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Assignment 1 Hydro

Surveying Science And Geomatics (MARA University of Technology (Shah Alam))

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SCHOOL OF GEOMATICS SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT

TITLE: INTRODUCTION TO HYRDOGRAPHIC SURVEY IN

MALAYSIA
ASSIGNMENT 1

Programme : AP220 – Bachelor of Surveying Science and Geomatics (Honours)

Course : GSS614-HYDROGRAPHY AND OCEANMAPPING

Name NAUFAL FATAH LUTHFIANO

and :
Student ID 2023226788
Group : AP2205A

Lecturer’s : DR MUHAMMAD ABDUL HAKIM MUHAMAD

Name

Duration : 23 NOVEMBER 2023

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LIST OF CONTENTS

1.0 OVERVIEW OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING ...................................................................... 3

1.1 Definition ...................................................................................................................................... 3
1.2 Goals ............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.3 Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 4
2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA ......................................................................... 5
3.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING ................................................................ 6
4.0 KEY APPLICATIONS OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING ...................................................... 7
4.1 Navigation Safety.......................................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Port Development ......................................................................................................................... 7
4.3 Offshore Resource Management ................................................................................................... 7
5.0 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES ....................................................................................... 8
5.1 Challenges ..................................................................................................................................... 8
5.2 Opportunities................................................................................................................................. 8
6.0 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES ................................................................ 9
7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 10

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1.0 OVERVIEW OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

1.1 Definition
Etymologically, Hydrography comes from Greek which consists of the words Hidro
which means water and Grafi / Grafos which means writing / drawing. Hydrography
means a picture of the earth's surface filled with water such as seas, lakes, rivers.
Hydrography is that branch of physical oceanography dealing with the measurement
and definition of the configuration of the bottoms and adjacent land areas of oceans,
lakes, rivers, harbors, and other water forms on Earth. Hydrographic Surveying which
also known as bathymetric surveying is the measurement of physical features of the
seafloor. It is the science of measuring all variables underneath water that influence all
the marine activities such as dredging, offshore drilling and marine construction.
Hydrographic surveying utilizes a particular instrument that applies the mechanism
of acoustic wave in order to obtain hydrographic data. Either single beam or multibeam
echosounder are available to be operated. The instrument works by sweeping the
seafloor as the survey vessel passes over the survey area. The acoustic wave sent by the
instrument passing through the water column bounce off the seafloor and return to the
vessel. The depth of the seafloor will then obtained from the calculation of the time
taken by the acoustic waves return to the receiver with the addition calculation of other
parameter that may affect the waves during moving through the water column.
1.2 Goals
The principal objective of most hydrographic surveys is to obtain basic data for the
compilation of nautical charts with emphasis on the features that may affect safe
navigation. Alongside the nautical charts, which an essential map for marine
navigation, the product made from hydrographic survey is hydrographic models, which
basically is a visual model of ocean physical features. Hydrographic model can be used
for research and marine geospatial products and services.
The purpose of hydrographic surveying is:
1. To collect, with systematic surveys at sea, along the coast and inland,
georeferenced data related to:
a. Shoreline configuration, including man-made infrastructure for
maritime navigation
b. Depths in the area of interest (including all potential hazards to
navigation and other marine activities).
c. Sea bottom composition.
d. Tides and Currents.
e. Physical properties of the water column.
2. To process the information collected in order to create organized databases
capable of feeding the production of thematic maps, nautical charts and
other types of documentation for the following most common uses :
a. Maritime navigation and traffic management.
b. Naval operations.
c. Coastal zone management.
d. Marine environment preservation.

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e. Exploitation of marine resources and laying of submarine

cables/pipelines.
f. Maritime boundaries definition (Law of the Sea implementation).
g. Scientific studies
1.3 Scope
The scientific scope of hydrography, as defined by the International
Hydrographic Organization (IHO), encompasses a wide range of activities, including
ocean mapping, coastal area management, offshore seismic survey, offshore
construction survey, marine remote sensing, deep waters, and military applications.
Through hydrographic surveys, results are obtained that can be applied for various
purposes, such as planning for docks and port shipping routes, measuring the level of
environmental health in the coastal intertidal zone, installation of seabed cables and
pipes, seaweed cultivation and beach ecotourism, protection of coastlines, prediction of
seagrass and mangrove distribution, and management of oil and gas natural resources.
IHO has released new standards for hydrographic surveys, emphasizing the
importance of ensuring that all the world's seas, oceans, and navigable waters are
surveyed and charted. These standards are adaptable for various applications, including
oil and gas, renewable energies, dredging, geophysics, and geotechnics. The new
edition of the standards specifies minimum requirements for accuracy based on
intended use, allowing flexibility in survey definition and accommodating emerging
technologies. Hydrographic surveys play a critical role in mapping underwater terrain,
ensuring safe navigation, and providing essential data for environmental monitoring,
coastal development, and resource management.

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2.0 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA

The history of hydrographic surveying in Malaysian waters began in the 18th century
by the Tentera Laut Diraja British (TLDB). The British withdrawal from Malaya allowed the
Tentera Laut Diraja Malaysia (TLDM) to establish its own hydrographic service without
assistance from TLDB. In the early 1960s, the first group of TLDM hydrographic officers and
members were sent for training in Australia. The establishment of the Hydrographic Branch in
TLDM was realized in 1969, and modified fire pot ships were the first assets used for
hydrographic surveying.
On October 31, 1972, TLDM was appointed as the agency responsible for conducting
hydrographic surveys in Malaysia by the Cabinet. Since then, the development and role played
by the Hydrographic Branch of TLDM have continued to evolve in line with the country's
involvement in the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) in 1975. Through this
involvement, the Hydrographer General indirectly became the official representative of the
Malaysian government to the IHO conference held every five years.
In terms of surveying assets, the first hydrographic ship, the Kapal Diraja (KD) Mutiara,
was acquired in 1977 to enhance TLDM's hydrographic surveying capabilities and enable the
publication of the first nautical charts in 1984. This was followed by the acquisition of the
second hydrographic ship, KD Perantau, in 1998, equipped with the latest and most advanced
surveying system in Southeast Asia at that time.
Meanwhile, the production of Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) began in 2000,
and to date, 103 ENC cells have been produced for international markets or domestic use. The
establishment of the Penubuhan Pusat Hidrografi Nasional (PHN) was initially proposed under
the Pembangunan Istimewa Angkatan Tetap (Perista) since 1979. However, due to certain
reasons, the development of PHN could only be implemented in 2002 and fully completed in
2005.
The development of PHN was carried out in stages, involving a mangrove area
reclaimed to an extent of 50 hectares on Pulau Indah, Port Klang, Selangor. Until now, the
development has only involved the first phase, including the construction of the Administration
Building, Printing Building, Bachelor Residence Block, Cartography and Oceanography
Building, KD Sri Klang Building (KDSK) and Weapons Building, completed on October 15,
2005.

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3.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

Because of its vast coastline and vibrant marine industry, Malaysia benefits greatly
from hydrographic surveying. The long stretch of coastline that makes up Malaysia functions
as a vital land-sea interaction. The coastline serves as a center for trade and economic activity
thanks to its many busy ports, busy shipping lanes, and thriving fishing sector. Along this vast
coastline, hydrographic surveying is essential to maintaining the security and effectiveness of
maritime activities. These surveys provide the precise and current nautical charts that are
needed to navigate ships through complex channels, steer clear of potential hazards, and enable
the smooth entry and exit of products and services into and out of the nation.
The accuracy of hydrographic data is essential in creating precise navigational charts,
ensuring safe travel for ships along the Malaysian shores. This not only protects maritime
activities but also safeguards the rich marine ecosystems and coastal areas. By understanding
the underwater landscape, hydrographic surveys contribute to the conservation of Malaysia's
natural living environment. Monitoring changes in coastal areas helps in preserving the balance
of marine ecosystems and supports sustainable practices.
Hydrographic surveying is highly important for Malaysia due to its vibrant maritime
activities. Thus, Malaysia depends on reliable hydrographic data to guarantee safe ship travel
and effective port operations. These surveys offer vital data for accurate chart creation, vessel
guidance, and maritime catastrophe prevention. Hydrographic surveying not only promotes
maritime safety but also the sustainability of Malaysia's marine resources. These surveys aid
in the appropriate use and preservation of the nation's priceless marine environment by keeping
an eye on changes to the shoreline and evaluating the effects of human activity. To put it briefly,
hydrographic surveying is essential to improving Malaysia's marine activities' sustainability,
efficiency, and safety.

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4.0 KEY APPLICATIONS OF HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING

4.1 Navigation Safety
Navigation safety refers to the measures and practices implemented to ensure the
secure and efficient movement of vessels along Malaysia's extensive coastline and
maritime routes. By providing accurate and update information about underwater
features, hydrographic surveys contribute significantly to preventing accidents,
safeguarding vessels and ensuring the overall safety and efficiency of maritime
activities along Malaysia’s coast.
4.2 Port Development
Port development in Malaysia refers to the strategic planning, construction, and
enhancement of maritime infrastructure to facilitate efficient and sustainable port
operations. It involves the expansion, modernization, and maintenance of ports to
accommodate increasing maritime activities, such as shipping, trade, and logistics.
Hydrographic surveying enables the collection of precise and detailed information
about the seabed, water depths, and underwater topography with the output of charts
and maps specific to port areas. These charts offer detailed insights into the underwater
topography, helping port authorities and developers make informed decisions about
dredging, channel alignment, and infrastructure placement. By regularly updating
navigational charts through hydrographic surveys, ports can adapt to changing
environmental conditions and enhance their resilience to factors such as sedimentation
or natural shifts in underwater terrain.
4.3 Offshore Resource Management
Offshore resources in Malaysia refer to valuable assets found beyond the country's
coastal boundaries. These resources include oil and gas deposits, fisheries, minerals,
and other marine-based assets crucial for economic development. Offshore resource
management in Malaysia involves the strategic planning, exploration, and sustainable
utilization of marine resources. Hydrographic survey provides detailed information
about the seabed, water depths, and potential hazards. By providing accurate and up-
to-date data about the underwater environment, hydrographic surveys contribute to
safe, efficient, and environmentally responsible practices in the exploration and
utilization of valuable offshore energy assets.

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5.0 CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES

5.1 Challenges
Malaysian hydrographic surveying has a number of difficulties, including a lack
of qualified workers, the requirement for cutting-edge technology, and possible
environmental effects. Because of port growth and offshore activities, there is an
increasing need for surveys; nevertheless, accurate data collection is hampered by the
restricted usage of current technology. Concerns about the environment are raised by
how modern technology affects marine life. Data inaccuracies are a risk due to the
challenges posed by the lack of competent workers. Coordinated efforts in finance,
technology, training, and environmental adaptability are essential to overcoming these
challenges and preserving Malaysia's effective hydrographic surveying procedures.
5.2 Opportunities
Malaysia has a lot of potential for hydrographic surveying because of cutting-
edge technologies that increase efficiency and accuracy, like airborne lidar and satellite-
derived bathymetry. Standardizing procedures through partnerships with hydrographic
organizations can help the marine industry's growing need for accurate hydrographic
data services. The opportunity to coordinate surveying activities with sustainability and
conservation objectives arises from the growing attention given to environmental
challenges. Seizing these chances can result in advancements in Malaysian
hydrographic surveying techniques, including economics, technology, and
environmentally sustainable practices.

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6.0 RECENT ADVANCEMENTS AND TECHNOLOGIES

1. Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV)
Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs) are vehicles that operate on the water without a
crew. USVs have many applications similar to Small Survey Boat but have the advantages
of being deployable without a crew. This makes USVS cheap and easy to use.
2. Bathymetry lidar
Bathymetric lidar is a technique to capture geospatial data of the coastline and shallow
waters. Bathymetry lidar systems use laser sensors mounted on aircraft to measure the
depth of water. This technology is effective in capturing detailed bathymetric information
in coastal zones. In Malaysia, bathymetry lidar can enhance surveying efficiency and
accuracy since the intricate coastlines and numerous islands.
3. Satellite-derived bathymetry
Satellite-derived bathymetry using satellite sensors to measure water depth. In
Malaysia, with its extensive maritime territory, this technology can be particularly relevant
for surveying shallow coastal areas and obtaining comprehensive bathymetric data.
4. Multibeam Echo Sounder
The Multi-Beam Echo Sounder is a device for determining water depth with a wide
coverage of the seabed surface. The principle of operation of this device in general is based
on a wave beam that is emitted directly towards the seabed and after that the acoustic energy
is reflected back from the seabed, several sound beams are electronically formed using
processing techniques so that the angle of the "swath" is known.

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7.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Faizal, A. (2013). Aplikasi Survei Hidrografi dalam Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam Minyak
dan Gas ( offshore ). 2.
Hamden, M. H., & Md Din, A. H. (2018). A review of advancement of hydrographic
surveying towards ellipsoidal referenced surveying technique. IOP Conference Series:
Earth and Environmental Science, 169(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-
1315/169/1/012019
IHO. (2005). Manual on Hydrography. Manual on Hydrography Publication C-13,
2005(May), 482.
Md. Said, N. (1994). Kepentingan Masa Kini. Samudera, 1–10.
Monahan, D., Hecht, H., Wells, D., Kenny, M. R., & Campos, A. (2001). Challenges and
opportunities for hydrography in the New Century. International Hydrographic Review,
2(3), 56–67.
Musa, Shaharuddin. (2019). Current and Future Challenges for Hydrographic Surveyors in
Malaysia. PEJUTA

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