URBAN REDEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

URBAN REDEVELOPMENT - demolition and reconstruction or substantial renovation of

existing buildings

REDEVELOPMENT AREA - the community redevelopment area described in the

Redevelopment Plan

URBAN REDEVELOPMENT PLAN - a plan, as it exists from time to time, for an urban
redevelopment project

URBAN REGENERATION - creating new urban structure in poor quality neighborhoods

URBAN REVITALIZATION - revive the older parts of the cities by providing new functions to old
buildings with small interventions.

URBAN RECONSTRUCTION - To demolish the existing urban structure and creating a new
one.

URBAN CLEARANCE - Demolishing the existing urban structure and creating completely new
urban characteristics

URBAN RENEWAL - It is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high

density urban land use

ADAPTIVE REUSE - The process of reusing an old site or building for a purpose other than
which it was built or designed for

URBAN RETROFITTING - To furnish an urban area with new or modified urban entities

A. CONSERVATION

URBAN CONSERVATION - urban conservation strategies objectives include encouraging

continued occupation and maintenance of buildings of architectural or historic significance

LEVELS OF REPAIR WITHIN URBAN CONSERVATION

● PRESERVATION - Preservation is maintaining a place in its existing state and

preventing further deterioration.
● RECONSTRUCTION - Returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished
from through restoration by the introduction of new material and elements.
B. URBAN RENEWAL

URBAN RENEWAL - the strategic process to improve specific areas of a city that are poorly
developed or underdeveloped.

ROBERT MOSES - urban renewal and infrastructure.

● Influential in the development of modern urban infrastructure.
● Known as New York City’s “master builder”

JANE JACOBS – urban renewal

● Criticized the urban renewal projects of the 1950s.

ADVANTAGES OF URBAN RENEWAL FOR A CITY’S GROWTH

1. PRESERVATION OF COUNTRY’S HISTORY

2. CLEARANCE OF SLUMS
3. REDUCTION IN CRIME
4. IMPROVED HOUSING STOCK
5. THE ECONOMIC GROWTH

MAJOR DISADVANTAGES OF URBAN RENEWAL

1. SEIZING OF PROPERTY
2. NO PROPER PLANNING
3. EXPENSIVE

OBJECTIVES AND NEED OF URBAN RENEWAL

● Re-planning and restructuring of concerned urban area

● designing more effective and accessible local transport and road networks within the
concerned urban area
● rationalizing land uses within the concerned urban area
● redeveloping dilapidated buildings into new buildings as per effective standards
● providing more open space and community facilities
● preserving sites, buildings and structures of historical, cultural or architectural value
● preserving local characteristics
● enhancing townscape with urban design

REDEVELOPMENT AS MEANS OF URBAN RENEWAL - a process of cleaning old and

poor-quality structures with new structures.
REUSE OR REHABILITATION OF LAND USE AS MEANS OF URBAN RENEWAL - In this
process, already existing old structures are repaired and transferred back to their original
purposes

CONSERVATION OR PRESERVATION AS MEANS OF URBAN RENEWAL - Conservation is

mainly concerned with those parts of the built environment that hold some sort of architectural
or historical significance

C. ADAPTIVE REUSE

OBJECTIVES OF ADAPTIVE REUSE?

● REDEVELOPMENT
● RENOVATION
● PRESERVATION

WHY ADAPTIVE REUSE IS IMPORTANT? - significantly reduce the raw material consumption
of the building industry

● MAINTAIN CULTURAL HERITAGE - Adaptive reuse is a type of historic preservation in

communities with historic building
● SLOWS URBAN SPRAWL - When looking for new construction sites, builders must
frequently choose land outside of a city center because land within a city is usually held
by historic buildings or more expensive real estate.
● CREATES A NEW COMMUNITY BEACON - Adaptive reuse architecture is both useful
and frequently aesthetically pleasing.
“New ideas must use old buildings,” - JANE JACOBS

TYPE OF APPLICATION FOR ADAPTIVE REUSE IN ARCHITECTURE

1. ADAPTIVE REUSE HISTORIC PRESERVATION

2. ADAPTIVE REUSE RENOVATION
3. ADAPTIVE REUSE INTEGRATION
4. ADAPTIVE REUSE FACADISM
5. ADAPTIVE REUSE INFRASTRUCTURE

ADAPTIVE REUSE AS A STRATEGY FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND

REGENERATION

1. BUILDING DENSITY AND SOCIAL INTENSITY - the necessity of adaptive reuse by

saying that “For many ecological reasons — land and energy use, available
infrastructure — it is better to have more intense environments than to continue the
sprawl of suburbia.
 2. RETROFIT IN POST INDUSTRIAL LANDSCAPES - Originally built on the outskirts of
cities, many industrial complexes have been engulfed by the sprawling urban
environment.
3. REFRAMING THE URBAN FABRIC OF SHRINKING CITIES - The shrinking city
phenomenon is a process of urban decline with complex causes ranging from
deindustrialization, internal migration to population decline

D. REHABILITATION

URBAN REHABILITATION - pivotal component of redevelopment strategies, represents the

intentional process of rejuvenating existing urban areas.

● PRESERVATION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE - : One of the primary objectives of urban

rehabilitation is the preservation of cultural heritage. Historical buildings and landmarks
are not merely relics of the past
● IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL STABILITY - Urban
rehabilitation encompasses the upgrading of infrastructure to meet modern standards
and promote environmental sustainability.
● FOSTERING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND INNOVATION - Urban rehabilitation
stimulates economic growth by creating opportunities for entrepreneurship and
innovation

HIGH LINE NEW YORK CITY

● Early Years (1930s-1980s): The High Line was originally constructed in the 1930s to
eliminate street-level train accidents
● Abandonment and Community Advocacy (1980s-1990s): After its closure, the High Line
faced demolition threats
● Rehabilitation and Park Construction (2000s): In 2006, after years of advocacy and
fundraising, the city government committed to preserving the High Line Landscape
architects James Corner Field Operations and architects Diller Scofidio + Renfro
were enlisted to design the park.
● - Opening and Success (2009-present):

URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES; INVASION, CENTRALIZATION, BLOCK BUSTING,

AND GENTRIFICATION

URBAN AREAS - dynamic ecosystems where a complex interplay of ecological processes

shapes the environment.

INVASION - refers to the inflow of rural population towards the city center for various purposes
REASON FOR RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION

● EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES - Cities often offer a wider array of job opportunities

in various sectors, attracting rural residents seeking better livelihoods.
● EDUCATIONAL ADVANCEMENT - Urban areas tend to have better educational
institutions, motivating individuals to migrate for improved educational prospects.
● INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES - Access to better healthcare, transportation, and
overall infrastructure can be a significant pull factor for rural populations.
● SOCIAL MOBILITY - The allure of improved social status and lifestyle motivates
individuals to move to urban areas.

CONSEQUENCES OF RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION

● URBAN SPRAWL - Unplanned migration can lead to rapid urbanization, resulting in the
expansion of city limits and increased pressure on resources
● INFRASTRUCTURE CHALLENGES - Cities may struggle to accommodate the sudden
influx, leading to challenges in providing basic services such as housing, sanitation, and
healthcare
● SOCIAL INTEGRATION ISSUES - : The cultural differences between rural and urban
lifestyles may pose challenges to social integration and community cohesion.
● ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT - Increased urbanization can contribute to environmental
degradation, loss of green spaces, and heightened energy consumption

1. CENTRALIZATION - refers to the concentration of resources, power, and services within

urban cores, often resulting in disparities across urban areas

● RESOURCE ALLOCATION - Centralization can lead to more efficient allocation of

resources for environmental management
● COORDINATED PLANNING - : It can improve the coordination of urban development
and environmental protection efforts
● ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS - Centralized governance can establish and enforce
environmental regulations and standards across the city

● DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS - Centralized agencies may have better access to
data and resources for monitoring and analyzing ecological processes
● CONSISTENCY IN POLICIES - Centralization can promote consistent environmental
policies and practices throughout the urban area

However, there can be potential drawbacks as well, such as

● BUREAUCRATIC CHALLENGES - Centralized decision-making can lead to

bureaucratic hurdles, slowing down responses to urgent ecological issues.
● LOCAL VARIATION - The unique ecological conditions of different neighborhoods or
areas within a city might not receive sufficient attention in a centralized system
 ● DISCONNECT FROM LOCAL COMMUNITIES - Local communities might feel
disconnected from decisions made at a central level, leading to reduced engagement
and participation in environmental initiatives.

2. BLOCKBUSTING - refers to a practice, often in real estate, where a person induces

homeowners to sell their properties quickly by suggesting that a change in the
neighborhood’s demographics may negatively impact property values

● DEMOGRAPHIC SHIFTS - Blockbusting can lead to rapid demographic changes within

a neighborhood as residents are pressured to leave, and new residents move in
● COMMUNITY INSTABILITY - Frequent turnover of residents can disrupt the stability of a
community, affecting community bonds and cooperation on local ecological initiatives.
● HOUSING CONDITIONS - In some cases, the neglect of properties by speculators
involved in blockbusting can lead to deteriorating housing condition
● SOCIAL EQUITY - Blockbusting often has negative social and economic implications,
including the perpetuation of discriminatory practice

3. GENTRIFICATION - a complex and controversial urban process where affluent

individuals or groups move into traditionally lower-income neighborhoods, leading to
rising property values and displacing long term residents

● ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT - Gentrification can lead to increased property values and

investments in urban infrastructure, potentially resulting in improved environmental
conditions
● DISPLACEMENT - Gentrification can displace long-term residents, particularly those
with lower incomes, leading to changes in land use and housing type
● CHANGES IN LAND USE - Gentrification often involves the conversion of industrial or
vacant land into residential and commercial spaces
● CULTURAL CHANGES - As gentrification changes the demographic composition of a
neighborhood, it can affect the cultural practices and traditions of the area.
● IMPACT ON GREEN SPACES - Gentrification can result in the development of new
green spaces and parks, which may enhance urban ecology
● INCREASED PROPERTY VALUES - Rising property values may incentivize
landowners to develop or sell their properties
● INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT - Gentrification often includes investments in
public infrastructure like transportation

URBAN ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES - require a subtle approach for sustainable urban

development
 NEW URBANISM

Suburban Sprawl - The physical expansion of a town, city, or metropolitan areas a result of a
continually increasing number of developments at the outlying areas.

The Congress for New Urbanism (CNU) - a venue for resolving the problems of a fragmented
region

FOUNDERS
● Andres Duany,
● Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
● Peter Calthorpe
● Peter Katz
● DanielSolomon

Urbanism - should be applied throughout a metropolitan region regardless of location.

The Neighborhood, the District, and the Corridor - Andres Duany, Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk

NEIGHBORHOOD - The center is a necessity, the edge not always so.

CENTER - always a public space, which may be a square,a green or an important street
intersection.

EDGE - The edge is usually defined by land designated for cultivation such as farms and
conservation in a natural state forest, desert and etc

Districts - areas dominated by a single activity

Corridors - connectors and separators of neighborhoods and districts.

The form of New Urbanism is realized by the deliberate assembly of streets, blocks, and
buildings.

Streets - not the dividing lines within a city, but are to be communal rooms and passages.

● Pattern - A single given street is always to be part of a street network

● Hierarchy - There is to exist a variety of streets based on their pedestrian and vehicular
loads.
● Figure - The architectural character of streets is to be based on their configuration in
plan and section.
● Detail - The design of streets shall favor their proper use by pedestrians.
Blocks - the field on which unfolds both the building fabric and the public realm of the city

● Size - Blocks are to be square, rectangular or irregular in their shape. A minimum of 250
and a maximum of 600 feet.
● Configuration - blocks are to be lotted so that all of their sides can define public space.
● Streetground - Block is to be divided into parkway, sidewalk and setback.
● Streetwalls - The predominant visual character of allbuilt fabric depends on several
attributes of building envelopes.
● Parking - The omnipresence of cars within the public realm.

Landscape - Regularly planted trees along blocks shall establish the overall space and scale of
the street as well as that of the sidewalk.

The Context of New Urbanism

● The neighborhood has a discernible center or a focal point.

● Most of the dwellings are within a five-minute walk of the center, an average of roughly
600 to 700 meters (2,000feet).
● There exists a variety of dwelling types.
● There are a wide mix of uses.
● Streets within the neighborhood are a connected network,preferably a grid pattern,
which disperses traffic by providing a variety of pedestrian and vehicular routes to any
destination
● There are small playgrounds near every dwelling- more than 200 meters away.
● An elementary school (and maybe even a high school) is close enough so that most
children can walk from their home.
● The streets and sidewalks are covered with rows of trees and other landscaping
elements that provide shade to pedestrians and an overall pleasant environment.
● Parallel parking will also be allowed along the streets,with trees in between each
designated space. Sidewalks are wide, at least 3.0 meters, and will be free from
dangerous obstructions except for landscaping elements and street furniture that will
invite pedestrians to sit.
● Buildings in the neighborhood center are placed close to the street, creating a
well-defined "outdoor room".
● Storefronts are also built close to the sidewalk, with wide window openings and visible
entrances that are inviting to the pedestrian.
● Parking lots and garage doors rarely front the street.Parking is relegated to
underground,to multi- level structures,or the rear of buildings,usually accessed by alleys.
● Certain prominent sites at the termination of street vistas or in the neighborhood center
are reserved for civic buildings.
● In areas with bodies of water of significant size, buildings will be built facing the
water,rather than having the water in its backyard.
● The neighborhood is organized to be self-governing. Aformalassociation debates and
decides matters of maintenance,security and physical change.
 ● Redeveloping downtown areas - adheres to the applicable principles formulated by the
Congress for New Urbanism.

Infill - Strategy used when redevelopment is no longer an option while still avoiding further
physical expansion

● The best utilization of existing infrastructure comes from infill development

● Infill should therefore, always be a central part of region's growth policy
● Infill sites can vary in size and shape, ranging from surface parking lots to large open
spaces between built-up areas
New Towns

● When urban and suburban infill can not accommodate the quantity or rate of growth of a
region, new growth areas or satellite towns may be considered.
● New growth areas are easiest to develop with transit and pedestrian oriented patterns.
● However, they may also spread the city's size.
● Satellite towns are typically larger than new growth areas and provide a complete
spectrum of shopping, jobs, and civic facilities.
● But if well planned and transit oriented, can compliment infill and help to structure and
revitalize the metropolitan region Village of Windor by Andres Duany.

EMERGING THEORIES

Planned Unit Development - an integrated design for development of residential and

commercial uses, or a combination of such uses

● The conceptual origins of PUDs date back to the 1926 enactment of the Model Planning
Enabling Act of 1925 by the Committee on the Regional Plan of New York

Residential PUD - includes primarily residential uses

Non - Residential PUD - PUD standard can be used to promote a more “campus” style
development

Mixed use PUD - appropriate mix of uses

TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT - the exciting fast growing trend in creating vibrant,
livable, sustainable communities. Also known as TOD, it's the creation of compact, walkable,
pedestrian-oriented, mixed-use communities centered around high quality train systems

Peter Calthorpe - codified the concept of transit-oriented development (TOD) in the late 1980s
Ebenezer Howard - created a movement centered on satellite cities enabled by rail transit
access

● founder of the English garden-city movement, which influenced urban planning

throughout the world

Clifton Hood described August Belmont’s 1900 development of the Interborough Rapid Transit
Company to encourage growth on the unimproved upper west side of Manhattan.

● is a nationally recognized expert on the history of New York City, with a particular focus
on the citys upper-class, historical memory and mass transit

1945 - after major disinvestment in transit infrastructure during the depression and WWII, the
stage was set for the dominance of the automobile.

● With the development of the Eisenhower Interstate System in 1956 and the promise of
quick and easy vehicular access, the proverbial nail was put in transit’s coffin.Soon
afterwards, during the “Great Society” movement of President Johnson’s first year in
office in 1964

Urban Mass Transit Act (UMTA) - addressed funding inequities in the transportation system. In
selling the original legislation to Congress, President John F. Kennedy stated, "To conserve and
enhance values in existing urban areas is essential.

1980s - saw transit agencies look beyond joint development to become true promoters and
instigators of development

Peter Calthorpe - participated in and promoted this research as it substantiated their claims
that neo-traditional design conferred significant community benefits

● Calthorpe developed the concept of Transit Oriented Development

President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956

Robert Cervero - an author, consultant, and educator in sustainable transportation policy and
planning.’

Development-oriented transit (DOT) - a variation on the concept of transit-oriented

development (TOD) that concentrates on designing transit stations to be more fully integrated
into the community and more accessible to bicyclists and pedestrians.

DISTRIBUTION OF TODs
 1. TODs should be located to maximize access to their Core Commercial Areas from
surrounding areas without relying solely on arterials.
2. TODs with major competing retail centers should be spaced a minimum of one mile
apart, and should be distributed to serve different neighborhoods.
3. TODs should be distributed throughout a new growth area in a pattern that allows the
greatest number of residents and workers access to a variety of shopping opportunities.
4. TODs should also be distributed to permit residents to walk to retail and public facilities
without having to cross an arterial street
5. Most TODs place residents within 600 to 700m of transit stations.
6. This is equivalent to an average walking time of about 5 minutes.
7. With TOD, the city and the transit system “meet in the middle”
8. Allows residents to have easy access to transit stations, lessening dependence on the
automobile.
9. Boosts transit ridership and revenue.

URBAN TRANSIT ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT - is a planning and design strategy that

consists in promoting urban development that is compact, mixed-use, pedestrian and
bicycle-friendly, and closely integrated with mass transit by clustering jobs, housing, services,
and amenities around public transport stations

Studies have shown that doubling job density, for instance, increases economic productivity by 5
to 10%.

15% of transit stations and their surrounding area can support very high density development

● The node value describes the importance of a station in the public transit network based
on passenger traffic, connections with other transport modes, and centrality within the
network.
● The place value reflects the quality and attractiveness of the area around the station.
Factors include the diversity of land use; the availability of essential services such as
schools and healthcare; the proportion of everyday amenities that can be accessed by
walking or cycling; pedestrian accessibility and also the size of urban blocks around the
station.
● The market potential value refers to the unrealized market value of station areas. It is
measured by looking at the major variables that can influence the demand for land

NEIGHBORHOOD TRANSIT-ORIENTED DEVELOPMENT - located on the Feeder Bus Line

Network within 10 minutes transit travel time from a light rail stop or transfer stations and should
place an emphasis on residential uses and local serving shopping

TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD DEVELOPMENTS - Developments that take the form of

traditional neighborhoods, while still accommodating the automobile and other modern
amenities