Pure Inductive Circuit AND L R Circuit: Nimisha Lonees K Ac Circuit-Electronics 2020-2021

PURE INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT
AND
L R CIRCUIT
NIMISHA LONEES K
AC CIRCUIT-ELECTRONICS
2020-2021
AC INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
The opposition to current flow through an AC Inductor is

called Inductive Reactance and which depends lineally on the
supply frequency
Inductors and chokes are basically coils or loops of wire that are either wound around
a hollow tube former (air cored) or wound around some ferromagnetic material (iron
cored) to increase their inductive value called inductance.
• Inductors store their energy in the form of a magnetic field that is created when a voltage is applied
across the terminals of an inductor.
• The growth of the current flowing through the inductor is not instant but is determined by the
inductors own self-induced or back emf value.
• Then for an inductor coil, this back emf voltage VL is proportional to the rate of change of the current
flowing through it.
• This current will continue to rise until it reaches its maximum steady state condition which is around
five time constants when this self-induced back emf has decayed to zero.
• At this point a steady state current is flowing through the coil, no more back emf is induced to
oppose the current flow and therefore, the coil acts more like a short circuit allowing maximum
current to flow through it.
However, in an alternating current circuit which contains an AC Inductance, the flow of current
through an inductor behaves very differently to that of a steady state DC voltage.
Now in an AC circuit, the opposition to the current flowing through the coils windings not only
depends upon the inductance of the coil but also the frequency of the applied voltage waveform as it
varies from its positive to negative values.
The actual opposition to the current flowing through a coil in an AC circuit is determined by the AC
Resistance of the coil with this AC resistance being represented by a complex number. But to
distinguish a DC resistance value from an AC resistance value, which is also known as Impedance, the
term Reactance is used.
Like resistance, reactance is measured in Ohm’s but is given the symbol “X” to distinguish it from a
purely resistive “R” value and as the component in question is an inductor, the reactance of an
inductor is called Inductive Reactance, ( XL ) and is measured in Ohms. Its value can be found from
the formula.
INDUCTIVE REACTANCE
Where:
XL = Inductive Reactance in Ohms, (Ω)
π (pi) = a numeric constant of 3.142
ƒ = Frequency in Hertz, (Hz)
L = Inductance in Henries, (H)
We can also define inductive reactance in radians, where Omega, ω equals 2πƒ.
So whenever a sinusoidal voltage is applied to an inductive coil, the back emf opposes the rise and fall of the
current flowing through the coil and in a purely inductive coil which has zero resistance or losses, this
impedance (which can be a complex number) is equal to its inductive reactance. Also reactance is represented
by a vector as it has both a magnitude and a direction (angle)
AC INDUCTANCE WITH A SINUSOIDAL SUPPLY
This simple circuit above consists of a pure inductance of L Henries ( H

), connected across a sinusoidal voltage given by the expression:
V(t) = Vmax sin ωt. When the switch is closed this sinusoidal voltage will
cause a current to flow and rise from zero to its maximum value. This
rise or change in the current will induce a magnetic field within the coil
which in turn will oppose or restrict this change in the current.
But before the current has had time to reach its maximum value as it
would in a DC circuit, the voltage changes polarity causing the current
to change direction. This change in the other direction once again being
delayed by the self-induced back emf in the coil, and in a circuit
containing a pure inductance only, the current is delayed by 90o.
SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS FOR AC INDUCTANCE
This effect can also be represented by a phasor diagram were in a purely

inductive circuit the voltage “LEADS” the current by 90o. But by using the
voltage as our reference, we can also say that the current “LAGS” the voltage
by one quarter of a cycle or 90o as shown in the vector diagram .
RL SERIES CIRCUIT
A circuit that contains a pure resistance R ohms connected in series with a coil having
a pure inductance of L (Henry) is known as RL Series Circuit. When an AC supply
voltage V is applied, the current, I flows in the circuit.
Phasor Diagram of the RL Series Circuit
The phasor diagram of the RL Series circuit is shown below:
STEPS TO DRAW THE PHASOR DIAGRAM OF RL SERIES CIRCUIT
The following steps are given below which are followed to draw the phasor diagram step by step:
Current I is taken as a reference.
The Voltage drop across the resistance VR = IR is drawn in phase with the current I.
The voltage drop across the inductive reactance VL =IXL is drawn ahead of the current I.
As the current lags voltage by an angle of 90 degrees in the pure Inductive circuit.
The vector sum of the two voltages drops VR and VL is equal to the applied voltage V.
In right-angle triangle OAB
VR = IR and VL = IXL where XL = 2πfL
Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RL Series

circuit and is called impedance of the circuit. It is measured in ohms (Ω)
Phase Angle
In RL Series circuit the current lags the voltage by 90 degrees angle known as
phase angle. It is given by the equation:
POWER IN R L SERIES CIRCUIT
If the alternating voltage applied across the circuit is given

by the equation:
The equation of current I is given as:

Then the instantaneous power is given by the equation:
The average power consumed in the circuit over one complete cycle is given by the equation shown
below:
Where cosϕ is called the power factor of the circuit.
The power factor is defined as the ratio of resistance to the impedance of an AC Circuit.

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PURE INDUCTIVE CIRCUIT

The opposition to current flow through an AC Inductor is

This simple circuit above consists of a pure inductance of L Henries ( H

This effect can also be represented by a phasor diagram were in a purely

Current I is taken as a reference.

VR = IR and VL = IXL where XL = 2πfL

Z is the total opposition offered to the flow of alternating current by an RL Series

If the alternating voltage applied across the circuit is given

The equation of current I is given as:

Where cosϕ is called the power factor of the circuit.

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