ANSI/IEEE C37.

5-1979

guide for calculation of

fault currents for application of
ac high-voltage circuit breakers
rated on a total current basis

O'l
r-...
....
O'l
o
Lq
r-...
M
U

-
W
W
W

December 31. 1979 SH06932

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ANSI/IEEE C37.5-1979
(Revision o f ANSI C37.5-1969)

An American National Standard

IEEE Guide for

Calculation of Fault Currents for
Application of AC High-Voltage
Circuit Breakers Rated on a Total Current Basis

Sponsor
Switchgear Committee of the
IEEE Power Engineering Society

Approved June 2 , 1 9 7 7
IEEE Standards Board

Secretariat
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
National Electrical Manufacturers Association

Approved November 2 9 , 1 9 7 8
American National Standards Institute

Published by
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 American National Standard

An American National Standard implies a consensus of those sub­

stantially concerned with its scope and provisions. A n American
National Standard is intended as a guide to aid the manufacturer, the
consumer, and the general public. T h e existence of an American
National Standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether
he has approved the standard or not, from manufacturing, marketing,
purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming
t o the standard. American National Standards are subject to periodic
review and users are cautioned t o obtain the latest editions.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be

revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American
National Standards Institute require that action be taken to reaffirm,
revise, or withdraw this standard no later than five years from the
date of publication. Purchasers of American National Standards may
receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the
American National Standards Institute.

Copyright © 1 9 7 9 b y

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form,

in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,
without prior written permission of the publisher.

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Foreword
( T h i s F o r e w o r d is n o t a part o f A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 5 - 1 9 7 9 , G u i d e f o r C a l c u l a t i o n o f Fault Currents f o r A p p l i c a t i o n o f
A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a T o t a l Current Basis.)

This guide is a revision of A N S I C 3 7 . 5 - 1 9 6 9 and represents standard practices in the U S relating

to ac high-voltage circuit breakers and is one of a series of American National Standards on this sub­
ject. It contains data secured from many sources, notably the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers, the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, and the Association of Edison Illum­
inating Companies. This standard was first published in proposed form in January 1 9 4 1 , for trial-use
and study. On the basis of suggestions received during this trial period, particularly from the Protec­
tive Devices Committee of the I E E E , the proposed standard was revised and issued as an approved
American National Standard in 1 9 4 5 , updated in 1 9 5 3 and 1 9 6 9 and has n o w been revised by the
IEEE Switchgear Committee, to conform with current practices. This revised guide applies to all
circuit breakers rated on a total current basis designed and tested in conformance with present and
prior issues of C 3 7 . 4 , C 3 7 . 6 , and C 3 7 . 9 . The sections on determination of a sinusoidal current wave,
and normal-frequency recovery voltage have not been retained in A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 5 - 1 9 7 9 since
they are n o w part of A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 0 9 - 1 9 7 9 , (Consolidated edition). The calculation of fault cur­
rents has been revised to take advantage of experience in using A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 0 1 0 - 1 9 7 9 which
substantially improved the ease and accuracy of calculating short circuit currents. A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 5
is a guide for short circuit current calculation for breakers rated on a total current basis. Short
circuit current calculations for symmetrical current basis rated breakers must be made in accordance
with A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 0 1 0 - 1 9 7 9 .
This guide is one of a series of related American National Standards for circuit breakers rated on a
total current basis:

ANSI C37.4-1953 (R 1 9 7 1 ) Definitions and Rating Structure for A C High Voltage

Circuit Breakers Rated on a Total Current Basis
ANSI C37.6-1971 Schedules of Preferred Ratings for Power Circuit Breakers
ANSI C37.7-1960 (R 1 9 7 1 ) Interrupting Rating Factors for Reclosing Service
Power Circuit Breakers
ANSI C37.8-1952 (R 1 9 6 6 ) Rated Control Voltages and Their Ranges for Power
Circuit Breakers
ANSI C37.9-1953 (R 1966) Test Code for Power Circuit Breakers
ANSI C37.11-1972 Requirements for Power Circuit Breaker Control
ANSI C37.12-1969 Guide Specifications for Alternating-Current Power
Circuit Breakers

The Standards Committee on Power Switchgear, C 3 7 , which reviewed and approved this standard,
had the following personnel at the time of approval:

C. L . Wagner, Chairman J. P. Lucas, Secretary

J. E. Beehler, Vice-Chairman of High Voltage Switchgear Standards
W. E. Laubach, Vice-Chairman of Low Voltage Switchgear Standards
W. R . Wilson, Vice-Chairman of IEC Activities

Organization Represented Name of Representative

Association o f American Railroads Vacant
A s s o c i a t i o n o f Iron and Steel Engineers J. M . Tillman
Electric Light and P o w e r G r o u p K. G. A d g a t e (Alt)
J. E. Beehler
R . L. Capra (Alt)
H. G. D a r r o n
Η. F. Frus
Κ. D . H e n d r i x
R . L. L i n d s e y (Alt)
Ε. E. R a m m (Alt)
F. R . Solis

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
Institute o f Electrical a n d E l e c t r o n i c s Engineers M . J. B e a c h y (Alt)
Η. H. F a h n o e
R . E . Friedrich
Μ . J. Maier
C. A . M a t h e w s (Alt)
R . A . M c M a s t e r (Alt)
D . C . Musgrave
G . W . Walsh
H. F. White
National Electrical Manufacturers A s s o c i a t i o n A . P. C o l a i a c o
R. W. Dunham
D . G. Portman
G. A . Wilson
W. R . W i l s o n
Tennessee Valley Authority R o b e r t C. St. Clair
Testing L a b o r a t o r y G r o u p E. J. H u b e r
R . W . Seelbach (Alt)
R . A . Naysmith
U.S. Department o f the A r m y R o b e r t H. Bruck
U.S. Department o f t h e Interior, Bureau o f R e c l a m a t i o n Edward M. T o m s i c
U.S. Department o f Defense, Defense Communications A g e n c y Vacant
U.S. Department o f t h e N a v y , Naval Facilities Engineering C o m m a n d D. M. Hannemann

The Working G r o u p members of the I E E E Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee who developed
these changes were:

P. L . Kolarik, Chairman

H. W . A n d e r l H. O . S i m m o n s , Jr
W. C Huening, Jr C. L. Wagner
G . L . Nuss C. J. T r u a x

The personnel of the I E E E Power Circuit Breaker Subcommittee w h o reviewed and approved this
standard were:

G. N . Lester, Chairman

H. W . A n d e r l G . P. G u a g l i o n e Η. K . R e i d
J. E. Beehler R. D . Hambrick A . B. Rishworth
D. M. Benenson G . R . Hanks W. N. Rothenbuhler
L. E. Brothers W . C. Huening, Jr F. G . Schaufelberger
R . G . Colclaser P. L. K o l a r i k Η. N . S c h n e i d e r
J. C . C o o n S. R . L a m b e r t E. F. S o l o r z a n o
C. F. C r o m e r D . M . Larson C. J. T r u a x
C. R . C u s i c k W . E. L a u b a c h E. F. V e v e r k a
A. Dupont M . J. Maier C. L. Wagner
C. J. D v o r a k J. A . Maneatis D . R . Webster
J. D . F i n l e y R . A . McMaster A . C. Wert
R . E. Friedrich G. L. Meinders G. A . Wilson
Τ . F . Garrity G . L. Nuss, Jr W. R . Wilson
W . F. Giles I. E. Oliver B. F. Wirtz
Κ . I. G r a y G . O . Perkins C. E. Z a n z i e
J. G . R e c k l e f f

When this standard was approved on June 2 , 1 9 7 7 the I E E E Standards Board had the following
membership:

William R . Kruesi, Chairman Irvin N . Howell, Jr, Vice Chairman

Ivan G . Easton, Secretary

William E. A n d r u s R. O. Duncan D o n a l d T . Michael

Jean J a c q u e s A r c h a m b a u l t Charles W . Flint Voss A. Moore
Mark Barber Jay Forster William S. Morgan
E d w a r d J. C o h e n R a l p h I Hauser William J. Neiswender
Warren H. C o o k J o s e p h L. K o e p f i n g e r Ralph M. Showers
L o u i s Costrell Irving K o l o d n y R o b e r t A. Souderman
R . L. Curtis Benjamin J. L e o n L e o n a r d W . T h o m a s , Sr
David B . D o b s o n T h o m a s J. Martin B. W . W h i t t i n g t o n

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Contents

SECTION PAGE

1. Scope 7
2. Purpose 7
3. Fault Current Calculations 7
3 . 1 General 7
3 . 2 Procedure 7
4. Revision of American National Standards
Referred to in This Standard 11

FIGURES

Fig 1 Three-Phase Fault Multiplying Factors Which

Include Effects of A C and D C Decrement 9
Fig 2 Line-to-Ground Fault Multiplying Factors Which
Include Effects of A C and D C Decrement 9
Fig 3 Three-Phase Line-to-Ground Fault Multiplying
Factors Which Include Effects of D C Decrement Only 9
Fig 4 X/R Range for Power Transformers 12
Fig 5 X/R Range for Three-Phase Induction Motors 12
Fig 6 X/R Range for Small Solid Rotor and Salient-Pole
Synchronous Generators and Motors 12

TABLES

Table 1 Rotating Machine Reactances for

Short-Circuit Current Calculation 10
Table 2 Approximate Resistance of System Components 11
Table 3 Range and Typical Values of X/R
Ratios of System Components 11
Table 4 Equivalent System X/R Ratio at Typical
Locations (for Quick Approximations) 13

A P P E N D I X Fault Current Calculation Examples 14

A l . Faults on a System Without Motor Contributions 14
Al.l General 14
A1.2 Short-Circuit Current Calculations, Breaker A 14
A 1.3 Short-Circuit Current Calculations, Breaker Β 16
A2. Faults on a System with Signficant M o t o r Contributions 17
A 2 . 1 General 17
A 2 . 2 Short-Circuit Current Calculations, Breaker C 17
A3. References 19

APPENDIX TABLES

Table A l Short-Circuit Currents and Breaker A Capability 15

Table A 2 Short-Circuit Currents and Breaker Β Capability 17

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
APPENDIX FIGURES PAGE

Fig Al System for Fault Current Calculation 14

Fig A2 System for Three-Phase Fault Calculation for Breaker A 14
Fig A3 System for Single Line-to-Ground Fault Calculation for Breaker A 15
Fig A4 System for Three-Phase Fault Calculation for Breaker Β 16
Fig A5 System for Single Line-to-Ground Fault Calculation for Breaker Β 16
Fig A6 System Illustrating Large Short-Circuit Contribution from Motors 18
Fig A7 Positive Sequence Impedance for System Shov/n in Fig A 6 18

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 An American National Standard

IEEE Guide for Calculation of

Fault Currents for
Application of AC High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Total Current Basis

ings for the standard duty cycle ( C O + 1 5 s +

1. Scope
C O ) must be reviewed on the basis of other
2

standards applicable to total current-rated

This standard is a guide for the calculation of
breakers. 3

fault currents for the application of ac high-

Fault current calculation examples, using the
voltage circuit breakers rated on a total current
procedures outlined in this guide, are included
basis.
in the appendix.
3 . 2 Procedure. In those instances where it is
2. Purpose
desired to use impedances instead of reactances
for determining short-circuit current magni­
This guide is intended for general use in the
tudes, E/Z may be substituted for E/X in the
application of circuit breakers. Familiarity with
descriptions which follow.
other American National Standards applying to
3 . 2 . 1 Interrupting Current. The procedure
circuit breakers is assumed, and provisions of
involves relatively simple steps of applying fac­
these standards are indicated herein only when
tors to an E/X calculation to determine total
necessary for clarity in describing application
current at the time of breaker contact parting.
requirements.
The multiplying factors depend upon the point
on the system at which the short circuit occurs
3 . Fault Current Calculations
and upon the system X/R ratio as seen from
that point. This total current is then compared
3 . 1 General. This guide gives a simplified
with the breaker total current interrupting
method of approximating the magnitude of
capability for proper rating selection.
fault currents: however, other more rigorous
methods should be used where required. Step 1: Determine EIXi for three-phase faults
This guide uses basically the same calculating or — for single line-to-ground faults.
procedures as A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 0 1 0 - 1 9 7 9 , (Con­ (2X, +X ) 0

solidated edition), Application Guide for A C Step 2: Determine the system X/R ratio
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Sym­ viewed from the fault point from Xi/Ri for
metrical Current Basis, to compute interrupt­ three-phase faults or (2-ΧΊ Xq) for single
+

ing and momentary short-circuit currents for (2R +R ) l 0

direct comparison with short-circuit ratings of line-to-ground faults.

circuit breakers rated on a total current basis. 1
For determination of the system X/R ratio,
The adequacy of breaker characteristics other it should be noted that there is no completely
than momentary and interrupting current rat-
( C O + 2 m i n + C O ) f o r oil breakers o f non-oiltight
J

construction
'See References, Appendix, Section A 3 . S e e list o f related standards o n b a c k c o v e r .
3

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ANSI/IEEE
C37.5-1979 GUIDE F O R CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS F O R

accurate way of combining parallel circuits interrupting capability of the total current-rated
with different values of X/R into a single cir­ circuit breaker being considered.
cuit with one value of X/R since the current
from the several circuits will be the sum of 3 . 2 . 2 Momentary Current. For this calcula­
several exponentially decaying terms, usually tion, the E/X current should be calculated using
with different exponents, while that from a the reactances given in 3 . 2 . 4 .
single circuit contains just one such term. T h e application will be proper if the E/X
Investigation has shown that for practical pur­ current times a factor of 1.6 does not exceed
poses the procedure of reducing the reactance the momentary (or making) current of the
t o a single value with the resistance assumed to circuit breaker.
be zero, and reducing the resistance to a single
value with the reactance assumed t o be zero, 3 . 2 . 3 Electrical Quantities Used
gives, in general, better accuracy than any Ε Line-to-neutral voltage corresponding
other reasonably simple procedure (including to the highest typical operating voltage
the phasor representation used at system which occurs at the circuit breaker
frequency). In addition, the error for practical location.
cases is on the conservative side.
X Corresponding lowest value of system
In cases where an E/Z calculation is made, it reactance (determined with R assumed
is acceptable to substitute Z/R for X/R pro­ 0 ) as viewed from fault point with all
vided that the R is obtained from a separate rotating machines represented b y appro­
reduction of resistance with the reactance priate reactances as specified in 3 . 2 . 4 .
assumed to be zero. It may be either X or 2 X , + X accord­
x 0

Step 3: T h e factors taken from the appro­ ing t o whether three-phase or single
priate figure (Fig 1 , Fig 2, or Fig 3 ) should be line-to-ground currents are being calcu­
applied to the E/X calculation so that the dc lated.
and ac decrements are properly included in the
final result. X x Positive sequence reactance.
T h e following procedure is usually conserva­ X 2 Negative sequence reactance.
tive: X Zero sequence reactance — may be ob­
0

( 1 ) T h e factors of Figs 1 and 2 include the tained from design data, b y calculation,
effects of both ac and dc decay. The E/X cur­ or b y test.
rent should be multiplied b y a factor from Fig
X¿ Subtransient — direct axis reactance of
1 for a three-phase fault and b y a factor from
a synchronous machine or locked rotor
Fig 2 for a line-to-ground fault if the short-
reactance of an induction machine.
circuit current is fed predominantly from
This is always a positive sequence
generators through:
reactance.
(a) N o t more than one transformation, or
(b) A per-unit reactance external t o the X¿ Transient — direct axis reactance of a
generator which is less than 1.5 times synchronous machine. This is always a
generator per-unit subtransient react­ positive sequence reactance.
ance on a c o m m o n system M V A base. R Corresponding lowest value of system
( 2 ) The factors of Fig 3 include only the resistance as viewed from the fault
effects of dc decay. The E/X current should be point (determined with X assumed 0)
multiplied b y a factor from Fig 3 for a three- with the resistances of the system
phase or a line-to-ground fault if the short- components determined as specified
circuit current is fed predominantly from under 3 . 2 . 5 . Instead of calculating R,
generators through: an estimate of the system X/R ratio
(a) T w o or more transformations, or may be determined from Table 4. R
(b) A per-unit reactance external to the may be either R or 2R + R according
x X 0

generator that is equal to or exceeds 1.5 to whether three-phase or single line-to-

times the generator per-unit subtransient ground currents are being calculated.
reactance on a c o m m o n system M V A
R, Positive sequence resistance.
base.
The resulting product must not exceed the R 2 Negative sequence resistance.

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ANSI/IEEE
APPLICATION OF A C HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS C37.5-1979

R 0 Zero sequence resistance — may be 3 PHASE

obtained from design data, b y calcula­
tion, or b y test.
L Inductance (henries) = X/2nf (where f
is system frequency).
C Capacitance.
Ζ Impedance.
/ Current.
I sc Calculated symmetrical short-circuit
current.
Tdc Direct-current time constant for the
circuit involved in the short circuit
being calculated. 1.0 1.1 L2 1.3 1.4 LS 16
M U L T I P L Y I N G F A C T O R S FOR
3.2.4 Rotating Machine Reactances. Basically, E / X AMPERES

initial short-circuit current of rotating machines

is determined b y the machine subtransient re­ Figl
actances. For the short-circuit and momentary Three-Phase Fault Multiplying
current calculation, the reactances in Table 1 Factors Which Include Effects
are used. of A C and D C Decrement

Fig 2 Fig 3
Line-to-Ground Fault Multiplying Three-Phase and Line-to-Ground
Factors Which Include Effects Fault Multiplying Factors Which
of A C and D C Decrement Include Effects of D C Decrement Only

N O T E : C o n t a c t parting is d e f i n e d as breaker o p e n i n g t i m e plus 0.5 c y c l e tripping d e l a y . 2 c y c l e , 3 c y c l e , and 4 c y c l e

c o n t a c t parting t i m e s are t y p i c a l m í n i m u m s f o r 3 c y c l e , 5 c y c l e , a n d 8 c y c l e breakers ( o n a 6 0 H z basis), respectively.
E x c e p t i o n s : with m i n i m u m tripping d e l a y , certain 8 and 5 c y c l e c i r c u i t breakers, s u c h as air m a g n e t i c ( 1 5 k V and
b e l o w ) and oil ( 1 5 k V t h r o u g h 7 2 . 5 k V ) , o f t e n part c o n t a c t s in less than the f o r e g o i n g times and d e m o n s t r a t e corre­
s p o n d i n g higher total c u r r e n t interrupting ability. F o r specific cases, c o n s u l t the manufacturer.

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ANSI/IEEE
C37.5-1979 GUIDE F O R CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS FOR

Table 1
Rotating Machine Reactances for
Short-Circuit Current Calculation

Positive S e q u e n c e R e a c t a n c e s
f o r Calculating
Interrupting Momentary
Duty Duty
T y p e o f Rotating Machine (Per U n i t ) (Per U n i t )

A l l t u r b o g e n e r a t o r s , all h y d r o g e n e r a t o r s l.OXd l.OXd

w i t h amortisseur w i n d i n g s , a n d all c o n d e n s e r s
[see N o t e ( 1 ) ]
H y d r o g e n e r a t o r s w i t h o u t amortisseur windings O.TbXd 0.75X¿
[see N o t e ( 2 ) ]
All s y n c h r o n o u s m o t o r s [see N o t e s ( 1 ) , ( 4 ) , a n d ( 5 ) ] l.bX'a l.OXd
Induction m o t o r s [see Notes ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , and ( 5 ) ]
A b o v e 1 0 0 0 h p at 1 8 0 0 r / m i n o r less
A b o v e 2 5 0 h p at 3 6 0 0 r / m i n 1.5X'd l.OX'd

F r o m 5 0 t o 1 0 0 0 h p at 1 8 0 0 r / m i n o r less
3.0X'd 1.2X'd
F r o m 5 0 t o 2 5 0 h p at 3 6 0 0 r / m i n
N e g l e c t all three-phase i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s b e l o w
5 0 h p a n d all single-phase m o t o r s .

NOTES:
this result must n o t e x c e e d t h e m o m e n t a r y capability
( 1 ) X'd o f s y n c h r o n o u s rotating m a c h i n e s is the " r a t e d
o f t h e circuit breaker b e i n g used.
v o l t a g e " (saturated) direct axis subtransient r e a c t a n c e .
( 5 ) W h e n t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n o f large individual induc-
( 2 ) X¿ o f s y n c h r o n o u s rotating m a c h i n e s is the " r a t e d
t i o n m o t o r s is an a p p r e c i a b l e p o r t i o n o f t h e short-
voltage (saturated) d i r e c t axis transient r e a c t a n c e .
circuit current, substitution f o r t h e tabulated multiply-
( 3 ) X'J o f i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s equals 1 . 0 0 divided b y ing factors o f m o r e accurate multipliers based o n man-
per-unit l o c k e d r o t o r current at rated v o l t a g e . ufacturer's time c o n s t a n t data is appropriate. Using
( 4 ) T h e current c o n t r i b u t e d t o a short circuit b y / = (E/X'd)i-tlT'\ as t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e e x p o n e n t i a l
i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s a n d small s y n c h r o n o u s m o t o r s m a y d e c a y o f i n d u c t i o n m o t o r s y m m e t r i c a l current t o a
usually b e i g n o r e d o n utility systems e x c e p t station terminal short circuit, t h e reactance m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r
service s u p p l y systems a n d at substations s u p p l y i n g is i tlT"
+
t w h e r e t is t h e p r o p e r time after initiation o f
large industrial l o a d s . A t these l o c a t i o n s , as w e l l as in the short circuit a n d T" is t h e m o t o r short-circuit time
industrial distribution s y s t e m s o r l o c a t i o n s c l o s e t o c o n s t a n t . ( B o t h s h o u l d b e in t h e same t i m e units.) F o r
large m o t o r s , o r b o t h the c u r r e n t at V4 c y c l e will b e e x a m p l e , using manufacturer's m o t o r data f o r T " , the
increased b y t h e m o t o r c o n t r i b u t i o n t o a greater reactance m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r f o r determining the inter-
d e g r e e , p r o p o r t i o n a t e l y , than t h e total current will b e rupting d u t y m a y b e f o u n d using t equal t o t h e circuit
increased at m i n i m u m parting t i m e . I n these cases, an breaker m i n i m u m c o n t a c t parting time. F o r a circuit
additional c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e Vá c y c l e c u r r e n t s h o u l d b e breaker w i t h a five-cycle rated interrupting t i m e , t = 3
m a d e using t h e a p p r o p r i a t e r e a c t a n c e values given in cycles ( 0 . 0 5 s). F o r determining the momentary duty,
T a b l e 1 u n d e r t h e h e a d i n g " M o m e n t a r y D u t y . " A 1.6 use t = 0 . 5 c y c l e s ( 0 . 0 0 8 3 3 s ) in the reactance multiply-
m u l t i p l y i n g f a c t o r s h o u l d b e used f o r a s y m m e t r y , a n d ing f a c t o r calculations.

3.2.5 Resistance of System and Typical X/R of the equivalent X/R ratio of any system,
Ratio. For the purpose of determining the rotating machine resistance values obtained
equivalent X/R ratio, it is recommended that from the manufacturer or through use of the
the manufacturer's advice be obtained concern- following table should be adjusted b y the ap-
ing the resistance value to be used for important plicable rotating machine reactance multipliers
electrical devices. In the absence of such recom- from Table 1.
mendations, the approximate resistance is sug- The ranges and typical values of the X/R
gested in Table 2. In both cases, measured ratios of system components may be obtained
values on rotating machines should be converted from Table 3 . A n estimate of the total system
to normal operating temperature. equivalent X/R ratio to the point of fault may
In setting up the R network for the calculation be obtained from Table 4 .

10

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ANSI/IEEE
APPLICATION OF A C HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS C37.5-1979

Table 2
Approximate Resistance of System Components

A p p r o x i m a t e Measure
System Componente o f Resistance

T u r b i n e generators a n d
condensers E f f e c t i v e resistance*

Salient p o l e generators
and m o t o r s E f f e c t i v e resistance*

Induction motors 1.2 times the d c arma­

ture resistance
P o w e r transformers a c l o a d loss resistance
( n o t including n o - l o a d
losses o r auxiliary losses)
Reactors ac resistance
Lines a n d c a b l e s a c resistance

• E f f e c t i v e resistance = „ 'ϊ, where X 2V is t h e rated

v o l t a g e negative-sequence r e a c t a n c e a n d T is the rated

a3

v o l t a g e generator armature t i m e c o n s t a n t in s e c o n d s .
It is usually a b o u t 1.2 times t h e d c resistance.

Table 3
Range and Typical Values of X/R Ratios of System Components

Range Typical

Large generators a n d h y d r o g e n 40-120 80

c o o l e d synchronous condensers
P o w e r transformers See Fig 4
Induction motors See Fig δ
Small generators a n d See Fig 6
synchronous motors
Reactors 40-120 80
O p e n - w i r e lines 2-16 5
U n d e r g r o u n d cables 1-3 2

N O T E : A c t u a l values s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d if practical.

4. Revision of
American National Standards Standards Institute, Inc, the revision shall
Referred to in this Standard apply:
A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 0 1 0 - 1 9 7 9 (Consolidated edi­
When the following ANSI/IEEE standard t i o n ) , Application Guide for A C High-Voltage
referred to in this standard is superseded b y a Circuit Breakers Rated o n a Symmetrical Cur­
revision approved b y the American National rent Basis.

11

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ANSI/IEEE
C37.5-1979 GUIDE FOR CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS FOR

3-PHASE, FOA-POWER TRANSFORMER,MVA *

(STANDARD IMPEDANCE LIMITS)

• B a s e d o n the class o f transformer, o b t a i n the p r o p e r

f a c t o r f r o m the table b e l o w . M u l t i p l y the transformer
M V A rating b y this f a c t o r b e f o r e using Fig 4 t o o b t a i n
t y p i c a l X/R value.

Class R a t i n g in M V A Factor

OA All ratings 1.67

FA Up to 14.9 1.33
FA 16 & up 1.25
FOA All ratings 1.0

Fig 4
X/R Range for Power Transformers

12

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ANSI/IEEE
APPLICATION OF A C HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS C37.5-1979

Table 4
Equivalent System X/R Ratio at Typical Locations
(For Quick Approximations)

T y p e o f Circuit X/R

(1) Synchronous machines c o n n e c t e d 40 -120

directly t o the b u s o r t h r o u g h reactors
(2) Synchronous machines c o n n e c t e d through 40-60
transformers rated 1 0 0 M V A and larger
(3) Synchronous machines c o n n e c t e d through 30-50
transformers rated 2 5 t o 1 0 0 M V A f o r
each three-phase b a n k

(4) R e m o t e synchronous machines connected

t h r o u g h transformers rated 1 0 0 M V A o r
larger f o r each three-phase b a n k , w h e r e the 30-50
transformers p r o v i d e 9 0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e
o f the total equivalent i m p e d a n c e t o the
fault p o i n t .

(5) R e m o t e synchronous machines c o n n e c t e d

t h r o u g h transformers rated 1 0 M V A t o 1 0 0
M V A f o r each three-phase b a n k , w h e r e the 15-40
transformers p r o v i d e 9 0 p e r c e n t o r m o r e o f
the total equivalent i m p e d a n c e t o the fault
point.
(6) R e m o t e synchronous machines c o n n e c t e d 1 5 o r less
t h r o u g h o t h e r t y p e s o f circuits, such as:
transformers rated 1 0 M V A o r smaller
f o r e a c h three-phase b a n k , transmission
lines, distribution feeders, e t c .

13

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ANSI/IEEE
C37.5-1979 GUIDE F O R CALCULATION OF F A U L T CURRENTS F O R

Appendix
Fault Current Calculation Examples

( T h i s a p p e n d i x is n o t a part o f A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 5 - 1 9 7 9 , G u i d e f o r C a l c u l a t i o n o f Fault Currents f o r A p p l i c a t i o n o f

A C H i g h - V o l t a g e C i r c u i t Breakers R a t e d o n a T o t a l C u r r e n t Basis.)

Al. Faults on a System Without

K>-*-
Motor Contributions X | · 0.070
OPEN X , · 0.020
R
|(oc)" °l9 00

"l (ac) '0.0005

A l . l General. The system shown in Fig A l
can be used to illustrate the use of the fault
current calculating procedures described in this X"„ · 0.150

guide.
R
| ( o e ) ' 0.0017
Since it is apparent that faults on the line
side of breakers A and Β produce higher fault X, • 0.1 20
current through the breaker than does a fault R | ( o c ) -0.0120

on the bus side, currents have been calculated

on only one side of each breaker. In case of
doubt, currents for faults on both sides of the , „ . (0.150 + 0.070) (0.020 + 0.120)
T o t a l X
' - (0.150 + 0.070 + 0.020 + 0.120) " 0 0 8 5 6

breaker should be determined.

T o t a l « - ( 0 - 0 0 1 7 + 0·0015)(0.0005 + 0.0120)
SYSTEM lotaliv, . 0 0 0 5 + 0.0120) 0 0 0 2 5 5

EQUIVALENT
( 0 0 0 1 7 + 0 0 0 1 5 + 0

KD-*- Base k V = 6 9
Base A = 8 3 7
GENERATOR T h e value o f v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the highest
o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e at t h e fault p o i n t is 7 0 . 5 k V line t o
line.
r, _70.5
1.022
^ P i -
69

F o r a three-phase fault,
K >
1.022
X 837 = 9990 A
φ i 34 kV s c
0.0856
70.5 kV

Fig A l Fig A 2
System for Fault Current Calculation System for Three-Phase Fault Calculation for
Bieaker A

A 1 . 2 Short-Circuit Current Calculations, Break­

er A
A l . 2 . 1 Three-Phase Fault. In the system Consider a 5 cycle (on a 6 0 Hz basis) breaker
shown in Fig A 2 , per-unit positive sequence with a contact parting time of 3 c (on a 6 0
reactances and resistances are indicated adjacent Hz basis). Since the breaker is only one trans­
to generators, transformers, and lines. Base M V A formation away from generation, the E\X cal­
= 1 0 0 . Nominal voltage is used as base at all culation should be multiplied by a factor from
levels. Fig 1 to obtain total fault current at the time
A l . 2 . 2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault. Fig A 3 of contact parting. This factor is 1 . 1 4 . The cur­
gives the zero sequence impedance data for the rent to be compared with the breaker interrupt­
system of Fig A l . ing capability at breaker operating voltage is,
A l . 2 . 3 Multiplying Factors, Interrupting 9 9 9 0 X 1.14 = 11 4 0 0 A.
Rating. For a three-phase fault, For a single line-to-ground fault,
X _ 0.0856 _
t 2X, + X 0 _ 2 X 0.0856 + 0.0578 = „_ 1

Ri 0.00255 ΰ ύ Λ
2Ä, + X 0 2 X 0.00255 + 0.00143

14

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ANSI/IEEE
APPLICATION OF AC HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS C37.5-1979

A l . 2 . 4 Momentary Calculation. The highest

H O * - value of rms symmetrical current calculated for
χ * 0 070
0
^ ^ 0 0 30^"^
OPEN breaker A occurs for the single line-to-ground
R o • 0 0015
R = Ο 0010
0
fault,

7 S C = 11 2 0 0 A

D><b A multiplier of 1.6 gives the momentary total

rms current duty for the breaker. Thus, a calcu­
lated current of 1.6 X 1 1 2 0 0 = 1 7 9 0 0 A must
Ro • 0 03
be within the breaker momentary rating for
proper breaker application.
A l . 2 . 5 Selection of Breaker A. A circuit
breaker is to be selected from the preferred
Total X - ( 0 0 7 0 ) ( 0 0 3 0 - ^ 0 . 3 0 0 ) _
T
° " - (0.070 + 0.030 + 0.300) "
t a l X 0 0 5 7 8 rating schedules of American National Standard
C 3 7 . 6 - 1 9 7 1 , Schedules of Preferred Ratings for
„ . (0.0015) (0.0010+ 0.0300)
A C High-Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a
1 D

T
° t a l =
(0.0015 + 0.0010 + 0.0300) = 0 0 0 1 4 3

Total Current Basis. The load current require­

F o r a single line-to-ground fault, ment is not greater than 2 0 0 0 A , and the
3 χ 1.022 standard duty cycle is used.
/ s c
2 (0.0856) + 0.0578 X 837 = 11 200 A
The only 6 9 k V outdoor oil circuit breaker in
American National Standard C 3 7 . 6 - 1 9 7 1 has a
three-phase interrupting rating of 5 0 0 0 M V A .
Fig A 3
The maximum design voltage is 7 2 . 5 k V , the
System for Single Line-to-Ground Fault Calcu­
minimum voltage for rated interrupting M V A is
lation for Breaker A
6 6 k V , and the interrupting time is 5 c. The
continuous current is 2 0 0 0 A .
The breaker has an interrupting rating in
From Fig 2 , the single line-to-ground fault amperes at rated voltage of 4 2 k A . The maxi­
calculation should be multiplied by 1 . 2 5 to mum interrupting rating at 6 6 kV is 4 4 k A .
obtain total fault current at the time of breaker The interrupting capability at 7 0 . 5 k V is 4 1 kA
contact parting. The current to be compared and is found by multiplying 4 2 kA by the ratio
with the breaker interrupting cabability, at of rated voltage ( 6 9 k V ) to maximum operating
breaker operating voltage, is voltage ( 7 0 . 5 k V ) .
11 2 0 0 X 1 . 2 5 = 1 4 0 0 0 A . Table A l shows the comparison of calculated
For the breaker A location, the single line- short-circuit current with the capability of the
to-ground fault current exceeds the three-phase breaker and shows that the interrupting cap­
fault current and is the determining current ability of the breaker is much larger than the
value insofar as breaker interrupting rating calculated system fault currents.
selection is concerned. The momentary current capability of the

Table A l
Short-Circuit Currents and Breaker A Capability

Calculated Breaker Interrupting

Short-Circuit Current Capability
(kA) (kA)
At Rated At
X/R Adjusted Maximum Operating
Fault E/X Factor E/X Voltage Voltage

Three-phase 9.99 1.14 11.40 40 41

Single-line- 11.20 1.25 14.00 40 41
to ground

15

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ANSI/IEEE
C37.5-1979 GUIDE F O R CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS FOR

X - 0 030
X„ • 0 5 0 0 0

"Kocl- 0 . 0 0 0 5 R- • O 0 0 1 0
R. · 0 0 3 0
A V v Q
X I · O 0 70 X -O 070
0

R
l ( « ) • 0 001 5 Ro- O 0 0 1 5

X d · 0 150

"lloel" 0 . 0 0 1 7

X„ • 0 3 0 0
R o • 0 0 30
χ,· o. zoo i i X • 0
0 200
«I( O C |-00040 R = 0 004
0

(0.070 + 0.300) (0.030)

(0.150 + 0.070 + 0.120) (0.020)
2
2 x„ = + 0.200 = 0.226
X. = + 0.200 = 0.219 (0.070 + 0.300 + 0.030)
(0.150 + 0.070 + 0.120 + 0.020)
1

2
2
(0.0015 + 0.0300) (0.0010)
(0.0017+0.0015+0.0120)(0.0005)
_ 2
2 R + 0.0040 = 0.00494
+0.0040=0.00447 0
(0.0015 + 0.0300 + 0.0010)
1
(0.0017+0.0015+0.0120+0.0005)
2
2
Base k V = 3 4 . 5 F o r a single line-to-ground fault,
Base A = 1 6 7 0 3 X 0.986
T h e value o f v o l t a g e c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o the highest X 1670 = 7440 A
i s c
2 (0.219) + 0.226
o p e r a t i n g v o l t a g e at t h e fault p o i n t is 3 4 k V line t o
line.
Fig A 5
System for Single Line-to-Ground Fault
F o r a three-phase fault, Calculation for Breaker Β

/ S C =
A L F | X
1670 = 7520 A

Fig A 4 consideration is remote from generation by

System for Three-Phase Fault Calculation for more than one transformation, the E/X calcula­
Breaker Β tion should be multiplied b y a factor from Fig
3 to obtain total fault current at the time of
contact parting. This factor is 1.31. The cur­
rent to be compared with the breaker interrupt­
breaker is 7 0 k A which is also much larger than
ing capability at breater operating voltage is,
the calculated m a x i m u m momentary current of
17.9 kA. 7520 X 1.31 = 9850 A
A 1 . 3 Short-Circuit Current Calculations, Break­ For a single line-to-ground fault,
er Β
2Xt + X _ 2 X 0.219 + 0.226
A l . 3 . 1 Three-Phase Fault. The positive se­
Q
= 47.8
2Ä, + R 2 X 0.00447 + 0.00494
0
quence impedance data for a fault at breaker Β
of Fig A l are shown in Fig A 4 . From Fig 3, the single line-to-ground fault
A l . 3 . 2 Single Line-to-Ground Fault. The zero calculation should be multiplied b y 1.30 to
sequence impedance data for a fault at breaker obtain total fault current at the time of breaker
Β are given in Fig A 5 . contact parting. The current to be compared
A l . 3 . 3 Multiplying Factors, Interrupting Rat­ with the breaker interrupting capability is, thus,
ing. For a three-phase fault,
7440 X 1.3 = 9670 A
0.219 For the breaker Β location, the three-phase
= 49.0
Ri 0.00447
fault current exceeds the single line-to-ground
Consider an 8 c (on a 60 H z basis) breaker fault current and is the determining current
with a minimum contact parting time of 4 c value insofar as breaker interrupting rating
(on a 60 Hz basis). Since the breaker under selection is concerned.

16

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ANSI/IEEE
APPLICATION OF A C HIGH-VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS C37.5-1979

A l . 3 . 4 Momentary Calculation. The highest A 2 . Faults on a System with

value of rms symmetrical current calculated for Significant Motor Contributions
breaker Β occurs for the three-phase fault,

= 7520 A.
A 2 . 1 General. The system in Fig A 6 can be
A multiplier of 1.6 gives the momentary total used t o illustrate the use of rotating machine
rms current duty for the breaker. Thus, a cal­ reactance multipliers in fault current calculat­
culated current of 1.6 X 7 5 2 0 = 1 2 0 3 0 A must ing procedures described in this guide.
be within the breaker momentary rating for Since it is apparent that a fault on the line
proper application. side of Breaker C produces higher fault current
A l . 3 . 5 Selection of Breaker B. A s in A l . 2 . 5 through the breaker than does a fault on the
an outdoor oil circuit breaker is selected from bus side, currents have been calculated on the
American National Standard C37.6-1971, line side of the breaker only. In case of doubt,
Schedules of Preferred Ratings for A C High- currents for faults on both sides of the breaker
Voltage Circuit Breakers Rated on a Total should be determined.
Current Basis. The only interrupting rating
listed for a 3 4 . 5 k V outdoor breaker is 2 5 0 0 A 2 . 2 Short-Circuit Current Calculations, Break­
M V A . The maximum design voltage is 3 8 k V , er C
the minimum voltage for rated interrupting A 2 . 2 . 1 Three-Phase Fault. In Fig A 7 positive
M V A is 2 4 k V , and the interrupting time is sequence reactances and resistances in per unit
8 c. The continuous current is 2 0 0 0 A . on a 1 0 0 M V A base are indicated adjacent to
The breaker has an interrupting rating in generators, motors, and transformers. The
amperes at rated voltage of 4 2 k A . The maxi­ resistances were determined by dividing each
mum interrupting rating at 2 4 k V is 6 0 k A . The reactance by the corresponding X/R ratio.
interrupting capability at the operating voltage Normal voltage is used as base at all levels.
of 3 4 k V is 4 2 X 3 4 . 5 / 3 4 = 4 2 . 6 k A . For short-circuit current calculations, rotat­
Table A 2 shows the comparison of calculated ing machine reactances are adjusted using the
short-circuit current with the capability of the multipliers from Table 1. N o t e that different
breaker and shows that the interrupting cap­ factors apply for interrupting and momentary
ability of the breaker is much larger than the duties. (The factors are listed in Fig A 7 also).
calculated system fault currents. For a fault on the line side of Breaker C, the
The momentary current capability of the fault point reactance Χχ for determining the
breaker is 9 6 k A which is also much larger than short-circuit current which the breaker must
the calculated maximum momentary current of interrupt is calculated as follows:
12.03 kA.

Table A 2
Short-Circuit Currents and Breaker Β Capability

Calculated Breaker Interrupting

S h o r t Circuit Current Capability
(kA) (kA)
At Rated At
X/R Adjusted Maximum Operating
Fault E/X Factor E/X Voltage Voltage

Three-phase 7.52 1.31 9.85 38 42.6

Single-line- 7.44 1.30 9.67 38 42.6
to ground

17

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 GUIDE F O R CALCULATION OF F A U L T CURRENTS F O R

POWER SYSTEM
EQUIVALENT
X, = 0.5
X/R = 25

Δ X, = I-87
69/4.16 kV X/R = 15

, 4.16/2.4 kV
Δ Χ ι = 7.7
R = I2 2< r r r n
6 / 4 8 kv
4 16/48
-T( x / R = 10
1
COMPOSITE COMPOSITE
X(j = 3 45 EQUIVALENT X¡j = 4.75
X / R = 30
X(J = 16 8

1000 HP OF
INDUCTION MOTOR
SYNCHRONOUS LOAD INDUCTION
MOTORS INDIVIDUAL SIZES MOTORS
O O
50 TO 250 HP
Ó Ó
2000 HP 2000 HP 2000 HP 2000 HP

Fig A 6
System Illustrating Large Short-Circuit
Current Contribution from Motors

POWER SYSTEM
EQUIVALENT

= n Δ I^JUU Δ X | = 7.7
= 00917 j( r r r < - \ j{ Ri = 0.77

COMPOSITE COMPOSITE
X'¿ = 3. 45 EQUIVALENT xjj = 4.75
R i = 0.115 R| = 0.158
X'¿ - 16.8
R ι = I 68

1000 HP OF
INDUCTION MOTOR
SYNCHRONOUS LOAD INDUCTION
MOTORS INDIVIDUAL SIZES MOTORS
0 0
2000 HP
50 TO 250 HP
Ó
2000 HP
Ó

FigA7
Positive Sequence Impedance for System
Shown in Fig A 6

18

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 ANSI/IEEE
APPLICATION OF A C HIGH V O L T A G E CIRCUIT BREAKERS C37.5-1979

voltage is:
10 1 2 5 X 1.08 = 1 0 9 4 0 A
X, 1.87 + 0.5 ( 3 . 4 5 ) ( 1 . 5 ) + 1.1
For the Breaker C location, the short-circuit
+ I + I current for a fault exceeds the circuit breaker
( 1 6 . 8 ) ( 3 . 0 ) + 7.7 (4.75) (1.5)
interrupting capability.
Total X , = 1 . 3 5 3 A2.2.3 Momentary Calculation. Using Fig A 7 ,
The corresponding fault point resistance i 2 t
the fault point reactance X for determining
is calculated as follows: momentary duty (at one-half cycle) is calculated
as follows: (Multipliers are from Table 1 and
1 1 . 1
are listed in Fig A 7 ) .
Ä, 0.125 + 0.02 (0.115) (1.5) + 0.0917

+ 1 + I X 1 . 8 7 + 0 . 5 ' ( 3 . 4 5 ) ( 1 . 0 ) + 1.1
(1.68) (3.0) + 0.77 (0.158) (1.5)
Total R l = 0.0663 + I + I
(16.8) (1.2) + 7.7 4.75(1.0)
Base voltage = 4 . 1 6 k V
X = 1.125
Base current = 1 3 9 0 0 A
The value of operating voltage corresponding The total current short-circuit duty at one-
to the highest operating voltage at the fault half cycle, calculated in accordance with 3 . 2 . 2 ,
point is 4.1 k V line-to-line. is:

p iiV -
£ u= 0 986 0.986
X 1 3 9 0 0 X 1.6 = 1 9 5 0 0 A
1.125

, _ 0.986 A 2 . 2 . 4 Adequacy of Breaker C. The 2 0 0 0 0

13 9 0 0 = 1 0 1 2 5 A
h c
1.353 X
A momentary rating of the circuit breaker is
adequate for this application; however, because
A 2 . 2 . 2 Multiplying Factors, Interrupting
the calculated short-circuit current for a three-
Rating. For a three-phase fault,
phase fault exceeds the interrupting capability
Xl = 1-353 of the circuit breaker, either the short-circuit
Ri 0.0663 current m a y be reduced or the circuit breaker
Consider an existing oilless circuit breaker, may be replaced. Applications such as this,
rated in accordance with superseded American which yield marginal results, may suggest the
National Standard C37.6-1961, having a use of more rigorous calculation methods to
continuous current rating of 1 2 0 0 A , a three- ascertain the need for circuit breaker replace-
phase interrupting rating of 7 5 M V A within a ment.
voltage range from 3 . 5 to 4 . 7 6 k V , and a rated
interrupting time of 8 c at 6 0 H z . The maxi-
mum interrupting rating is 1 2 5 0 0 A at 3 . 5 k V
and the momentary rating is 2 0 0 0 0 A .
The total current interrupting capability of
A3. References
this circuit breaker at the operating voltage of
4.1 kV is:
[1] Appendix material of A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 0 1 0 -
12 5 0 0 X 14
4.1
= 10 670 A 1979 (Consolidated edition), Application
Guide for A C High-Voltage Circuit Breakers
Rated on a Symmetrical Current Basis.
With the fault point two or more transforma- [2] A I E E C O M M I T T E E R E P O R T . Calculation
tions from generation, the total current inter- of Electric Power System Short Circuits
rupting duty J is multiplied b y a factor from
s c During the First Few Cycles. AIEE Trans-
Fig 3 (see 3 . 2 . 1 ) . A t the 4 cycle minimum actions (Power Apparatus and Systems),
contact parting time applicable for 8 c circuit vol 7 5 , pp 1 2 0 - 1 2 7 , Apr 1 9 5 6 .
breakers and the calculated fault point X/R of [3] S K U D E R N A , J. E. The XjR Method of
20.4, the multiplying factor is 1 . 0 8 . The cur- Applying Power Circuit Breakers. AIEE
rent to be compared with the circuit breaker Transactions (Power Apparatus and Sys-
interrupting capability at breaker operating tems), vol 7 8 , pp 3 2 8 - 3 3 8 , Jun 1 9 5 9 .

19

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
ANSI/IEEE
C37.5-1979 GUIDE FOR CALCULATION OF FAULT CURRENTS FOR

[ 4 ] W A G N E R , C. F. Decrement of Short Cir­ (Power Apparatus and Systems), vol 7 5 ,

cuit Currents. Electrical Journal, Mar, Apr, pp 2 7 4 - 2 8 5 , Jun 1 9 5 6 .
May, 1 9 5 3 . [ 7 ] K I M B A R K , E. W . Power System Stability.
[ 5 ] H U E N I N G , W. C , Jr. Time Variation of N e w Y o r k : Wiley, vol I, 1 9 4 8 ; vol II, 1 9 5 0 ;
Industrial System Short-Circuit Currents vol III, 1 9 5 6 .
and Induction M o t o r Contributions. AIEE [ 8 ] O W E N , R. E., and LEWIS, W. A . Asym­
Transactions (Applications and Industry), metry Characteristics of Progressive Short
vol 7 4 , pp 9 0 - 1 0 1 , May 1 9 5 5 . Circuits on Large Synchronous Generators.
[ 6 ] A I E E C O M M I T T E E R E P O R T . Calculated IEEE Transactions (Power Apparatus and
Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Short- Systems), vol P A S - 9 0 , pp 5 8 7 - 5 9 6 , Mar/Apr
Circuit Current Decrement Rates on 1971.
Typical Power Systems. AIEE Transactions

20

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
C 3 7 . 2 0 - 1 9 7 4 Switchgear A s s e m b l i e s , Including Metal- C 3 7 . 4 5 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) Specifications for Distribution
E n c l o s e d Bus (includes s u p p l e m e n t C 3 7 . 2 0 a - 1 9 7 0 , E n c l o s e d Single-Pole Air S w i t c h e s ( A N S I )
C37.20b-1972, C37.20c-1974, C37.20d-1978) (Con­
solidated e d i t i o n , A N S I / I E E E ) C 3 7 . 4 6 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) Specifications for P o w e r Fuses
and Fuse D i s c o n n e c t i n g Switches ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 2 3 - 1 9 7 0 ( R 1 9 7 7 ) G u i d e for Calculating Losses in
Isolated-Phase Bus ( A N S I / I E E E ) C 3 7 . 4 7 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Distribution
C 3 7 . 2 4 - 1 9 7 1 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) G u i d e for Evaluating the Effect Fuse D i s c o n n e c t i n g S w i t c h e s , Fuse S u p p o r t s , and Cur­
o f Solar R a d i a t i o n o n O u t d o o r Metal-Clad Switchgear rent-Limiting Fuses ( A N S I )
(ANSI/IEEE)
C 3 7 . 4 8 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) G u i d e for A p p l i c a t i o n , Opera­
C 3 7 . 2 6 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 7 ) G u i d e for M e t h o d s o f P o w e r t i o n , and Maintenance o f Distribution C u t o u t s and
F a c t o r Measurement f o r L o w - V o l t a g e Inductive Test Fuse Links, S e c o n d a r y Fuses, Distribution E n c l o s e d
Circuits ( A N S I / I E E E ) Single-Pole Air S w i t c h e s , P o w e r Fuses, Fuse D i s c o n ­
C 3 7 . 2 7 - 1 9 7 2 Application Guide for Low-Voltage A C necting S w i t c h e s , and A c c e s s o r i e s ( A N S I )
Non-Integrally F u s e d P o w e r Circuit Breakers (Using
Separately M o u n t e d Current-Limiting F u s e s ) ( A N S I / C 3 7 . 5 0 - 1 9 7 3 Test Procedures f o r L o w - V o l t a g e A C
IEEE) P o w e r Circuit Breakers Used in Enclosures, (includes
s u p p l e m e n t s C 3 7 . 5 0 a - 1 9 7 5 and C 5 7 . 5 0 b - 1 9 7 5 ) ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 2 9 - 1 9 7 4 Standard for Low-Voltage A C Power
Circuit P r o t e c t o r s Used in Enclosures ( A N S I / I E E E ) C 3 7 . 5 1 - 1 9 7 9 C o n f o r m a n c e Testing o f Metal-Enclosed
L o w - V o l t a g e A C P o w e r Circuit Breaker Switchgear A s ­
C 3 7 . 3 0 - 1 9 7 1 D e f i n i t i o n s and R e q u i r e m e n t s for High- semblies ( A N S I )
V o l t a g e A i r S w i t c h e s , Insulators, and Bus S u p p o r t s
(ANSI/IEEE) C 3 7 . 5 2 - 1 9 7 4 Test P r o c e d u r e s f o r L o w - V o l t a g e A C
P o w e r Circuit P r o t e c t o r s Used in Enclosures
C37.30a-1975 Supplement to C37.30-1971, (ANSI/
I E E E ) ( s o l d separately) C37.60-1974 Requirements for A u t o m a t i c Circuit
R e c l o s e r s f o r Alternating Current Systems (ANSI/
C 3 7 . 3 0 g - 1 9 8 0 Definitions and R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r High- IEEE)
V o t l a g e Air (partial revision o f A N S I / I E E E C 3 7 . 3 0 -
1971) (ANSI/IEEE) C 3 7 . 6 1 - 1 9 7 3 G u i d e f o r the A p p l i c a t i o n , O p e r a t i o n ,
and Maintenance o f A u t o m a t i c Circuit Reclosers
C 3 7 . 3 1 - 1 9 6 2 ( R 1 9 6 9 ) Electrical and Mechanical Char­ (ANSI/IEEE)
acteristics o f I n d o o r Apparatus Insulators ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 6 3 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) Requirements for Automatic
C 3 7 . 3 2 - 1 9 7 2 S c h e d u l e s o f Preferred Ratings, Manu­ Line Sectionalizers for Alternating-Current Systems,
facturing S p e c i f i c a t i o n s , a n d A p p l i c a t i o n G u i d e for (includes supplement C 3 7 . 6 3 a - 1 9 7 3 ) ( A N S I )
H i g h - V o l t a g e Air S w i t c h e s , Bus S u p p o r t s , and S w i t c h
Accessories ( A N S I ) C 3 7 . 6 6 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for Oil-Filled
Capacitor Switches for Alternating-Current Systems
C37.33-1970 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) R a t e d C o n t r o l V o l t a g e s and
(ANSI)
their Ranges for H i g h - V o l t a g e Air Switches ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 8 5 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 8 ) Safety R e q u i r e m e n t s for X -
C 3 7 . 3 4 - 1 9 7 1 ( R 1 9 7 7 ) Test C o d e for H i g h - V o l t a g e Air R a d i a t i o n Limits f o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e P o w e r V a c u u m
Switches ( A N S I / I E E E ) Interrupters Used in P o w e r Switchgear (includes sup­
C37.34a-1975 supplement to C37.34-1971, sold plement C37.85a-1972) ( A N S I )
separately
C 3 7 . 9 0 - 1 9 7 8 R e l a y s and Relay Systems Associated
C 3 7 . 3 5 - 1 9 7 6 G u i d e for the A p p l i c a t i o n , Installation, with Electric P o w e r Apparatus ( A N S I / I E E E )
O p e r a t i o n , and M a i n t e n a n c e o f H i g h - V o l t a g e Air Dis­
c o n n e c t i n g and L o a d Interrupter S w i t c h e s ( A N S I ) C 3 7 . 9 0 a - 1 9 7 4 ( R 1 9 7 9 ) G u i d e f o r Surge Withstand Ca­
pability ( S W C ) Tests ( S u p p l e m e n t t o A N S I / I E E E
C 3 7 . 3 7 - 1 9 7 9 L o a d i n g G u i d e for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Air C37.90-1978) (ANSI/IEEE)
Switches (In E x c e s s o f 1 0 0 0 V o l t s ) (revision o f C 3 7 . 3 7 -
1971) (ANSI/IEEE) C 3 7 . 9 1 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 9 ) G u i d e f o r Protective Relay A p ­
plications t o P o w e r Transformers ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 4 0 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) Service C o n d i t i o n s a n d Defini­
tions for Distribution C u t o u t s a n d Fuse L i n k s , Sec­ C 3 7 . 9 3 - 1 9 7 6 G u i d e for P r o t e c t i v e R e l a y A p p l i c a t i o n s
o n d a r y Fuses, Distribution E n c l o s e d Single-Pole Air o f A u d i o T o n e s o v e r T e l e p h o n e Channels ( A N S I /
S w i t c h e s , P o w e r Fuses, Fuse D i s c o n n e c t i n g S w i t c h e s , IEEE)
and A c c e s s o r i e s ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 9 5 - 1 9 7 4 ( R 1 9 7 9 ) G u i d e for Protective Relaying
C 3 7 . 4 1 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) Design Tests for Distribution o f Utility-Consumer I n t e r c o n n e c t i o n s ( A N S I / I E E E )
C u t o u t s and Fuse Links, S e c o n d a r y Fuses, Distribu­
tion E n c l o s e d Single-Pole Air S w i t c h e s , P o w e r Fuses, C 3 7 . 9 6 - 1 9 7 5 G u i d e for A C M o t o r P r o t e c t i o n (super­
Fuse D i s c o n n e c t i n g S w i t c h e s , and A c c e s s o r i e s ( A N S I ) sedes C 3 7 . 9 2 - 1 9 7 2 and C 3 7 . 9 4 - 1 9 7 2 ) ( A N S I / I E E E )
C37.41a-1979 (supplement to C 3 7 . 4 1 - 1 9 6 9 ) (ANSI/ C 3 7 . 9 7 - 1 9 7 9 G u i d e for Protective Relay A p p l i c a t i o n s
IEEE) t o P o w e r S y s t e m Buses ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 4 2 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Distribution C 3 7 . 9 8 - 1 9 7 8 Standard for Seismic Testing o f Relays
E n c l o s e d , O p e n , and O p e n - L i n k C u t o u t s ( A N S I ) (This standard c o m p l e m e n t s A N S I / I E E E 3 4 4 - 1 9 7 5 )
(ANSI/IEEE)
C 3 7 . 4 3 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) S p e c i f i c a t i o n s for Distribution
Fuse Links for Use in Distribution E n c l o s e d , O p e n , C 3 7 . 9 9 - 1 9 8 0 G u i d e for the P r o t e c t i o n o f Shunt Capa­
and Open-Link C u t o u t s ( A N S I ) c i t o r Banks ( A N S I / I E E E )
C37.44-1969 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) Specifications for Distribution C37.100-1972 Definitions for Power Switchgear
Oil C u t o u t s and Fuse Links ( A N S I ) (ANSI)

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Related Standards in the C37 Series
C 3 7 . 0 4 - 1 9 7 9 Rating Structure for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e C 3 7 . 0 9 - 1 9 7 9 Test P r o c e d u r e for A C High-Voltage
Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current
( C o n s o l i d a t e d e d i t i o n , Including s u p p l e m e n t s C 3 7 . 0 4 a , Basis ( C o n s o l i d a t e d e d i t i o n , A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 0 4 b , and C 3 7 . 0 4 c ) , ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 0 1 0 - 1 9 7 9 A p p l i c a t i o n G u i d e for A C High-Voltage
C 3 7 . 0 5 - 1 9 6 4 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) M e t h o d s f o r D e t e r m i n i n g the Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current
Values o f a Sinusoidal Current Wave and a N o r m a l - Basis ( C o n s o l i d a t e d e d i t i o n , A N S I / I E E E )
F r e q u e n c y R e c o v e r y V o l t a g e for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e
C 3 7 . 0 1 1 - 1 9 7 9 A p p l i c a t i o n G u i d e for Transient R e ­
Circuit Breakers ( A N S I )
c o v e r y V o l t a g e f o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers
C 3 7 . 0 6 - 1 9 7 9 Preferred Ratings and R e l a t e d R e q u i r e d R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( C o n s o l i d a t e d
Capabilities for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers edition, ANSI/IEEE)
R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( C o n s o l i d a t e d C 3 7 . 0 1 2 - 1 9 7 9 A p p l i c a t i o n G u i d e for Capacitance Cur­
edition, ANSI) rent S w i t c h i n g o f A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers
C 3 7 . 0 7 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) Interrupting Capability F a c t o r s R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis, ( C o n s o l i d a t e d
f o r R e c l o s i n g Service for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit edition) (ANSI/IEEE)
Breakers ( A N S I ) C 3 7 . 1 - 1 9 7 9 Standard D e f i n i t i o n , Specification and
Analysis o f Manual, A u t o m a t i c , and Supervisory Sta­
C 3 7 . 0 7 1 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for L i n e Closing
t i o n C o n t r o l and Data A c q u i s i t i o n ( A N S I / I E E E )
S w i t c h i n g Surge V o l t a g e C o n t r o l f o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e
Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis, C 3 7 . 2 - 1 9 7 9 Standard Electrical P o w e r System Device
3 6 2 k V and A b o v e , R a t e d M a x i m u m V o l t a g e , includes Function Numbers (ANSI/IEEE)
supplement C 3 7 . 0 7 1 a - 1 9 7 4 ) , (ANSI)
C 3 7 . 4 - 1 9 5 3 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) Definitions and Rating Struc­
ture for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a
C 3 7 . 0 7 2 - 1 9 7 1 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for Transient R e ­
T o t a l Current Basis [ i n c l u d e s supplements C 3 7 . 4 a -
c o v e r y V o l t a g e for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers
1 9 5 8 ( R 1 9 6 6 ) and C 3 7 . 4 b - 1 9 7 0 ( R 1 9 7 1 ) (reaffirmed
R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( A N S I / I E E E )
with c h a n g e in t i t l e ) ] ( A N S I ) and C 3 7 . 4 c - 1 9 8 0 ( A N S I /
C 3 7 . 0 7 2 1 - 1 9 7 1 ( R 1 9 7 7 ) A p p l i c a t i o n G u i d e f o r Tran­ IEEE)
sient R e c o v e r y V o l t a g e for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit
C 3 7 . 5 - 1 9 7 9 G u i d e for Calculation o f Fault Currents
Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( A N S I /
for A p p l i c a t i o n o f A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers
IEEE)
R a t e d o n a T o t a l Current Basis ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 0 7 2 2 - 1 9 7 1 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) S c h e d u l e s o f Preferred Tran­
C 3 7 . 6 - 1 9 7 1 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) Schedules o f Preferred Ratings
sient R e c o v e r y V o l t a g e Ratings and Related R e q u i r e d
for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a T o t a l
Capabilities f o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers
Current Basis ( A N S I )
R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basts ( i n c l u d e s sup­
plement C37.0722a-1976, ANSI) C 3 7 . 7 - 1 9 6 0 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) (reaffirmed with change in title)
Interrupting Rating Factors for R e c l o s i n g Service
C 3 7 . 0 7 3 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 8 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for Capacitance for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a T o t a l
Current S w i t c h i n g f o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Break­ Current Basis ( A N S I )
ers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( i n c l u d e s
C 3 7 . 9 - 1 9 5 3 ( R 1 9 7 6 ) (reaffirmed with change in title)
C37.073a-1978), (ANSI/IEEE)
Test C o d e f o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers Rated
C 3 7 . 0 7 3 1 - 1 9 7 3 A p p l i c a t i o n G u i d e for Capacitance o n a T o t a l Current Basis [ i n c l u d e s s u p p l e m e n t C 3 7 . 9 a -
Current S w i t c h i n g f o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Break­ 1970 (R 1971)] (ANSI)
ers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( i n c l u d e s
C 3 7 . 1 1 - 1 9 7 5 R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Electrical C o n t r o l for
supplement C 3 7 . 0 7 3 1 a - 1 9 7 6 ) (ANSI/IEEE)
A C High V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers Rated o n a S y m ­
C 3 7 . 0 7 3 2 - 1 9 7 2 S c h e d u l e o f Preferred Ratings for metrical Current Basis and a Total Current Basis
C a p a c i t a n c e Current S w i t c h i n g for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e (ANSI)
Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current
C 3 7 . 1 2 - 1 9 6 9 ( R 1 9 7 4 ) G u i d e Specifications for A C
Basis ( A N S I )
High-Voltage Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a Symmetrical
C 3 7 . 0 7 4 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 8 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for Switching- Current Basis and a T o t a l Current Basis ( A N S I )
I m p u l s e V o l t a g e Insulation Strength for A C High-
C 3 7 . 1 3 - 1 9 7 3 L o w - V o l t a g e A C P o w e r Circuit Breakers
V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Cur­
Used in Enclosures ( A N S I / I E E E )
rent Basis ( 3 6 2 k V and A b o v e ) ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 1 3 a - 1 9 7 6 L o w - V o l t a g e A C Integrally Fused P o w e r
C 3 7 . 0 7 6 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 8 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s f o r Pressurized Circuit Breakers ( s u p p l e m e n t t o C 3 7 . 1 3 - 1 9 7 3 ) ( A N S I /
C o m p o n e n t s o f A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers IEEE)
R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( A N S I / I E E E )
C 3 7 . 1 4 - 1 9 7 9 L o w - V o l t a g e D C P o w e r Circuit Breakers
C 3 7 . 0 7 8 - 1 9 7 2 ( R 1 9 7 8 ) R e q u i r e m e n t s for External In­ Used in Enclosures ( A N S I / I E E E )
sulation for O u t d o o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breakers
C 3 7 . 1 6 - 1 9 7 9 Preferred Ratings, Related R e q u i r e m e n t s
R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis ( A N S I / I E E E )
for and A p p l i c a t i o n R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s for L o w -
V o l t a g e P o w e r Circuit Breakers and A C P o w e r Cir­
C 3 7 . 0 7 8 1 - 1 9 7 2 S c h e d u l e o f Dielectric Test Values for cuit P r o t e c t o r s (revision o f C 3 7 . 1 6 - 1 9 7 3 ) ( A N S I )
O u t d o o r A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Circuit Breaker External
Insulation R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Current Basis C 3 7 . 1 7 - 1 9 7 9 T r i p Devices for A C and General Purpose
(ANSI) D C L o w - V o l t a g e P o w e r Circuit Breakers ( A N S I )
C 3 7 . 0 7 9 - 1 9 7 3 ( R 1 9 7 8 ) Test for A C H i g h - V o l t a g e Cir­ C 3 7 . 1 8 - 1 9 7 9 Standard Field Discharge Circuit Breakers
cuit Breakers R a t e d o n a S y m m e t r i c a l Basis W h e n Used in Enclosures for R o t a t i n g Electric Machinery
R a t e d for Out-of-Phase S w i t c h i n g ( A N S I / I E E E ) (ANSI/IEEE)

Authorized licensed use limited to: La Trobe University. Downloaded on June 20,2016 at 02:48:21 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.