l 2

b Area of five outside faces except the top

b Area of top and bottom = 2 × w = 2w 2 2
= 5 × 402
Area of four other sides = 4 × w × l = 4wl = 8000 cm2
TSA = 2w2 + 4wl New area of top = 402 − 382
= 156 cm2
c TSA = 2lw + 2wh + 2hl

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192 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

New area of four exposed inside side faces New TSA of the open box
= 4 × 38 × 39 = 8000 + 156 + 5928 + 1444
= 5928 cm2 = 15 528 cm2
New area of exposed inside bottom face Increase in TSA = 15 528 − 15 072
= 382
= 456 cm2
= 1444 cm 2

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 193

Solutions to Progress Quiz

1 a 6.4 m = 6.4 × 1000 mm = 6400 mm b C = πD
= π × 26
b 180 cm = 180 ÷ 100 m = 1.8 m
= 81.68 mm
c 97, 000 cm = 97000 ÷ 100 m = 970 m
970 m = 970 ÷ 1000 km = 0.97 km
5 a A = πr2
1 = π × 77
d 2 m = 2.5 × 100 cm = 250 cm
2
= 153.94 cm2

2 a P = 25 + 14 + 25 + 14 b A = πr2
= 78 cm =π×(
26 2
)
2
b P = 1 + (3 − 1) + (3 − 1) + 1.2 = 530.93 mm2
+ 3 + (1.2 + (3 − 1))
= 1 + 2 + 2 + 1.2 + 3 + 3.2 6 a 4.7 m2 = 4.7 × 1002 cm = 47, 000 cm
= 12.4 m
b 4100 mm2 = 4100 ÷ 102 cm2 = 41 cm2
c P = 12 + 16 + 16 c 5000 m2 = 5000 ÷ 10000 ha = 0.5 ha
= 44 cm
d 0.008 km2 = 0.008 × 10002 m = 8000 m2
d P=6+6+6+6+6+6+6+6
+ (6 + 6 + 6 + 6) + (6 + 6) 7 a A = 7.22
= 84 mm = 51.84 cm2

b A = 1.4 × (50 ÷ 100)

3 P= x+x+6
= 0.7 m2
24 = 2x + 6
2x = 18 1
c A= ×8×6
2
x=9
= 24 cm2

1
4 a C = 2πr d A = (15 + 26) × 8
2
= 2π × 7 = 164 m2
= 43.98 cm

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194 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

e A = (6.4 × 100) × 3.2 9 a A = Arectangle − Asemi-circle

= 2048 cm2 1 8
!2
= (6 × 8) − × π ×
2 2
f A = A1 + A2
= 22.87 cm2
= (2 × 3) + ((2 + 5) × 1.5)
= 16.5 m2 b A = Atriangle + Asemi-circle
!2
1 1 1 10
g A= ×3×2 = ×6×8+ ×π×
2 2 2 2
= 3 cm2 = 63.27 cm2

8 a A=
50
× (π × 42 ) 10 a T S A = 6 × A f ace
360
= 6 × (8 × 8)
= 6.98 cm2
= 384 cm2
50
P= × (2π × 4) + 4 + 4
360 b T S A = 2 × (6 × 4 + 12 × 6 + 12 × 4)
= 11.49 cm
= 288 cm2
90
b A= × (π × 62 ) 1
360 c Atriangle = × 4 × 7 = 14
2
= 28.27 cm2
T S A = 2 × 14 + 6.5 × 5.32
90
P= × (2π × 6) + 6 + 6 + 6.5 × 5.32 + 6.5 × 7
360
= 21.42 cm = 142.66 cm2

360 − 60
c A= × (π × 2.52 )
360
= 16.36 cm2
360 − 60
P= × (2π × 2.5) + 2.5 + 2.5
360
= 18.09 cm

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 195

Solutions to Exercise 4H
4H Building understanding
1 a 2 × 4 × 3 = 24 cubic units e Volume = 20 × 4 × 4

b 3×2+2×2+1×2=6+4+2 = 320 mm3

= 12 cubic units f Volume = 2 × 2 × 6

c 3 × 5 × 3 + 3 × 3 × 3 = 45 + 27 = 24 m3

= 72 cubic units
3 a 2 L = 2 × 1000 = 2000 mL
2 a 1 L = 1000 mL
b 5 kL = 5 × 1000 = 5000 L
b 1 kL = 1000 L
c 0.5 ML = 0.5 × 1000 = 500 kL
c 1000 kL = 1 ML
d 3000 mL = 3000 ÷ 1000 = 3 L
d 1 mL = 1 cm3
e 4 mL = 4 cm3
e 1000 cm3 = 1 L
f 50 cm3 = 50 mL
f 1 m3 = 1000 L
g 2500 cm3 = 2500 ÷ 1000 = 2.5 L

h 5.1 L = 5.1 × 1000 = 5100 cm3

Exercise 4H
1 Volume = 5 × 3 × 10 4 V = lwh
= 150 m3

a Volume = 40 × 30 × 20
2 V = lwh = 24 000 cm3

a Volume = 3 × 6 × 2 Capacity = 24 000 mL = 24 L

= 36 cm3 b Volume = 60 × 10 × 70

b Volume = 5 × 4 × 1 = 42 000 cm3

= 20 m3 Capacity = 42 000 mL = 42 L

c Volume = 3 × 3 × 3 c Volume = 30 × 30 × 30

= 27 mm3 = 27 000 cm3

Capacity = 27 000 mL = 27 L
d Volume = 4 × 4 × 4
= 64 km3

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196 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

d Volume = 3 × 2 × 3 b Volume in ML = 500 000 ÷ 1 000

= 18 m3 = 500 ML
Capacity = 18 kL = 18 000 L
8 Volume of cube = 2 × 2 × 2
e Volume = 6 × 4 × 1
= 8 m3
= 24 m3
= 8 kL
Capacity = 24 kL = 24 000 L
= 8000 L
f Volume = 0.5 × 0.8 × 0.9 1 L has a mass of 1 kg.
8000 L will have a mass of 8000 kg.
= 0.36 m3
Capacity = 0.36 kL = 360 L
9 The possible dimensions will be the three factors
that multiply to give the final volume.
5 a i 60 000 m3 = 60 000 000 L
a Volume = 12 cubic units :
ii 60 000 m3 = 60 000 kL
1 unit, 1 unit, 12 units
iii 60 000 m3 = 60 ML 1 unit, 2 units, 6 units

b Leakage per day = 300 000 L 1 unit, 3 units, 4 units

Time required to leak 60 000 000 L 2 units, 2 units, 3 units
= 60 000 000 ÷ 300 000 days
b Volume = 30 cubic units :
= 200 days
1 unit, 1 unit, 30 units
1 unit, 2 units, 15 units
6 Volume = 1.2 × 1 × 0.8
1 unit, 3 units, 10 units
= 0.96 m3
1 unit, 5 units, 6 units
= 0.96 kL
2 units, 3 units, 5 units
= 960 L
Tank is filled at 2 L every 10 seconds.
c Volume = 47 cubic units :
It will take 960 ÷ 2 = 480 × 10
1 unit, 1 unit, 47 units
= 4800 seconds
= 80 minutes to fill the tank
10 No three whole numbers, when multiplied
together, give 46 as the product.
7 a Volume = 50 × 40 × 250 So the rectangular prism with volume 46 cm3
= 500 000 m3 cannot have whole numbers for all of its length,
width and height.

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 197

11 A capacity less than 1 L is the same as a capacity 1

ii Area of triangle face = base × height
of less than 1000 mL or 1000 cm3 . 2
1
So
√3 any cube with a side length less than = ×3×2
100 = 10 cm will have a capacity of less than 1 2
litre. = 3 square units
Since the cube must have a side length that is Height of the prism = 4 units
a whole number of centimetres, there are nine Volume of the prism = 4 × 3
possible lengths: 1 cm, 2 cm, . . ., 8 cm, 9 cm.
= 12 cubic units

1
12 a The base layer has 4 × 5 × 1 = 20 cubes. b i Area of triangle face = base × height
2
b The area of the base is 4 × 5 × 1 = 20 square 1
= × 10 × 4
units. 2
= 20 cm2
c They are equal. Height of the prism = 8 cm
The top face of each cube has an area of 1
Volume of the prism = 20 × 8
square unit. So 20 cubes have an area (for one
face) of 20 square units. = 160 cm3

1
d The total number of cubes occupying the ii Area of triangle face = base × height
space will be the volume of the rectangular 2
1
prism. = ×7×5
2
Total number of cubes
= 17.5 m2
= number of cubes at the base
Height of the prism = 8 m
× the number of layers
Volume of the prism = 17.5 × 8
= 20 × 3
= 140 m3
= 60
So volume = 60 1
iii Area of triangle face = base × height
2
= area × height 1
= ×1×2
e Yes, because the order in which you multiply 2
the three numbers does not affect the answer. = 1 cm2
Height of the prism = 2 cm

13 a i Two triangles together can make a Volume of the prism = 1 × 2

rectangle. = 2 cm3
Two of these triangular prisms can make a
rectangular prism.

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198 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

iv Area of trapezium face Area of top face = 18 + 6

=
1

sum of parallel sides × height = 24 mm2
2 Height of the prism = 2 mm
1 Volume of the prism = 24 × 2
= (2 + 5) × 4
2
= 48 mm3
= 14 m2
Height of the prism = 8 m vi Area of side face (base of prism) = area of
square – area of triangle
Volume of the prism = 14 × 8
Area of square = 52
= 112 m3
= 25 cm2
v Area of top face (base of prism) 1
Area of triangle = × 4 × 3
= area of rectangle + area of triangle 2
Area of rectangle = length × width = 6 cm2
=6×3 Area of side face = 25 − 6

= 18 mm2 = 19 cm2
1 Height of the prism = 9 cm
Area of triangle = base × height Volume of the prism = 19 × 9
2
1 = 171 cm3
= ×3×4
2
= 6 mm2

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 199

Solutions to Exercise 4I
4I Building understanding
1 a i This is a prism, because the area of the Exercise 4I
base is the same as a cross-section of the
1 a V = Ah
solid.
=6×2
ii The cross-section is a rectangle.
= 12 cm3
b i This is a prism, because the area of the
b V = Ah
base is the same as a cross-section of the
solid. = area of triangle × h
1
ii The cross-section is a triangle. = base × height × 14
2
1
c i This is not a prism, because the area of the = × 9 × 5 × 14
2
base is not the same as a cross-section of
= 315 m3
the solid.

d i This is not a prism, because the area of the 2 a V = Ah

base is not the same as a cross-section of
the solid. = 4 × 11
= 44 m3
e i This is a prism, because the area of the
base is the same as a cross-section of the b V = Ah
solid. = 20 × 8
ii The cross-section is a square. = 160 cm3

f i This is not a prism, because the area of the c V = Ah

base is not the same as a cross-section of = 32 × 11
the solid.
= 352 mm3

2 a A = 8 cm2
3 a V = Ah
h = 2 cm
= area of a triangle × h
b A = 6 m2 1
= base × height × 10
h = 1.5 m 2
1
= × 8 × 5 × 10
c A = 12 mm2 2
= 200 cm3
h = 10 mm

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200 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

b V = Ah f V = Ah
= area of a triangle × h = area of a trapezium × h
1 1
= base × height × 3 =(


sum of parallel sides × height) × 6
2 2
1 1
= ×5×2×3 = ( (7 + 3) × 2) × 6
2 2
= 15 m3 = 10 × 6
= 60 m3
c V = Ah
= area of a square × h
4 a V = Ah
= length2 × 20
= area of a circle × h
= 72 × 20
= π × r2 × h
= 980 cm 3

= π × 52 × 10
d V = Ah = 785.40 m3
= area of a parallelo gram × h
b V = Ah
= base × height × 6
= area of a circle × h
=2×5×6
= π × r2 × h
= 60 m3
= π × 102 × 40
e V = Ah = 12566.37 mm3
= area of a trapezium × h
c V = Ah
1
=(


sum of parallel sides × height) × 12
2 = area of a circle × h
1 = π × r2 × h
= ( (4 + 11) × 3) × 12
2
= π × 22 × 20
= 22.5 × 12
= 251.33 cm3
= 270 mm3
d V = Ah
= area of a circle × h
= π × r2 × h
= π × 72 × 50
= 7696.90 cm3

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 201

e V = Ah 5 a V = Ah
= area of a circle × h = area of the circular base × h
= π × r2 × h = π × r2 × h
= π × 72 × 3 = π × 1.52 × 2
= 461.81 m3 = 14.14 m3

f V = Ah b Capacity of the tank = 14.14 kL

= area of a circle × h = 14 140 L
= π × r2 × h
= π × 3.52 × 10 6 a Volume of the rectangularwater tank

= 384.85 m3 = length × width × height

=3×1×2
g V = Ah
= 6 m3
= area of a circle × h Volume of the cylindrical water tank
= π × r2 × h = area of circular base × height
= π × 52 × 15 = π × r2 × h
= 1178.10 m3 = π × 12 × 2
= 6.28 m3
h V = Ah The cylindrical tank has greater volume.
= area of a circle × h
b Volume of rectangular water tank
= π × r2 × h = 6 kL = 6000 L
= π × 1.62 × 0.3 Volume of cylindrical water tank
= 6.28 kL = 6280 L
= 2.41 cm3
Difference in volume = 280 L
i V = Ah
= area of a circle × h 7 Volume of each cylindrical water bottle
= area of circular base × height
= π × r2 × h
= π × r2 × h
= π × 5.6 × 17.6
2
= π × 42 × 20
= 1733.96 km 3
= 1005.31 cm3
Capacity of each bottle = 1005 mL
= 1.005 L
Three bottles can be filled completely from the
4 L water container. A fourth bottle would be
almost but not quite full.

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202 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

8 Volume of each liquorice cube = 23 c V = π × r2 × h

= 8 cm3 = π × 42 × 9
Volume of 80 liquorice cubes = 8 × 80 = 144π mm3
= 640 cm3
Volume of cylindrical glass jar = π × r2 × h d V = π × r2 × h

= π × 52 × 12 = π × 3.52 × 20

= 942.48 cm3 = 245π m3

Air space in the glass jar = 942.48 − 640
= 302.48 cm3 11 V = π × r2 × h = 100 cm3
r2 × h = 31.83
9 a Volume of trapezoidal pool Let r be 2 cm: 22 × h = 31.83

= area of trapezium × height of prism h = 7.96 cm

Let r be 5 cm: 5 × h = 31.83
2
1
=(


sum of parallel sides × height)
2 h = 1.27 cm
× height of prism
1 12 Volume of cube with side length of x = x3
= ( (3 + 4) × 2) × 8
2 Volume of cylinder with radius x and height
=7×8 h = π × r2 × h
= 56 m3 = πx2 h
Capacity of trapezoidal pool = 56 kL As volume of cube = volume of cylinder,
x3 = πx2 h
= 56 000 L
x = πh
b The pool is filled at 1000 L per hour.
It will take 56 000 ÷ 1000 = 56 hours to fill
the pool. 13 a Volume of solid
= volume of cube + volume of cylinder
10 a V = π × r2 × h = 23 + π × 12 × 2
= π × 22 × 5 = 8 + 6.28
= 20π m3 = 14.28 cm3

b V = π × r2 × h 1
b Volume of solid = × volume of cylinder
2
= π × 102 × 3 1
= × π × 2.52 × 10
= 300π cm3 2
= 98.17 mm3

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 203

c Volume of solid e Volume of the solid

= volume of rectangular prism = volume of rectangular prism
1
+ volume of cylinder + volume of triangular prism
4 1
1 = 8 × 10 × 8 + × 8 × 4 × 10
= 15 × 5 × 11 + π × 52 × 15 2
4
= 640 + 160
= 825 + 294.52
= 800 m3
= 1119.52 cm 3

f Volume of the solid

d Volume of solid
= volume of rectangular prism
= volume of outer cylinder − volume
1
of inner cylinder + volume of cylinder
2
= π × 12 × 4 − π × 0.542 × 4 1
= 24 × 24 × 8 + π × 122 × 24
2
= 12.57 − 3.66
= 4608 + 5428.67
= 8.91 m3
= 10 036.67 m3

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204 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Exercise 4J
4J Building understanding
1 a A single heartbeat occurs about once every Exercise 4J
second.
1 a i 5 days = 5 × 24 = 120 hours
Answer: F
120 hours = 120 × 60 = 7200 minutes
b If you work an 8-hour day, 40 hours of work
ii 2880 minutes = 2880 ÷ 60 = 48 hours
takes 5 days, which is close to a week.
Answer: D 48 hours = 48 ÷ 24 = 2 days
b i 54 months = 54 ÷ 12 = 4.5 years
c A university lecture, like a class at some high
schools, usually goes for about one hour. ii 2.25 years = 2.25 × 12 = 27 months
Answer: A
2 a 3 hours = 3 × 60 = 180 minutes
d Most term deposit at major banks last for one
or more years. b 10.5 minutes = 10.5 × 60 = 630 seconds
Answer: E
c 240 seconds = 240 ÷ 60 = 4 minutes
e It takes about one minute for a good runner to d 90 minutes = 90 ÷ 60 = 1.5 hours
run 200 metres.
Answer: B e 6 days = 6 × 24 = 144 hours

f A flight from Australia to the UK takes nearly f 72 hours = 72 ÷ 24 = 3 days

a day. g 1 week = 1 × 7 = 7 days
Answer: C
7 days = 7 × 24 = 168 hours

2 a 2 × 60 = 120 seconds h 1 day = 1 × 24 = 24 hours

b 180 ÷ 60 = 3 minutes 24 hours = 24 × 60 = 1440 minutes

c 120 ÷ 60 = 2 hours i 14 400 seconds = 14 400 ÷ 60 = 240 minutes

240 minutes = 240 ÷ 60 = 4 hours
d 4 × 60 = 240 minutes
j 20 160 minutes = 20 160 ÷ 60 = 336 hours
e 3 × 24 = 72 hours
336 hours = 336 ÷ 24 = 14 days
f 35 ÷ 7 = 5 weeks 14 days = 14 ÷ 7 = 2 weeks

1 k 2 weeks = 2 × 7 = 14 days
3 a 6:30 pm is 6 hours after 12:00 noon.
2 14 days = 14 × 24 = 336 hours
1 336 hours = 336 × 60 = 20 160 minutes
b 3:30 pm is 4 hours after 11:00 am.
2

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 205

l 24 hours = 24 × 60 = 1440 minutes 3

f 1:25 pm−1 hours
4
1440 minutes = 1440 × 60 = 86 400 seconds
= 1:25 pm − 1 hour 45 minutes
m 5000 milliseconds = 5000 ÷ 1000 = 5 seconds = 1:00 pm − 1 hour 20 minutes

n 2500000 microseconds = 2500000 ÷ 106 = = 12:00 pm − 20 minutes

2.5 seconds = 11:40 am

o 7000000000 ns = 7000000000 ÷ 109 =

7 seconds 4 a 1:30 pm = 1200 + 0130 = 1330 hours

p 0.4 seconds = 0.4 × 1000 = 400 milliseconds b 8:15 pm = 1200 + 0715 = 2015 hours

q 0.0000027 seconds = 0.0000027 × 106 = c 10:23 am = 1023 hours

2.7 microseconds
d 11:59 pm = 1200 + 1159 = 2359 hours
r 0.000000003 seconds = 0.000000003 × 109 =
e 0630 hours = 6:30 am
3 nanoseconds
f 1300 hours = 1300 − 1200 = 1:00 pm
3 a 2:30 pm + 4 hours = 6:30 pm
g 1429 hours = 1429 − 1200 = 2:29 pm
b 7:00 pm − 10 hours = 12:00 − 3 hours
h 1938 hours = 1938 − 1200 = 7:38 pm
= 9:00 am
i 2351 hours − 2351 − 1200 = 11:51 pm
1 1
c 10:00 pm − 3 hours = 7:00 pm − hour
2 2
= 6:30 pm 5 a 1:32 pm is later than 1:30 pm, so it rounds to
2:00 pm.
1 1
d 9:00 am + 7 hours = 12:00 pm + 4 hours b 5:28 am is earlier than 5:30 am, so it rounds to
2 2
= 4 : 30 pm 5:00 am.

1 c 1219 hours is earlier than 1230 hours, so it

e 11:15 am + 6 hours = 11:30 am + 6 hours rounds to 1200 hours.
4
= 12:30 pm + 5 hours
d 1749 hours is later than 1730 hours, so it
= 5:30 pm rounds to 1800 hours.

6 a 10:30 am + 2 hours = 12:30 pm

12:30 pm + 50 min = 1:20 pm
2 hours 50 minutes

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206 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

b 9:10 am + 6 hours = 3:10 pm e Argentina is three hours behind UTC.

3:10 pm + 20 min = 3:30 pm So it is 7:00 am in Argentina when it is
10.00 am UTC.
6 hours 20 minutes
f Peru is five hours behind UTC.
c 2:37 pm + 2 hours = 4:37 pm So it is 5:00 am in Peru when it is
4:37 pm + 44 minutes = 5:21 pm 10:00 am UTC.
2 hours 44 minutes
g Alaska (the far north-west of the United
States) is nine hours behind UTC.
d 10:42 pm + 8 hours = 6:42 am
So it is 1:00 am in Alaska when it is 10:00 am
6:42 am + 50 minutes = 7:32 am UTC.
8 hours 50 minutes
h Portugal is part of the UTC zone.
e 1451 hours + 0800 = 2251 hours So it is 10:00 am in Portugal when it is
10:00 am UTC.
2251 hours + 0019 = 2310 hours
8 hours 19 minutes
8 Victoria is in the eastern zone of Australia.
f 1940 hours + 1000 = 0540 hours
a England is 10 hours behind Victorian time.
0540 hours + 0049 = 0629 hours So it is 5:30 am in England when it is 3:30 pm
10 hours 49 minutes in Victoria.
b Libya is 8 hours behind Victorian time.
7 a Spain is one hour ahead of UTC. So it is 7:30 am in Libya when it is 3:30 pm in
So it is 11:00 am in Spain when it is 10:00 am Victoria.
UTC.
c Sweden is 9 hours behind Victorian time.
b Turkey is two hours ahead of UTC. So it is 6:30 am in Sweden when it is 3:30 pm
So it is 12:00 noon in Turkey when it is in Victoria.
10:00 am UTC. d Perth is 2 hours behind Victorian time.
So it is 1:30 pm in Perth when it is 3:30 pm in
c The east coast of Australia is 10 hours ahead
Victoria.
of UTC.
So it is 8:00 pm in Tasmania when it is e Japan is 1 hour behind Victorian time.
10:00 am UTC. So it is 2:30 pm in Japan when it is 3:30 pm in
Victoria.
1
d The central region of Australia is 9 hours
2 f Central Greenland is 13 hours behind
ahead of UTC.
Victorian time.
So it is 7:30 pm in Darwin when it is
So it is 2:30 am in central Greenland
10:00 am UTC.
when it is 3:30 pm in Victoria.

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 207

g Alice Springs is half an hour behind Victorian 13 Janelle0 s total travel time
time. = 8 h 36 m + 2 h 20 m + 12 h 19 m
So it is 3:00 pm in Alice Springs when it is
33:30 pm in Victoria. = (8 + 2 + 12) h and (36 + 20 + 19) min
= 22 h and 75 min
h New Zealand is 2 hours ahead of Victorian
time. = 23 hours and 15 minutes
So it is 5:30 pm in New Zealand when it is
3:30 pm in Victoria.
14 a Cost of a 70s call
= 11c for first 30 s + 11c for second 30 s
9 Use the map to determine the time difference.
+ 11c for the last 10 s
a There is a 5 hour difference between England = 33c
and Kazakhstan.
b Length of call = 6 m 20 s
b There is a 2.5 hour difference between
= 380 s
South Australia and New Zealand.
2
There are 380 ÷ 30 = 12 30 s flagfalls.
c There is an 8 hour difference between 3
This rounds up to 13 flagfalls,
Queensland and Egypt. costing 13 × 11 = 143 cents

d There is a 6 hour difference between = $1.43

Peru and Angola.
15 40 weeks = 40 × 5 = 200 days
e There is a 7 hour difference between
Mexico and Germany. = 200 × 10 = 2000 hours
= 2000 × 60 = 120 000 min
10 108 − 52 = 56 million years = 120 000 × 60 = 7 200 000 s

a Earnings per day = 180 000 ÷ 200

11 Total time taken
= $900
= 4 m 32 s + 7 min 19 s + 5 min 37 s
= (4 + 7 + 5) min and (32 + 19 + 37) s b Earnings per hour = 180 000 ÷ 2000
= 16 min and 88 s = $90
= 17 minutes and 28 seconds
c Earning per minute = 180 000 ÷ 120 000
= $1.50
12 8:09 am + 7 hours = 3:09 pm
3:09 pm + 28 minutes = 3:37 pm d Earning per seconds = 180 000 ÷ 7 200 000

Adrian is at school for 7 hours and 28 min. = 2.5 cents

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208 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

16 England is 10 hours behind. b 1 day = 24 hours

The match finishes at 4:30 pm EST, which is = 24 × 60
6:30 am in England.
= 1440 minutes
You would multiply by 1440.
17 Use the time zone map to determine the time
difference. c You multiply by 3600 to convert hours to
seconds, so you divide by 3600 to convert
a Italy is 7 hours behind Perth. seconds to hours.
So it is 8:00 am on 29 March in Italy.
d You multiply by 1440 to convert days to
b Alaska is 17 hours behind Perth.
minutes, so you divide by 1440 to convert
So it is 10:00 pm on 28 March in Alaska
minutes to days.
c Chile is 12 hours behind Perth.
So it is 3:00 am on 29 March in Chile.
22 2 years = 2 × 365 = 730 days
Every 7th day is another Wednesday.
18 Monty departs Brisbane at 5:00 pm on 20 April. 730 ÷ 7 = 104 remainder 2, so it will be the 104th
At the end of the 20 hour flight, the time in Wednesday and 2 more days, which is a Friday.
Brisbane is 1:00 pm on 21 April.
London is 10 hours behind Brisbane.
23 a We gain time because Europe is in an earlier
So his time of arrival in London is
time zone that is behind Australia.
1:00 pm − 10 hours = 3:00 am on 21 April.
b We lose time because Australia is in a later
19 Elsa departs Johannesburg at 6:30 am on 25 time zone that is behind Germany.
October.
c The date goes back by one day because you
At the end of the 11 hour flight, the time in
are flying directly into a much earlier time
Johannesburg is 5:30 pm on 25 October.
zone.
Perth is 6 hours ahead of South Africa.
So her time of arrival in Perth is
5:30 pm + 6 hours = 11:30 pm on 24 a i Four states – New South Wales,
25 October. Victoria, South Australia and
Tasmania – and the Australian Capital
20 365 days = 365 ÷ 7 weeks Territory.

= 52.14 weeks ii Answers will vary.

b Answers will vary.

21 a 1 hour = 60 minutes
= 60 × 60 c The time difference between NSW and Greece
is normally 12 hours. Under daylight savings,
= 3600 seconds
You would multiply by 3600. the NSW clock is set back one hour, so the
time difference is then 11 hours.
© Cambridge University Press 2020
 Chapter 4 worked solutions 209

Solutions to Exercise 4K
4K Building understanding
1 a 32 = 3 × 3 = 9 4 The longest side of a right-angled triangle is
always the one opposite the right angle.
b 52 = 5 × 5 = 25
a c is the longest side.
c 122 = 12 × 12 = 144
b x is the longest side.
d 1.52 = 1.5 × 1.5 = 2.25
c u is the longest side.
e 22 + 42 = (2 × 2) + (4 × 4)
= 4 + 16 Exercise 4K
= 20 1 a No, 32 + 42 , 62
f 32 + 72 = (3 × 3) + (7 × 7) b No, 22 + 42 , 52
= 9 + 49
c Yes, 52 + 122 = 132
= 58

g 62 + 112 = (6 × 6) + (11 × 11) 2 a Yes, 92 + 122 = 152

= 36 + 121
b Yes, 82 + 152 = 172
= 157
c No, 22 + 52 , 62
h 122 + 152 = (12 × 12) + (15 × 15)
d Yes, 92 + 402 = 412
= 144 + 225
= 369 e No, 102 + 122 , 202

f No, 42 + 92 , 122
2 a False : 22 + 32 = 4 + 9
= 13 , 42 3
a b c a2 b2 a2 + b2 c2
b True : 6 + 8 = 36 + 64
2 2
3 4 5 9 16 25 25
= 100 = 102 6 8 10 36 64 100 100
8 15 17 64 225 289 289
c False : 62 − 32 = 36 − 9
a a2 + b2 and c2 give the same results.
= 27 , 22
b i c2 = a2 + b2
3 The hypotenuse is the longest side of a = 4 + 9 = 13
right-angled triangle.

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210 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

ii c2 = a2 + b2 7 Answers will vary, as there are 50 Pythagorean

= 7 + 13 = 20 triples that use whole numbers less than 100.
Here are all 50 triples:
c i a2 + b2 = c2 (3, 4, 5) (6, 8, 10) (5, 12, 13)
(9, 12, 15) (8, 15, 17) (12, 16, 20)
= 25
(7, 24, 25) (15, 20, 25) (10, 24, 26)
ii a2 + b2 = c2 (20, 21, 29) (18, 24, 30) (16, 30, 34)
(12, 35, 37) (21, 28, 35) (9, 40, 41)
= 110 (15, 36, 39) (24, 32, 40) (27, 36, 45)
(14, 48, 50) (24, 45, 51) (30, 40, 50)
4 c2 = a2 + b2 (20, 48, 52) (28, 45, 53) (33, 44, 55)
(11, 60, 61) (40, 42, 58) (16, 63, 65)
a 52 = 32 + 42 (36, 48, 60) (25, 60, 65) (33, 56, 65)
(39, 52, 65) (32, 60, 68) (21, 72, 75)
b 172 = 82 + 152 (24, 70, 74) (42, 56, 70) (48, 55, 73)
(18, 80, 82) (45, 60, 75) (30, 72, 78)
c 152 = 92 + 122
(13, 84, 85) (48, 64, 80) (36, 77, 85)
d 132 = 52 + 122 (40, 75, 85) (51, 68, 85) (39, 80, 89)
(60, 63, 87) (35, 84, 91) (54, 72, 90)
e 412 = 402 + 92 (57, 76, 95) (65, 72, 97)

f 6.52 = 62 + 2.52
8 a For the triangle to be a right-angled triangle, it
must obey Pythagoras’ theorem.
5 c2 = a2 + b2 c2 = a2 + b2

a x2 = a2 + b2 152 = 92 + 122
225 = 81 + 144
b d2 = a2 + b2
225 = 225
c x =d +h
2 2 2 So it is a right-angled triangle.

b For the triangle to be a right-angled triangle, it

6 a a = 20 m, b = 30 m, c = 40 m must obey Pythagoras’ theorem.
c2 = 402 = 1600 c2 = a2 + b2

a2 = 202 = 400; b2 = 302 = 900 22 = 12 + 12

a2 + b2 = 400 + 900 4=1+1

= 1300, which is not equal to c2 4 = 2, which is not true.
So a2 + b2 , c2 So it is not a right-angled triangle.

b No, as it does not satisfy Pythagoras’ theorem.

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 211

c For the triangle to be a right-angled triangle, it 9 a c2 − b2 = a2

must obey Pythagoras’ theorem.
c2 = a2 + b2 b c2 − a2 = b2
√
52 = 22 + 32 c c = a2 + b2
25 = 4 + 9
25 = 13, which is not true. 10 c2 = a2 + b2
So it is not a right-angled triangle.
= x2 + x2
d For the triangle to be a right-angled triangle, it = 2x2
must obey Pythagoras’ theorem.
c2 = a2 + b2
11 a Area of inside square = c2
17 = 8 + 15
2 2 2
Area of4outside triangles
289 = 64 + 225 1
=4× × base × height
289 = 289 2
So it is a right-angled triangle. 1
=4× ×a×b
2
e For the triangle to be a right-angled triangle, it = 2ab
must obey Pythagoras’ theorem. Total area of outside square = (a + b)2
c2 = a2 + b2
= a2 + 2ab + b2
8 =5 +6
2 2 2
Area of inside square
64 = 25 + 36 = area outside square

64 = 61, which is not true. − area of 4 triangles

So it is not a right-angled triangle.  
= a2 + 2ab + b2 − 2ab
f For the triangle to be a right-angled triangle, it
= a2 + b2
must obey Pythagoras’ theorem.
Hence c2 = a2 + b2
c2 = a2 + b2
412 = 92 + 402 b Answers will vary.
1681 = 81 + 1600
1681 = 1681
So it is a right-angled triangle.

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212 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Exercise 4L
4L Building understanding
√
1 a Yes: 3 × 3 = 9, so 9=3 b c2 = a2 + b2
= 62 + 112
b No
= 36 + 121
c No
= 157
√ √
d Yes: 11 × 11 = 121, so 121 = 11 c = 157 = 12.53
2 Use a calculator to determine the answer.
√ 2 a c2 = a2 + b2
a 10 = 3.16
= 32 + 42
√
b 26 = 5.10 = 9 + 16
√
c 65 = 8.06 = 25
√
c = 25 = 5
3 a c2 = a2 + b2
= 52 + 122 b c2 = a2 + b2
= 169 = 72 + 242
√
∴ c = 169 = 49 + 576
= 13 = 625
√
c = 625 = 25
b c2 = a2 + b2
= 92 + 402 c c2 = a2 + b2
= 1681 = 92 + 402
√
∴ c = 1681 = 81 + 1600
= 41 = 1681
√
c = 1681 = 41
Exercise 4L
d c2 = a2 + b2
1 a c2 = a2 + b2
= 122 + 162
= 52 + 122
= 144 + 256
= 25 + 144
= 400
= 169
√
√ c = 400 = 20
c = 169 = 13

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 213

e c2 = a2 + b2 d c2 = a2 + b2
= 362 + 272 = 32 + 12
= 1296 + 729 =9+1
= 2025 = 10
√ √
c = 2025 = 45 c = 10 = 3.16

f c2 = a2 + b2 e c2 = a2 + b2
= 602 + 112 = 2.52 + 3.52
= 3600 + 121 = 6.25 + 12.25
= 3721 = 18.50
√ √
c = 3721 = 61 c = 18.50 = 4.30

f c2 = a2 + b2
3 a c =a +b
2 2 2
= 192 + 322
=6 +7
2 2
= 361 + 1024
= 36 + 49
= 1385
= 85 √
√ c = 1385 = 37.22
c = 85 = 9.22

b c2 = a2 + b2 4 Length of the cut can be calculated by using

Pythagoras’ theorem.
= 52 + 22
c2 = a2 + b2
= 25 + 4
= 32 + 12
= 29
√ =9+1
c = 29 = 5.39
= 10
√
c c2 = a2 + b2 c = 10
= 42 + 42 = 3.162 m = 316 cm
= 16 + 16
= 32 5 Size of the television screen can be calculated by
√ using Pythagoras’ theorem.
c = 32 = 5.66

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214 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

c2 = a2 + b2 9 a To be a right-angled triangle, it has to satisfy

= 1202 + 702 c2 = a2 + b2
32 = 12 + 22
= 14 400 + 4 900
9=1+4
= 19 300
√ 9 = 5, which is not true
c = 19 300 So it is not a right-angled triangle.
= 138.92 cm = 139 cm
b To be a right-angled triangle, it has to satisfy
c2 = a2 + b2
6 Diagonal of the right-angled triangle can be 102 = 82 + 52
found using the Pythagoras’ theorem.
100 = 64 + 25
c2 = a2 + b2
100 = 89, which is not true
= 22 + 1.52 So it is not a right-angled triangle.
= 4 + 2.25
c To be a right-angled triangle, it has to satisfy
= 6.25
√ c2 = a2 + b2
c = 6.25 = 2.5 km 242 = 122 + 212
Total distance travelled by the bushwalker
576 = 144 + 441
= 3 + 2.5 = 5.5 km
576 = 585, which is not true
So it is not a right-angled triangle.
7 Length of the straw in the glass can be calculated
by using Pythagoras’ theorem.
c2 = a2 + b2 10 a c2 = a2 + b2

= 142 + 82 = 22 + 32

= 196 + 64 =4+9

= 260 = 13
√ √
c = 260 = 16.12 cm c = 13 = 3.61 m
Length of straw outside the glass = 20 − 16.12 Perimeter of shape = 2 + 3 + 3.61

= 3.88 cm = 8.61 m

b c2 = a2 + b2
8 a The second
√2 line is incorrect: = 182 + 102
2 + 3 , 22 + 32
= 324 + 100
b The second line is incorrect: = 424
72 , 32 + 42 √
c = 424 = 20.59 cm
c The last line is incorrect:
√ Perimeter of shape = 18 + 10 + 20.59
it should say c = 29
= 48.59 cm

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 Chapter 4 worked solutions 215

c c2 = a2 + b2 f c2 = a2 + b2
= 22 + 72 = 22 + 22
= 4 + 49 =4+4
= 53 =8
√ √
c = 53 = 7.28 cm c = 8 = 2.83 m
Perimeter of shape = 4 + 7.28 + 7.28 Perimeter of shape =
3
× 2π × 2 + 2.83
4
= 18.56 cm
= 12.25 m
d c2 = a2 + b2
= 12 + 42
= 1 + 16
= 17
√
c = 17 = 4.12 mm
Perimeter of shape = 6 + 8 + 4.12 + 4.12
= 22.24 mm

e c2 = a2 + b2
= 52 + 52
= 25 + 25
= 50
√
c = 50
= 7.07 m
1
Perimeter of shape = × 2π × 5 + 7.07
4
= 14.92 m

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216 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Exercise 4M
4M Building understanding
1 a a2 = 16 f a2 + 6 = 31
√
a = 16 a2 + 6 − 6 = 31 − 6
=4 a2 = 25
√
a = 25
b a2 + 16 = 25
=5
a2 + 16 − 16 = 25 − 16
a2 = 9
√ 2 a a2 + b2 = c2
a= 9
a2 + 92 = 152
=3
a2 + 81 = 225
c a2 + 36 = 100 a2 = 144
√
a2 + 36 − 36 = 100 − 36 a = 144
a2 = 64 = 12
√
a = 64
b a2 + b2 = c2
=8
72 + b2 = 252
d a2 + 441 = 841 49 + b2 = 625
a2 + 441 − 441 = 841 − 441 b2 = 576
√
a2 = 400 b = 576
√
a = 400 = 24
= 20
Exercise 4M
e a2 + 10 = 19
1 a a2 + b2 = c2
a + 10 − 10 = 19 − 10
2
a2 + 32 = 52
a =9
2

√ a2 + 9 = 25
a= 9
a2 = 16
=3 √
a = 16
=4

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 217

b a2 + b2 = c2 d a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 122 = 152 112 + b2 = 612
a2 + 144 = 225 121 + b2 = 3721
a2 = 81 b2 = 3600
√ √
a = 81 b = 3600
=9 = 60

2 a a2 + b2 = c2 3 Let the unknown side be a in all problems.

92 + b2 = 412 a a2 + b2 = c2
81 + b2 = 1681 a2 + 22 = 32
b2 = 1600 a2 + 4 = 9
√
b = 1600 a2 = 5
√
= 40 a= 5

b a2 + b2 = c2 = 2.24

82 + b2 = 172 b a2 + b2 = c2
64 + b2 = 289 a2 + 22 = 52
b2 = 225 a2 + 4 = 25
√
b = 225 a2 = 21
√
= 15 a = 21

c a2 + b2 = c2 = 4.58

a2 + 302 = 342 c a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 900 = 1156 a2 + 82 = 142
a2 = 256 a2 + 64 = 196
√
a = 256 a2 = 132
√
= 16 a = 132
= 11.49

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218 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

d a2 + b2 = c2 6 Let the height of the can be a.

a2 + 182 = 222 a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 324 = 484 a2 + 72 = 142
a2 = 160 a2 + 49 = 196
√ a2 = 147
a = 160 √
= 12.65 a = 147
= 12.12 cm
e a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 92 = 142 7 Let the height of the triangle be a.
a + 81 = 196
2 a2 + b2 = c2
a2 = 115 a2 + 242 = 252
√ a2 + 576 = 625
a = 115
= 10.72 a2 = 49
√
a = 49
f a2 + b2 = c2
=7m
a2 + 502 = 1002 Let the length of AB be b.
a2 + 2500 = 10 000 a2 + b2 = c2
a2 = 7500 72 + b2 = 112
√
a = 7500 49 + b2 = 121
= 86.60 b2 = 72
√
b = 72
4 Let the height of the mast be a.
= 8.49
a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 82 = 122 8 a 10 has been wrongly added to 24 instead of
a + 64 = 144
2 being subtracted.
a2 = 80 b The second line should say a = 5
√
a = 80
c We cannot take the square root of each term
= 8.94 m and still have an equivalent equation.
5 Let the length of the chord be a.
9 Let the unknown side be a in all problems.
a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 92 = 152 a a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 81 = 225 a2 + 52 = 72
a2 = 144 a2 + 25 = 49
√
a = 144 a2 = 24
√
= 12 cm a = 24
© Cambridge University Press 2020
 Chapter 4 worked solutions 219

b a2 + b2 = c2 d a2 + b2 = c2
a2 + 12 = 22 x2 + x2 = 342
a2 + 1 = 4 2x2 ÷ 2 = 1156 ÷ 2
a2 = 3 x2 = 578
√ √
a= 3
x = 578
c a2 + b2 = c2 = 24.04
a2 + 1002 = 1202
a2 + 10 000 = 14 400 11 a (6, 8, 10) is a Pythagorean triple because:
62 + 82 = 102
a2 = 4400
√ 36 + 64 = 100
a = 4400
b (6, 8, 10) are multiples of (3, 4, 5).

10 a a2 + b2 = c2 c You can find other triples in the same family

x +x =5
2 2 2
by multiplying (3, 4, 5) by other numbers.
2x2 ÷ 2 = 25 ÷ 2 Three examples: (9, 12, 15), (12, 16, 20) and
(15, 20, 25)
x2 = 12.5
√
x = 12.5 d (8, 15, 17) is an example of a triple that is not
= 3.54 in the same family, because the three elements
are not multiples of (3, 4, 5), but nonetheless
b a2 + b2 = c2 all the elements are less than 20.
x2 + x2 = 102
e Answers will vary. Examples include:
2x ÷ 2 = 100 ÷ 2
2
(3, 4, 5) , (5, 12, 13) , (8, 15, 17) ,
x2 = 50 (7, 24, 25) , (9, 40, 41)
√
x = 50
= 7.07

c a2 + b2 = c2
x2 + x2 = 612
2x2 ÷ 2 = 3721 ÷ 2
x2 = 1860.5
√
x = 1860.5
= 43.13

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220 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Problems and challenges

√
1 1 L = 1000 cm3 AB2 = 12 + 22
1000 = 103 =1+2
= 10 × 10 × 10 =3
Each side of the cube is 10 cm long. √
AB = 3 m

2 Capacity of tank = 60 × 30 × 40
= 72 000 cm3 5 A = πr2
It already contains 70 L = 70 000 cm3 of water. 2A = 2πr2
72 000 − 70 000 − 3000 = −1000 Yes, 1000 cm3 π is a constant, so we can remove it and just
or 1 L of water will overflow from the fish tank. consider
√ √2πr2 . √
2r2 = 2r So multiplying the radius by 2
doubles the area.
3 The circle touches the diameter and circumfer-
ence of the semicircle, so its diameter must equal
the radius of the semicircle, r. 6 1st triangle: c2 = 12 + 12
r
The radius of the circle, r2 , therefore equals .
2 =2
1 √
Area of semicircle = × πr 2
c= 2
 r 22 √
2nd triangle: c2 = 12 + 22
Area of circle = π
2 =3
2
r √
=π c= 3
4 √
1 1 3rd triangle: c2 = 12 + 32
= × × πr2
2 2 =4
1
Therefore the area of the circle is the area of √
2 c= 4=2
the semicircle.
4th triangle: c2 = 12 + 22
=5
4 First, use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the length √
of the diagonal of the bottom face: c= 5
√
c2 = 12 + 12 5th triangle: c2 = 12 + 52
=1+1 =6
√
=2 c= 6
√ √
c= 2m 6th triangle: c2 = 12 + 62
Then calculate the distance to AB using the =7
diagonal length as one side of the triangle and the √
c= 7
edge of the cube as the second: √
Therefore a = 7

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 221

7 Area of each face = l2 d 2 = x2 + x2

= 32 = 9 cm2 = 2x2
Area of each ‘gap0 = 12 = 1 cm2 √
d = 2x2
Total outside surface area = 6 × (9 − 1) √
d 2x2
= 48 cm2 Radius r = =
2 2
There are then four 1 cm2 internal faces for each Area = πr2
side of the cube. The central part of the cube is  √ 2
 2x2 
empty. = π  
Total surface area = 48 + 6 × (4 × 1) 2 

= 48 + 24 π2x2
=
4
= 72 cm2 area square
Percentage = × 100%
area circle
π2x2
8 The diameter of the circle, d, is equal to the =x ÷
2
× 100%
4
diagonal length of the square. 4
If we call the side length of the square x, = x2 × × 100%
π2x2
then the area of the square = x2 . 2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem, = × 100%
π
= 63.66%

© Cambridge University Press 2020

222 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Short-answer Questions

1 a 2 m = 2 × 1000 = 2000 mm 1
b Area = × bh
2
b 50 000 cm = 50 000 ÷ 100 000 = 0.5 km 1
= × 18 × 7
2
c 3 cm2 = 3 × 100 = 300 mm2 = 63 m2
d 4000 cm2 = 4000 ÷ 10 000 = 0.4 m2 c Area = bh
e 0.01 km2 = 0.01 × 1 000 000 = 10 000 m2 =6×2
= 12 cm2
f 350 mm2 = 350 ÷ 100 = 3.5 cm2
1
g 400 cm3 = 400 ÷ 1000 = 0.4 L d Area =


× sum of parallel sides × h
2
1
h 0.2 m3 = 0.2 × 1000 = 200 L = × (14 + 20) × 8
2
= 136 km2
2 a Perimeter = 5 + 5 + 3 = 13 m
1
e Area = xy
b Perimeter = 6 + 8 + 6 + 8 = 28 cm 2
1
c Circumference = πD = π × 8 = 25.13 m = × 8 × 16
2
= 64 m2
d Circumference = πD ÷ 2 + D
= π × 20 ÷ 2 + 20 1
f Area = xy
2
= 51.42 mm 1
= × 4 × 10
2
e Perimeter = 12 + 12 + 8 + 8 + 4 + 4
= 20 cm2
= 48 m
g Area = πr2
f Perimeter = 3 + 3 + 2 + 5 + 5 + 2
= π × 32
= 20 cm
= 3.14 × 9
= 28.27 cm2
3 a Area = lw
= 5 × 11 h Area = πr2 ÷ 4
= 55 cm2 = π × 42 ÷ 4
= 12.57 m2

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 223

110 5 a TSA of a rectangular prism

i Area = πr2 ×
360
110 = 2 × (lw + wh + hl)
= π × 22 ×
360 = 2 × (10 × 10 + 10 × 3 + 3 × 10)
11
=π×4× = 2 × 160
36
= 320 m2
= 3.84 cm 2

b TSA of a triangular prism

4 a Area of the shape = area of 2 triangular faces
= area of a triangle + area of a rectangle + area of 3 rectangular faces
1 1
= × bh + lw = 2 × bh + lw + lw + lw
2 2
1 = 8 × 6 + 15 × 8 + 15 × 10 + 15 × 6
= × 10 × 4 + 10 × 5
2
= 48 + 120 + 150 + 90
= 20 + 50
= 408 mm2
= 70 cm2
c TSA of the trapezoidal prism
b Area of the shape
= area of 2 trapezium faces
= area of a semicircle + area of a square
1 + area of 3 rectangular faces
= × πr2 + l2
2 1
=2× (a + b) h + lw + lw + lw
1 2
= × π × 32 + 6 × 6
2 = ((3 + 7) × 3) + 5 × 6
= 14.14 + 36 +6×7+3×6+3×6
= 50.14 cm 2
= 30 + 30 + 42 + 18 + 18

c Area of the shape = 138 cm2

= area of a rectangle − area of a trapezium

1 6 a Volume of a rectangular prism
= lw − × (a + b) × h
2 = lwh
1
= 14 × 8 − × (14 + 5) × 4 =1×1×1
2
= 112 − 38 = 1 m3

= 74 cm2 = 1 kL = 1000 L

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224 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

b Volume of a rectangular prism 9 a 4:20 am + 10 hours = 2:20 pm

= lwh 2:20 pm + 17 minutes = 2:37 pm
= 20 × 10 × 40 10 hours 17 minutes
= 8000 cm3
b 2145 hours = 12:00 noon + 9 h 45 m
= 8000 mL = 8 L
= 9:45 pm
c Volume of a triangular prism
c 11:31 pm = 1200 hours + 1131
= area of the triangular base × h
= 2331 hours
1
= × 8 × 3 × 12
2
10 a NSW is two hours ahead of WA.
= 144 cm3
When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is 6:30 pm in
= 144 mL = 0.144 L NSW.
1
b Adelaide is 1 hours ahead of WA.
7 Volume of a cylinder = πr2 h 2
When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is 6:00 pm in
Adelaide.
a V = πr2 h
c England is 8 hours behind WA.
= π × 102 × 8
When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is 8:30 am in
= 2513.27 m3 England.

b V = πr2 h d China is in the same time zone as WA.

When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is also 4:30 pm
= π × 72 × 20
in China.
= 3078.76 cm3
e Finland is 6 hours behind WA.
c V = πr2 h When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is 10:30 am in
Finland.
= π × 32 × 7.5
f South Korea is one hour ahead of WA.
= 212.06 mm3
When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is 5:30 pm in
South Korea.
8 a i 310 − 23 = 287◦
g The eastern tip of Russia is four hours ahead
ii 239◦ of WA.
When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is 8:30 pm in
b 18 m 37 s + 1 h 20 m 41 s = 1 h 39 m 18 s that area of Russia.
h New Zealand is four hours ahead of WA.
c It took 18 m 37 s to heat up.
When it is 4:30 pm in WA, it is 8:30 pm in
It took 1 h 20 m 41 s to cool down.
New Zealand.
It took 1 h 20 m 41 s − 18 m 37 s =
1 h 2 m 4 slonger to cool down.

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 225

11 a c2 = a2 + b2 b c2 = a2 + b2
= 82 + 62 82 = 52 + x2
= 100 64 = 25 + x2
√
c = 100 39 = x2
√
= 10 x = 39
= 6.24
b c2 = a2 + b2
= 72 + 242 c c2 = a2 + b2
= 625 232 = 202 + x2
√
c = 625 529 = 400 + x2
= 25 129 = x2
√
x = 129
c c2 = a2 + b2
= 11.36
= 32 + 32
= 18
√
c = 18
= 4.24

12 Let the unknown side be x for all problems.

a c2 = a2 + b2
172 = 82 + x2
289 = 64 + x2
225 = x2
√
x = 225
= 15

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226 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

Solutions to Multiple-choice Questions

1 Perimeter of the rectangle: 6 TSA of a cube = 6 × a2 , where a is the side
x + x + 4 + 4 = 2x + 8 length of the cube
2x + 8 − 8 = 20 − 8 6a2 = 24

2x = 12 a2 = 24 ÷ 6

x=6 =4
√
Answer: E a = 4 = 2 cm
Answer: E
2 Diameter: D = 2 m
Circumference: C = πD 7 Area of a trapezium
= π × 2 = 2π m 1
=


× sum of parallel sides × height
Area: A = πr 2 2
1
= π × 12 = π m2 = (x + y) h
Answer: B 2
Answer: E

1
3 A = bh 8 Volume of a rectangular prism
2
1 = length × width × height
= × 11 × 5
2 = length × 4 × 3
= 27.5 m2
Answer: A = length × 12
length × 12 = 48
4 A = πr2 length = 48 ÷ 12
= π × 1002 = 4 cm
Answer: B
= 3.14 × 10 000
= 31 400 m2
Answer: C 9 Volume = πr2 h
22
= × 72 × 10
360 − 70 7
5 Fraction remaining =
360 = 1540 cm3
290 Answer: D
=
360
29
= 10 Pythagoras’ theorem for the triangle would be
36
Answer: B y2 = x2 + z2
Answer: D

© Cambridge University Press 2020

 Chapter 4 worked solutions 227

Solutions to Extended-response Questions

1 a Area of the top face
= area of top face of rectangular prism
− area of the circle
= 4 × 4 − π × 12
= 16 − 3.14
= 12.86 cm2

b Total outside area of the nut

= TSA of the rectangular prism
− area of 2 circular holes
= area of top and bottom faces of the prism
+ area of 4 rectangular faces
= 2 × 12.86 + 4 × 2 + 4 × 2 + 4 × 2 + 4 × 2
= 57.72 cm2

c TSA of 10 000 nuts = 57.72 × 10 000

= 577 200 cm2
= 57.72 m2

d Volume of each cylindrical hole = πr2 h

= π × 12 × 2
= 6.28 m3

e Volume of a rectangular prism = lwh

=4×4×2
= 32 cm3
Volume of steel in each nut = 32 − 6.28
= 25.72 cm3

f 1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3

1 L of steel will make 1000 ÷ 25.72
= 38.88
= 38 nuts with some metal left over

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228 Essential Mathematics for the VC 8 Second Edition

2 a Let the length of one side of the tent be x.

c2 = a2 + b2
x2 = 22 + 22
=8
√
x= 8
= 2.8 m

b The tent is a triangular prism.

TSA of a triangular prism
= area of 2 triangular faces
+ area of 3 rectangular faces
1
= 2 × bh + lw + lw + lw
2
= 2 × 2 + 2 × 3 + 3 × 2 + 3 × 2.8
= 24.4 m2
= 24 m2

c Sum of all the edges of the tent

= sum of the edges of the triangular faces
+ sum of edges of 3 rectangular faces
= 2 × (2 + 2 + 2.8) + (3 + 3 + 3)
= 13.6 + 9
= 22.6 m
23 m of tape is required.

d Volume of the tent

= area of the triangular base × height
1
= bh × H
2
1
= ×2×2×3
2
= 6 m3
= 6 kL = 6000 L
The tag is false. The tent is 4000 L smaller than the claimed 10 000 L.

© Cambridge University Press 2020