Meeting Etiquette

● Please be on Mute all the time.

● Turn off Video, So that we can save bandwidth.
● There is separate Q&A Section in End Please use that, Add
questions in Google Form.
● Break at 5 min.
● Mute your microphone
● To help keep background noise to a minimum, make sure you
mute your microphone when you are not speaking.
● Be mindful of background noise
● Avoid multitasking
● All links and Slides will be shared.

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 { Software Tester } BluePrint.

Pramod Dutta

Exact BluePrint.
You Need to Become Software Tester.
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 Agenda
● Introduction to Software Testing?
● Details on SDLC and Different Models.
● STLC Life Cycle & 7 Principles of Software Testing.
● RTM & Different Types of Software Testing.
● Test Design Techniques
● Bugs, Severity vs Priority

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Rules
Focus on One
Thing. 5% : 95% Rule

70% is Perfect
100% is Failure New Action

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 Commitment!
Block at least
3-4 hour Per Week.

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 What is Software?
Software is basically a set of instructions or commands
that tells a computer what to do

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What is Software?

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 Types of Softwares
• System software
Ex: Device drivers, Operating Systems, Servers, Utilities, etc.
• Programming software
Ex: compilers, debuggers, interpreters, etc.
• Application software
Ex: Web Applications, Mobile Apps, Desktop Applications etc

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 Types of Software
System Software Application Software

Application software is designed to perform a

System software basically controls a specific task for end-users
computer’s internal functioning and
also controls hardware devices such as It is a product or a program that is designed
monitors, printers, and storage devices, only to fulfill end-users’ requirements
etc
General Purpose Software
Operating System MS-Word, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc.
Language Processor Customized Software
Device Driver airline reservation system
Written in a low-level language Utility Software
antivirus, disk fragmenter, memory tester, disk
Driver software. ... repair, disk cleaners
Middleware. ... Written in a high-level language
Programming software.
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What is Software Testing

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Software testing is the process of evaluating and
verifying that a software product or application
does what it is supposed to do.

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Software Testing is a part of software
development process.

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Main Objective of testing is to release quality
product to the client.

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Activity to detect and identify the defects in the
Software. (Not Fix)

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What are software testing
objectives and purpose?

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What are software testing
objectives and purpose?
To prevent defects.
Finding defects
end result meets the business and
user requirements.
Gaining confidence in and providing
information about the level of
quality

ensure that it satisfies the BRS that gain the confidence of the
is Business Requirement customers by providing them a
quality product.

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TheTestingAcademy.com
 Quality
Quality is defined as justification of all the requirements of a
customer in a product.

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Quality software is Means
● Bug-free
● Delivered on time.
● Within budget.
● Meets requirements and/or
expectations.
● Maintainable

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TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
 Software Testing
To check whether the Actual software product matches Expected requirements and to ensure that
software product is Defect free.

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Why Software Testing is Important?

https://raygun.com/blog/costly-software-errors-history/

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Why Software Testing is Important?
Vulnerability in Windows 10. This bug enables users to escape from security sandboxes through a
flaw in the win32k system

China Airlines Airbus A300 crashed due to a software bug on April 26, 1994, killing 264
innocents live

https://raygun.com/blog/costly-software-errors-history/

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 Benefits of Software Testing
● Cost-Effective
● Product quality
● Customer Satisfaction

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TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
 Types of Software Testing

Functional Testing Non-Functional Testing

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Testing Pyramid

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TheTestingAcademy.com
 Unit Testing
Type of software testing where individual units or
components of a software are tested
Unit tests help to fix bugs early in the development cycle and save costs.

A developer writes a section of code in the application just to test the function.
They would later comment out and finally remove the test code when the
application is deployed.

A coder generally uses a UnitTest Framework to develop automated test cases

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Code coverage techniques used in Unit Testing

● Statement Coverage
● Decision Coverage
● Branch Coverage
● Condition Coverage
● Finite State Machine Coverage

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 Unit Testing
Demo of Web App unit

isSumPositive function

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 Integration Testing
Type of software testing where individual units or
components of a software are tested
Software modules are integrated
logically and tested as a group.

Testing flow of data/information between the modules.

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 System Testing
System testing is a testing
level in which tests are
performed to know if a
complete build aligns with
functional and
nonfunctional requirements
made for it

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System Testing vs Integration Testing

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System Testing vs E2E Testing

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TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
Manual Tester Roles and Responsibilities

● Gather requirements from team

● Prepare Test Plan, Test Scenarios, Test cases -
https://sdet.live/3DbA
● Verifying the Software Web/ App by Hand
● Execute the Test cases and Report Bugs
● Send Test report to stakeholders
● More concentrated on the UI/UX issues
● In charge of paperwork(aka documentation online)

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Manual Tester Roles and Responsibilities
Test environment setup
Participation in meetings
Analysis of customer requests
Software bug tracking
Analysis and execution of test cases
Maintaining contact with test managers

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What you do can extra? As Manual tester
● Help in preparing the requirements to PM
● Share a Video or Images of the Manual flows to
automation team, so that they can create better automation.
● Help the team pm, devs to sync and come with timelines
of release.
● Learn coding and help in automation of the flows
manual tested.
● Identify the automation flows and pain manual areas
automate them using scripts

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What you do can extra? As Manual tester
https://forms.gle/KcCe2bhZSFsS5GzLA

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 Software Development Life Cycle
Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a process used by the software
industry to design, develop and test high quality softwares.

ISO/IEC 12207 is an international standard for software life-cycle processes. It

aims to be the standard that defines all the tasks required for developing and
maintaining software.

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1. Planning and Requirement Analysis
● It is performed by the senior members of the team with inputs from the
customer.
● Sales department, market surveys and domain experts in the industry.

Documents - Statement of Work, Project Plan

Outcome - Various Technical approaches that

can be followed to implement the project
successfully with minimum risks.

https://bugz.atlassian.net/l/cp/EeXpfJ0W

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 SOW-TEMPLATE-Project Manager-ND

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oP7Fw3RTvCdYuc1sH_1MeRYzOUhmtapr/edit?usp=
sharing&ouid=104755920778477387077&rtpof=true&sd=true

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 2. Defining Requirements
● Define and document the product requirements and get them approved
from the customer or the market analysts

Documents - SRS (Software Requirement

Specification) document

https://sdet.live/samplesrs

Consists of all the product requirements to be

designed and developed during the project life
cycle.

https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/software-requirement-
specification-srs-format/

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 3. Designing
● Based on the requirements specified in SRS, usually more than one design
approach for the product architecture is proposed and documented in a
DDS - Design Document Specification
Documents - DDS

https://sdet.live/samplesrs

A design approach clearly defines all the

architectural modules of the product along with
its communication and data flow representation

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 4. Building
● The programming code is generated as per DDS during this stage

Documents - FRDs

https://sdet.live/samplesrs

Developers must follow the coding guidelines

defined by their organization and programming
tools like compilers, interpreters, debuggers

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 5. Testing
● This stage refers to the testing only stage of the product where product
defects are reported, tracked, fixed and retested, until the product reaches
the quality standards defined in the SRS.
Documents - multiple Docs

https://sdet.live.notes

Full STLC Life Cycle

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 6. Deployment
● Once the product is tested and ready to be deployed it is released formally
in the appropriate market.

Documents - NA

The product may first be released in a limited

segment and tested in the real business
environment (UAT- User acceptance testing).

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 BRD
Business Requirement Document i.e. BRD is created during the initial phase of the
project. This document contains the high-level business requirements that could be
easy to follow by business stakeholders, managers, board of directors, etc.

a business requirement document is a functional business requirement that is written in

a well-structured manner without any technical jargon.

● Bank customers should be able to register themselves.

● Registered bank customers should be able to log in.
● Customers should be able to do online transactions.
● Customers should be able to open fixed deposit online.
● Customers should be able to recharge their mobile phones, etc.

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 FRD
Functional specification document is required with detailed
requirements in technical terms that will be referred by the technical
team for further development of the system.

● Username should not include numeric value.

● The password should be 8 or more char long.
● Only 5 transactions should be allowed in a day, etc

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 SRS
Software Requirement Specification i.e. SRS Document is one of the
important documents for the development team. It is a complete
description of the behavior of a system to be developed.

SRS document contains all the functional and non-functional

requirements along with the use cases that the software must meet.

Software specification requirement document elaborates on the

business requirements mentioned in BRD to accommodate the
functional and non-functional requirements along with user
intersections with the system i.e. use cases.
document is prepared by system analysts or business analysts and referred by the project management,
development, and implementation teams.

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TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
UML contains different diagrams and
Use case is one of it

UML also contains Structural diagrams as well as - such as

Class Diagram

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https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9107448/uml-class-diagram-for-an-e-commerce-website

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 SDLC Models
● Waterfall Model
● Spiral Model
● V-Model
● Agile Model

Other related methodologies are Agile Model, RAD Model, Rapid Application Development and
Prototyping Models.

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Waterfall Model

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Waterfall Model

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Advantages of Waterfall Model
● The product will be of high quality.
● There are less possibilities of detecting problems
because requirement modifications are
prohibited.
● Since the testers are employed later, the initial
cost is lower.
● Preferred for little projects with frozen criteria.

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Disadvantages of Waterfall Model
• Requirement changes are not allowed.
• If there is defect in Requirement that will be
continued in later phases.
• Total investment is more because time taking
for rework on defect is time consuming which
leads to
high investment.
• Testing will start only after coding

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 Spiral Model
Spiral Model is iterative model.
▪ Spiral Model overcome drawbacks of
Waterfall model.
▪ We follow spiral model whenever there is
dependency on the modules.
▪ In every cycle new software will be
released to customer.
▪ Software will be released in multiple
versions. So it is also called version control
model.

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 The Radius of the spiral at any point
represents the expenses(cost) of the
project so far, and the angular dimension
represents the progress made so far in
the current phase.

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 Prototyping Model
Prototyping is defined as the process of developing a working replication of a product or system
that has to be engineered. It offers a small scale facsimile of the end product and is used for
obtaining customer feedback as described below:

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 In each phase of the Spiral Model, the features of
the product dated and analyzed, and the risks at
that point in time are identified and are resolved
through prototyping.

Thus, this model is much more flexible compared

to other SDLC models.

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 Risk Handling in Spiral Model
A risk is any adverse situation that might affect the successful
completion of a software project. The most important feature of the
spiral model is handling these unknown risks after the project has
started. Such risk resolutions are easier done by developing a
prototype. The spiral model supports coping up with risks by
providing the scope to build a prototype at every phase of the
software development.

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Advantages of Spiral Model
• Testing is done in every cycle, before going to
the next cycle.
• Customer will get to use the software for every
module.
• Requirement changes are allowed after every
cycle before going to the next cycle.

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Disadvantages of Spiral Model
• Requirement changes are NOT allowed in
between the cycle.
• Every cycle of spiral model looks like waterfall
model.
• There is no testing in requirement & design
phase.

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 V-Model
The V-model is a type of SDLC model where
process executes in a sequential manner in
V-shape.

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V-Model contains Verification phases on
one side of the Validation phases on the
other side.

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TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
Verification: It involves static analysis technique (review) done
without executing code. It is the process of evaluation of the
product development phase to find whether specified requirements
meet.

Validation: It involves dynamic analysis technique (functional,

non-functional), testing done by executing code. Validation is the
process to evaluate the software after the completion of the
development phase to determine whether software meets the
customer expectations and requirements.

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Advantages
• Testing is involved in each and every phase.

Disadvantages
• Documentation is more.
• Initial investment is more.

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 Static V/S Dynamic Testing
Static testing is an approach to test project documents in the form of Reviews,
Walkthroughs and Inspections.

Dynamic testing is an approach to test the actual software by giving inputs and
observing results.

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TheTestingAcademy.com
 AGILE MODEL
The Agile model is a combination of an incremental and iterative approach and is focussed
on fitting in well with flexible requirements.

Agile is an iterative approach to project management and software development that helps
teams deliver value to their customers faster and with fewer headaches

the project is divided into small subparts and is delivered in iterations. The subtasks are
divided into time frames to serve working functionality with each build. As a result, the final
product has all the required features.

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TheTestingAcademy.com
Instead of betting everything on a "big
bang" launch, an agile team delivers
work in small, but consumable,
increments.

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Benefits:

Quick development
Quality and measurable results
Business value can be delivered –
demonstrated fast
Requires minimum resources
Highly adaptive to changing requirements

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 Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC)
Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) is a sequence of different activities performed during the software
testing process.

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Better Resume Tech.

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1. Requirement Analysis: Quality assurance team understands the
requirements like what is to be tested. If anything is missing or not
understandable then quality assurance team meets with the stakeholders to
better understand the detail knowledge of requirement. - Documents -
SRS, FRD, BRD
2. Test Planning: In this phase manager of the testing team calculates
estimated effort and cost for the testing work. This phase gets started once
the requirement gathering phase is completed. Documents Test Plan

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Test Case Development: The test case development phase gets started once the test
planning phase is completed Test cases. Documents - Test cases(Excel, GSheet or
on Tools)
Test Environment Setup: Test environment decides the conditions on which software
is tested. NA
Test Execution: Documents - Test Execution Report Bug Report ,
In this phase testing team start executing test cases based on prepared test cases in
the earlier step.
Test Closure: Test Report
This is the last stage of STLC in which the process of testing is analyzed.

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TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
Static Testing
Static Testing is a type of a Software Testing method which is
performed to check the defects in software without actually
executing the code of the software application.

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Static Testing done with Static Analysis
Static Analysis:
Static Analysis includes the evaluation of the code quality that is
written by developers. Different tools are used to do the analysis of
the code and comparison of the same with the standard.
It also helps in following identification of following defects:

(a) Unused variables

(b) Dead code
(c) Infinite loops
(d) Variable with undefined value
(e) Wrong syntax

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TheTestingAcademy.com
Testing Methodologies
• White box Testing
• Black box Testing
• Grey box Testing

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TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
TheTestingAcademy.com
 Unit Testing
A unit is a single component or module of a software.
Unit testing conducts on a single program or single module.
Unit Testing is white box testing technique.
Conducted by the developers.

Unit testing techniques:

- Basis path testing
- Control structure testing
- Conditional coverage
- Loops Coverage.
- Mutation Testing

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 Unit Testing
Demo of Web App unit

isSumPositive function

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 Integration Testing
● - Integration testing performed between 2 or more modules.
● - Integration testing focuses on checking data communication between
multiple
● modules.
● - Integrated Testing is white box testing technique
●

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Integration Testing

● Incremental
● Big Bang Approach

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 Big Bang Approach
All the components or modules are integrated
together at once and then tested as a unit.
some interfaces link to be tested
could be missed easily.

● Convenient for small systems. ● Since the Integration testing can

commence only after “all” the modules are
designed, the testing team will have less
We might miss data flow between time for execution in the testing phase.
some of the modules.
high-risk critical modules are not
If you find any defect we cant
isolated and tested on priority.
understand the root cause of defect

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 Incremental Integration Testing

● Testing is done by integrating two or more modules

that are logically related to each other and then
tested for proper functioning of the application.

● Then the other related modules are integrated

incrementally and the process continues until all the
logically related modules are integrated and tested
successfully.

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Incremental Integration Testing

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 Incremental Integration Testing

● Testing is done by integrating two or more modules

that are logically related to each other and then
tested for proper functioning of the application.

● Then the other related modules are integrated

incrementally and the process continues until all the
logically related modules are integrated and tested
successfully.

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 Top-down Integration Testing
● We will add the modules incrementally or one by one
and test the data flow in similar order as we can see
in the below diagram:

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Difference between Stubs and Drivers
The Stubs and Drivers are considered as elements which are equivalent to to-do
modules that could be replaced if modules are in their developing stage, missing or not
developed yet

Stubs are mainly used in Top-Down integration testing while the Drivers are
used in Bottom-up integration testing, thus increasing the efficiency of testing
process.

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Difference between Stubs and Drivers
Module-A : Login page website,
Module-B : Home page of the Assume Module-A is developed. As soon as it’s developed, it
website undergoes testing, but it requires Module-B, which isn’t developed
Module-C : Profile setting yet. So in this case, we can use the Stubs or Drivers that simulate
Module-D : Sign-out page all features and functionality that might be shown by actual
Module-B. So, we can conclude that Stubs and drivers are used to
fulfill the necessity of unavailable modules.

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Difference between Stubs and Drivers
S.No. Stubs Drivers

Stubs are used in Top-Down Drivers are used in Bottom-Up

1.
Integration Testing. Integration Testing.

Stubs are basically known as a

While, drivers are the “calling
“called programs” and are used
2. program” and are used in
in the Top-down integration
bottom-up integration testing.
testing.

Stubs are similar to the

While drivers are used to
modules of the software, that
3. invoking the component that
are under development
needs to be tested.
process.

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 Top-down Integration Testing
● To detect the significant design flaws and fix them
early because required modules are tested first.

● Critical Modules are tested on

priority; major design flaws
could be found and fixed first.

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 Bottom Up Integration Testing
● Low lower-level modules are tested with
higher-level modules until all the modules have been
tested successfully.

● Critical modules (at the top

level of software architecture)
which control the flow of
application are tested last and
may be prone to defects.

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S.N Comparison Top-Down Integration Testing Bottom-up Integration Testing
O. Basis

1. Definition We will add the modules incrementally or one by The lower-level modules are tested with

one and test the data flow in similar order. higher-level modules until all the modules have

been tested successfully.

2. Executed on The top-down integration testing approach will be The bottom-up integration testing approach

executed on the Structure or procedure-oriented will be executed on Object-oriented

programming languages. programming languages.

3. Observation In the top-down approach, the observation of test In the bottom-up approach, the observation of

output is more complicated. test output is more accessible.

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 Top-Down Integration Testing Bottom-up Integration Testing

1. Definition We will add the modules incrementally or one The lower-level modules are tested with

by one and test the data flow in similar order. higher-level modules until all the modules

have been tested successfully.

2. Executed on The top-down integration testing approach The bottom-up integration testing

will be executed on the Structure or approach will be executed on

procedure-oriented programming languages. Object-oriented programming languages.

3. Observation In the top-down approach, the observation of In the bottom-up approach, the

test output is more complicated. observation of test output is more

accessible.

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 System Testing
● Testing over all functionality of the application with respective client
● requirements.
● It is a black box testing technique.
● This testing is conducted by testing team.
● After completion of component and integration level testing’s we start
System testing.
● Before conducting system testing we should know the customer
requirements.
● System Testing focus on.
○ User Interface Testing (GUI)
○ Functional Testing
○ Non-Functional Testing
○ Usability Testing

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System Testing Types.

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 System Testing
System Testing Process: System Testing is performed in the following steps:

Test Environment Setup: Create testing environment for the better quality testing.
Create Test Case: Generate test case for the testing process.
Create Test Data: Generate the data that is to be tested.
Execute Test Case: After the generation of the test case and the test data, test cases
are executed.
Defect Reporting: Defects in the system are detected.
Regression Testing: It is carried out to test the side effects of the testing process.
Log Defects: Defects are fixed in this step.
Retest: If the test is not successful then again test is performed.

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System Testing

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 Types of System Testing:
Performance Testing: Performance Testing is a type of software testing that is carried out
to test the speed, scalability, stability and reliability of the software product or application.

Load Testing: Load Testing is a type of software Testing which is carried out to determine
the behavior of a system or software product under extreme load.

Stress Testing: Stress Testing is a type of software testing performed to check the
robustness of the system under the varying loads.

Scalability Testing: Scalability Testing is a type of software testing which is carried out to
check the performance of a software application or system in terms of its capability to
scale up or scale down the number of user request load.

Tools used for System Testing :

JMeter
Gallen Framework
Selenium

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 User Acceptance Testing (UAT)
Acceptance Testing is a method of software testing where a system is tested for
acceptability

After completion of system testing UAT team conducts acceptance

testing in two levels.
- Alpha testing
- Beta testing

It is a formal testing according to user needs, requirements and business

processes conducted to determine whether a system satisfies the acceptance
criteria or not and to enable the users, customers or other authorized entities to
determine whether to accept the system or not.

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 Types of Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing (UAT): User acceptance testing is used to determine
whether the product is working for the user correctly. Specific requirements
which are quite often used by the customers are primarily picked for the testing
purpose. This is also termed as End-User Testing.

Business Acceptance Testing (BAT): BAT is used to determine whether the

product meets the business goals and purposes or not.

BAT mainly focuses on business profits which are quite challenging due to the
changing market conditions and new technologies so the current
implementation may have to being changed which results in extra budgets.

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 Types of Acceptance Testing
Contract Acceptance Testing (CAT) :
CAT is a contract that specifies that once the product goes live, within a
predetermined period, the acceptance test must be performed and it should
pass all the acceptance use cases. Here is a contract termed a Service Level
Agreement (SLA)

Regulations Acceptance Testing (RAT): RAT is used to determine whether

the product violates the rules and regulations that are defined by the
government of the country where it is being released. T

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 Types of Acceptance Testing

Operational Acceptance Testing (OAT): OAT is used to determine the

operational readiness of the product and is non-functional testing. It
mainly includes testing of recovery, compatibility, maintainability, reliability, etc.
OAT assures the stability of the product before it is released to production.

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 Types of Acceptance Testing
Alpha Testing: Alpha testing is used to determine the product in the
development testing environment by a specialized testers team usually
called alpha testers.

Beta Testing: Beta testing is used to assess the product by exposing it to

the real end-users, usually called beta testers in their environment. Feedback
is collected from the users and the defects are fixed. Also, this helps in
enhancing the product to give a

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 Alpha vs Beta

Tester Beta Tester

Dev Env Real Env or UAT env

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TheTestingAcademy.com
Boundary Value Analysis.

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Equivalence Class Partitioning

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 Practical Test cases
Suppose, In Ecommerce Sale we have discounts like this ,
Invalid and Valid Test cases

Nil 0- 5000 5000-10000 10000-20000

10% 15% 25%

https://forms.gle/hfU6xkKT7jVwmhPR6

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 ECP Vs BVP

Equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis(BVA) are closely related and can be
used together at all levels of testing.

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 Problem
Let’s consider the behavior of Order Pizza Text Box
Below
Pizza values 1 to 10 is considered valid. A success
message is shown.
While value 11 to 99 are considered invalid for order and
an error message will appear, “Only 10 Pizza can be
ordered”

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Problem

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Problem

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Decision Table based testing

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Error Guessing

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 State Transition
Take an example of login page of an application which locks the user name after three wrong attempts of
password.

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 Agile
Agile is an iterative approach to project management and software development that
helps teams deliver value to their customers faster and with fewer headaches

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Agile Manifesto

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Agile

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