South American Spider Mites: New Hosts and Localities

Author(s): Renata S Mendonça, Denise Navia, Ivone R Diniz, Carlos HW Flechtmann

Source: Journal of Insect Science, 11(121):1-18. 2011.
Published By: Entomological Society of America
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1673/031.011.12101
URL: http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1673/031.011.12101

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.

South American spider mites: New hosts and localities

Renata S Mendonça1a*, Denise Navia2b, Ivone R Diniz1c, Carlos HW Flechtmann3d

1
Universidade de Brasília, UNB, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Campus Universitário Darcy
Ribeiro, ICC Sul, Sala AT-159, Asa Norte, 70910-900, Brasília-DF, Brazil; Université Montpellier II, Montpellier, France
2
Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Laboratório de Quarentena Vegetal, Parque Estação Biológica, W5 Norte
Final, Caixa Postal 02372, 70.770-900 Brasília-DF, Brazil
3
CNPq Researcher, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Cx. Postal 09,
13.418-900, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil

Abstract
In order to contribute to taxonomic information on Tetranychid mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) in
South America, surveys were conducted in Brazil (15 States and the Federal District) and
Uruguay (one Department); 550 samples of 120 plant species were collected. Tetranychid mite
infestations were confirmed in 204 samples, and 22 species belonging to seven genera of the
Bryobiinae and Tetranychinae subfamilies were identified on 58 different host plants. Thirty-six
new plant hosts were found in Brazil, South America, and worldwide for the following species:
Eutetranychus banksi (McGregor); Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar); Oligonychus anonae
Paschoal; O. mangiferus (Rahman and Sapra); Tetranychus bastosi Tuttle, Baker and Sales; T.
desertorum Banks, 1900, T. evansi Baker and Pritchard; T. ludeni Zacher; T. mexicanus
(McGregor); T. neocaledonicus André; and T. urticae Koch. Four new localities in Brazil were
reported for Eotetranychus tremae De Leon; O. anonae; Panonychus ulmi (Koch); and T. gloveri
Baker and Pritchard.

Keywords: Eurytetranychini, Hystrichonychini, neotropical region, systematics, taxonomy, Tetranychini

Correspondence: a [email protected], b [email protected], c [email protected], d
[email protected], * Corresponding author
Received: 16 September 2010, Accepted: 14 November 2010
Copyright : This is an open access paper. We use the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license that permits
unrestricted use, provided that the paper is properly attributed.
ISSN: 1536-2442 | Vol. 11, Number 121
Cite this paper as:
Mendonça RS, Navia D, Diniz IR, Flechtmann CHW. 2011. South American spider mites: New hosts and localities.
Journal of Insect Science 11:121 available online: insectscience.org/11.121

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.

Introduction forward these and other researchers have

conducted major studies on tetranychids in
The Tetranychidae Donnadieu family includes several fields such as taxonomy, ecology,
a large number of strictly phytophagous mites; biology, control, and resistance, bringing
a few species are significant agricultural crop important advances to knowledge of Brazilian
pests worldwide (Jeppson et al. 1975; Helle tetranychids. Currently 185 of the 1257
and Sabelis 1985). described tetranychid species are reported in
South America, of which 104 are found in
The number of described tetranychids Brazil (Bolland et al. 1998; Migeon and
remained stable for 75 years and then Dorkeld 2006).
increased when their economic incidence for
agriculture became more significant (Bolland The most intensive search for Tetranychidae
et al. 1998). In 1950, McGregor initially listed mites in Brazil, the largest country in South
102 species in 15 genera. Five years later, this America, has been centered in the southeast
number increased to 204 species in 18 genera region and is usually associated with
(Pritchard and Baker 1955). In 1998 there economically important crops. Agriculture
were 1189 species in 71 genera registered in continues to expand, approaching biological
the World Catalogue of the Spider Mite reserves and other regions in the country. It is
Family (Acari: Tetranychidae) (Bolland et al. important to continue tetranychid research in
1998), and currently there are approximately previously unexplored areas in hopes of
1257 species in 76 genera listed on the Spider increasing our understanding of this family.
Mite Web, which is a comprehensive database This paper presents new information about the
on the Tetranychidae (Migeon and Dorkeld occurrence and distribution of Tetranychidae
2006). in five Brazilian regions and in Uruguay, on
plants ranging from ornamental, fruit-bearing,
In Brazil, taxonomic studies on the vegetable, grass, oilseed, to large crops
Tetranychidae were initially conducted species. New hosts and localities for
between 1920 and 1930. Among the early tetranychid mites in Brazil, South America,
findings was the report of Tetranychus gloveri and the world are reported.
Banks 1900 and the description of
Mononychellus tanajoa (Bondar 1938) based Materials and Methods
on specimens collected in Brazil by G Bondar,
a Russian researcher living in the state of A legal permit to collect zoological material
Bahia (Bondar 1930, 1938). In the 1960s for scientific purposes is required by the
numerous contributions were made by Brazilian Institute for the Environment and
pioneers in agricultural mite studies in Brazil, Renewable Natural Resources (IBAMA). A
such as CHW Flechtmann (Flechtmann 1967, permit was requested and permit number
1967a, 1967b, 1972, 1975, 1976; Flechtmann 231/2006 CGFAU/IBAMA was issued.
and Baker 1970, 1975) and AD Paschoal
(Paschoal 1970, 1970a), followed by RJF Mite collection
Feres in subsequent decades (Feres 1986, Mites were collected between October 2004
1992; Feres and Flechtmann 1986, 1986a, and July 2008. A total of 550 samples were
1988, 1995, 1995a, 1995b). From that time collected from several host plants found in

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
connected to a Highlight 3000-1
transilluminator at 50
magnification. Finally,
Tetranychidae mites were directly mounted on
microscopic slide preparations in Hoyer’s
medium. From each population, 25 females
were mounted in dorso-ventral position and
ten isolated males were mounted in lateral
position to identify the species by
morphological analysis. When only a few
males were present in a sample, all of them
were slide-mounted.

Identifying mite species

Microscopic slide preparations of specimens
were examined under phase contrast (Leitz
Wetzlar, www.leica-microsystems.com) and
Figure 1. States and their respective sampling points for collecting
interference microscopes (Nikon Eclipse 80i,
tetranychid mites in Brazil between October 2004 and July 2008. www.nikon.com) in 40
and 100
objectives
ARCGIS 9.0 (ESRI, www.esri.com). Latitude and longitude
coordinates for the single sample point from Uruguay were 58.1312
and. Morphological identification was
S and 32.6368 W. The sample point was not mapped. High quality conducted by examining relevant taxonomic
figures are available online.
characteristics of male and female
five regions in Brazil that include the states of Tetranychidae systematics. The shape of the
Acre, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, aedeagus, or male genitalia, was used to
Minas Gerais, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, classify the species (Pritchard and Baker
Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio 1955, Meyer 1974, 1987, Baker and Tuttle
Grande do Sul, Roraima, Santa Catarina, São 1994, Ehara, 1999), which were then
Paulo, Sergipe, and the Federal District compared to specimens that had been
(Figure 1; Appendix 1). One additional deposited in the Reference Mite Collection of
collection was conducted in Uruguay. Plants the Laboratory of Plant Quarantine, Embrapa
were collected when symptoms of tetranychid Genetic Resources and Biotechnology,
attacks were observed, according to Moraes Brasília, Brazil. Materials from this study
and Flechtmann (2008). The geographical were deposited in this collection as voucher
points of collection were logged into a Garmin specimens.
12 GPS using WGS84 (World Geodetic
System 84) datum; maps were created using Results and Discussion
ARCGIS 9.0 (ESRI, www.esri.com).
Tetranychid mites were found on 37.1% (n =
Inspecting and processing plant samples 204) of the 550 plant material samples that
Mites were collected from the plants using a were collected (Appendix 1). Twenty-one
washing/sieving extraction method (Miranda species of Tetranychinae and one of
et al. 2007). The resulting 70% ethanol Bryobiinae were identified on the 204 samples
solution was inspected under Stemi SV6 from different localities and inspected hosts
(www.zeiss.com) and Olympus SZX 122 (Table 1).
(www.olympus.com) stereomicroscopes

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
Table 1. Tetranychid mite species (Tetranychinae) collected in Table 2. New hosts and localities for tetranychid mites species
Brazil between October 2004 and July 2008. collected in Brazil and Uruguay between October 2004 and July 2008
with information on collection sites, host plants, collecting dates, and
collectors.

* The columns do not equal a total of 207 collections due to

repeated hosts in some localities.

Several samples contained more than one

species of tetranychid on the same leaf. This
occurred on bean (T. urticae and
Eutetranychus banksi; T. urticae and M.
planki; T. urticae, T. ludeni, and T.
desertorum; T. desertorum and M. planki; T.
ludeni and M. planki), soybean (T. urticae and
M. planki; T. urticae and T. desertorum; T.
urticae, T. desertorum, and M. planki; T.
ludeni and M. planki; T. desertorum and M.
planki), cotton (T. urticae and M. planki; T.
ludeni and M. planki; T. ludeni and T.
mexicanus), okra (T. neocaledonicus and M.
planki), and eggplant (T. urticae and M.
tanajoa). T. mexicanus, P. ulmi, Oligonychus
aff. mangiferus, and O. fileno were found on
grapes in the municipality of Pirapora. Foott
(1962, 1963) reported phytophagous mite
species coexisting on a single host. The fact
New reports: * = New host for species in the world; ** = First
that different species coexist on a single host report as host in Neotropical region; + = First reported as host in
requires careful sampling and collecting larger South America; # First reported as host in Brazil. Species names
marked in red indicate new localities in Brazil.
numbers of specimens in microscopic
preparations. This allows for greater
representation of mite fauna and increases the New hosts for Tetranychidae mites in
probability of identifying all Tetranychidae Brazil, South America, and the world
species present on a specific host and/or at a New hosts were found for 11 tetranychid mite
specific locality. species: E. banksi, M. tanajoa, O. anonae, O.

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
mangiferus, T. bastosi, T. desertorum, T. Michelia champaca L., (yellow magnolia),
evansi, T. ludeni, T. mexicanus, T. Faculdade da Terra, Recanto das Emas,
neocaledonicus, and T. urticae (Table 2). The Federal District, 28.XI.2005.
new hosts are listed below according to mite
species and host plant family. Passifloraceae
Passiflora edulis Sims (sour passion fruit),
Tetranychinae Berlese, Eurytetranychini Reck Lagoa Grande, Minas Gerais, 07.IV.2006.

Eutetranychus banksi Solanaceae

(McGregor 1914) Solanum gilo Raddi (scarlet eggplant),
Pipiripau, Planaltina, Distrito Federal,
Tetranychus banksi McGregor, 1914. Type- 22.XI.2005 and Caturra farm, Vale do
host: Ricinus communis L. Type-locality: Ribeira, Miracatu, São Paulo, 16.I.2006.
Orlando, Florida, United States. Caturra farm, Miracatu, Vale do Ribeira, São
Paulo, 16.I.2006.
Fabaceae
Acacia sp., (acacia), Universidade Federal Solanum melongena L. (eggplant), Faculdade
Rural de Pernambuco, UFRPE, Recife, da Terra, Recanto das Emas, Federal District,
Pernambuco, 11.VIII.2006. 28.XI.2005.

Mucuna aterrima Holland (black mucuna), Michelia champaca, P. edulis, S. gilo and S.
Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, ICA, melongena are new hosts for E. banksi in the
Campinas, São Paulo, 10.I.2006. world.

Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima beans), Embrapa

Hortaliças, Gama, Distrito Federal, Tetranychinae Berlese, Tetranychini Reck
07.XII.2005.
Mononychellus tanajoa
The presence of E. banksi on Acacia sp. was (Bondar 1938)
previously reported in Colombia (Urueta
1975). The occurrence on this host from Tetranychus tanajoa Bondar, 1938. Type-
Pernambuco is the first in Brazil. host: Manihot ultilissima and M. aipim. Type-
locality: Bahia, Brazil.
McGregor (1914) described E. banksi on M.
pruriens in the United States and Livshits and Fabaceae
Salinas-Croche (1968) located it on Mucuna Phaseolus vulgaris L. (beans), Vargem
sp. in Cuba. Garret et al. (1967) reported E. Bonita, Núcleo Bandeirantes, Distrito Federal,
banksi infestations on P. lunatus in Hawaii. 23.XI.2005.
This is the first report of E. banksi on M.
aterrima and P. lunatus in South America. This is the first report of M. tanajoa infesting
beans (P. vulgaris) under field conditions.
Magnoliaceae This mite mainly infests species from the
Manihot genus (Euphorbiaceae) and is also
reported on plants from the Asteraceae,

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
Caesalpiniaceae, Curcubitaceae, Annona squamosa L. (sweetsop), in the Jaíba,
Passifloraceae, Malvaceae, Rubiaceae, and Mucambinho Project, Minas Gerais,
Solanaceae families in the northeastern region 08.IV.2006.
of Brazil (Tuttle et al. 1977; Moraes et al.
1995). Plants of the Fabaceae family were This species was reported in São Paulo on
cited as hosts for the M. tanajoa in Brazil soursop (A. muricata) (Annonaceae)
(Canavalia Braziliensis Mart. ex Benth., (Paschoal 1970) and was collected from
Macroptilium martii Benth) (Moraes et al. Lauraceae plants (Persea americana Mill.)
1995), in Central America (Erythrina sp., and Vitaceae (Vitis vinifera L.) in Brazil
Gliricidia maculata Kunth) (Andrews and Poe (Paschoal 1970a). Annona squamosa
1980; Gutierrez 1986; Bolland et al. 1998, (sweetsop) is a new host for the O. anonae.
Migeon and Dorkeld 2006), and Mexico
([Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth))] (Tuttle et Oligonychus mangiferus
al. 1976). (Rahman and Sapra 1940)

Passifloraceae Paratetranychus mangiferus Rahman and

Passiflora edulis Sims (yellow passion fruit), Sapra, 1940. Type-host: Mangifera indica L.
Faculdades Integradas da União Pioneira de Type-locality: Pakistan.
Integração Social, UPIS, Planaltina, Distrito
Federal, 06.XII.2005. Euphorbiaceae
Ricinus communis L., (castor oil plant), BR
Passiflora edulis is a new host for M. tanajoa. 040, km 40, Luziânia, Goiás, 19.XII.2005.
This mite was previously reported on P.
cincinnata Mart. by Moraes et al. (1995) in Punicaceae
the northeast region of Brazil (Moraes et al. Punica granatum L. (pomegranate), Recanto
1995). The passion fruit plants (P. edulis) and Novo, Minas Gerais, 13.V.2006.
the bean plants (P. vulgaris) were near a
cassava plantation (Manihot esculenta Crantz) Rubiaceae
that was highly infested with M. tanajoa. Mussaenda sp. (pink mussaenda), Recanto
According to Moraes et al. (1995), high levels Novo, Minas Gerais 13.V.2006.
of M. tanajoa in cassava plantations can cause
to the species to be dispersed by the wind to This is the first report of O. mangiferus on
nearby plants and temporarily infest castor oil plants and pomegranates in the
alternative hosts. Neotropics. This mite was previously found
on these host plants in India (Gupta 1976,
Oligonychus anonae Gupta and Gupta 1994). Mussaenda L. is
Paschoal 1970 reported for the first time as a host for O.
mangiferus.
Oligonychus anonae Paschoal, 1970. Type-
host: Annona muricata L. Type-locality: Tetranychus bastosi
Jaboticabal, Brazil. Tuttle, Baker, and Sales 1977

Annonaceae

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
Tetranychus (Tetranychus) bastosi Tuttle, Solanaceae
Baker, and Sales 1977. Type-host: Morus Solanum melongena L. (eggplant), Faculdade
rubra L. Type-locality: Crato, Brazil. da Terra, Recanto das Emas, Distrito Federal,
28.XI.2005.
Malvaceae
Gossypium barbadense L. (wild cotton), Solanum gilo Raddi (scarlet eggplant),
Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Pipiripau, Planaltina, Distrito Federal,
Gerais – EPAMIG, Nova Porteirinha, Minas 22.XI.2005 and Caturra farm, Vale do
Gerais, 10.IV.2006. Ribeira, Miracatu, São Paulo, 16.I.2006.
Caturra farm, Miracatu, Vale do Ribeira, São
This is first report of T. bastosi on cotton (G. Paulo, 16.I.2006.
barbadense). This species was observed
previously on Malva rotundifolia L. (Tuttle et This is the first report of T. desertorum on
al. 1977). eggplant (S. Melongena) in South America
previously registered in Japan by Ehara
Tetranychus desertorum (1956). Infestations of T. desertorum in Brazil
Banks 1900 were registered on Acnistus cauliflorus
(Flechtmann 1967),; Brugmansia suaveolens
Tetranychus desertorum Banks, 1900. Type- (Furtado et al. 2006),; Brunfelsia sp,
host: Larrea tridentata J. M. Coult, Phacelia (Flechtmann 2004),; Lycopersicon esculentum
crenulata Torr. ex S. Watson. Type-locality: (Flechtmann 1967), and Solanum tuberosum
Mesilla, United States. (Paschoal 1970a).

Fabaceae Solanum gilo is reported as a new host for T.

Mucuna aterrima Holland (black mucuna), desertorum.
Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, ICA,
Campinas, São Paulo, 10.I.2006. Tetranychus evansi
Baker and Pritchard 1960
Baker and Pritchard (1962) reported T.
desertorum on M. pruriens in Central Tetranychus evansi Baker and Pritchard,,
America. Therefore, M. aterrima is a new 1960. Type-host: Lycopersicon esculentum L.
registered host in the Fabaceae family for the Type-locality: Mauritius. (Indian Ocean).
T. desertorum in South America.
Caricaceae
Magnoliaceae Carica papaya L. (papaya), Mumbecas farm,
Michelia champaca L. (yellow magnolia), Recife, Pernambuco, 11.VIII.2006.
Faculdade da Terra de Brasília, Recanto das
Emas, Distrito Federal, 28.XI.2005 and the Tetranychus evansi was originally described
Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, using samples collected from tomato plants
Minas Gerais, 06.V.2006. (Baker and Pritchard 1960). However, this
mite had already been discovered in Brazil by
Michelia champaca is a new host for T. Silva (1954) who described it as T. marianae
desertorum. McGregor. Since then it has been reported in
the United States (Bolland et al. 1998) and

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
more recently in Africa, Argentina, China, Gutierrez and Schicha 1983; Gupta and Gupta
Spain, France, Greece, Israel, Italy, Puerto 1994). This is the first report of these hosts in
Rico, Portugal, and Taiwan (Migeon and South America.
Dorkeld 2006). Tetranychus evansi is
currently reported on 93 host species (Migeon Rutaceae
and Dorkeld 2006), most of which belong to Citrus limonia L. (mandarin-lime),
the Solanaceae family (Bolland et al. 1998; Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras,
Moraes et al. 1987). Infestations were Minas Gerais, 09.V.2006.
reported in Europe of this mite across several
plant families (Ferragut and Escudero 1999). This is the first report of Citrus limonia as a
However, the only reports on the biology of T. host for T. ludeni.
evansi are for those found on tomato plants.
Carica papaya is a new host for the T. evansi. Tetranychus mexicanus
(McGregor 1950)
Tetranychus ludeni
Zacher 1913 Tetranychus mexicanus (McGregor 1950).
Type-host: Citrus sinensis L. Type-locality:
Tetranychus ludeni Zacher, 1913 (Zacher Mexico.
1913 apud Pritchard and Baker 1955). Type-
host: Cucurbita sp., Salvia splendens Ker Fabaceae
Gawl. Type-locality: St. Cloud (near Paris), , Erythrina indica Lam. (coral tree), Três
France. Marias, Minas Gerais, 09.IV.2006.

Cucurbitaceae This is the first report of T. mexicanus

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum and Nakai infesting the E. indica ornamental plant in
(watermelon), Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, South America. According to Migeon and
Roraima, 29.III.2005, 12.III.2005 e Dorkeld (2006), T. mexicanus infests these
30.III.2005. hosts of the Fabaceae family: Arachis
hypogaea L., Bauhinia sp., Centrosema
Geraniaceae pubescens Benth, Crotalaria retusa L.,
Pelargonium hortorum L. H. Bailey Erythrina poeppigiana O. F. Cook, and
(geranium), Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Phaseolus vulgaris L.
19.XII.2005.
Vitaceae
Rosaceae Vitis vinifera L. (grapes.), Pirapora, Minas
Prunus domestica L. (plumb), Universidade Gerais, 12.IV.2006.
Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais,
09.V.2006. This is the first report of T. mexicanus on
plants of the Vitaceae family.
Tetranychus ludeni was previously found on
C. lanatus, P. hortorum and P. domestica in Tetranychus neocaledonicus
Africa, Central America, (El Salvador), André 1933
Australia, and India (Meyer and Ryke 1959;
Davis 1968; Andrews and Poe 1980;

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
Eotetranychus neocaledonicus André,, 1933. Ambrosia polystachya DC. (ragweed), Itaqui,
Type-host: Gossypium sp. Type-locality: New Rio Grande do Sul, 29.IX.2007.
Caledonia (Southwest Pacific Ocean).
Parthenium sp. (parthenium), Universidade
Lamiaceae Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul,
Ocimum basilicum L. (basil), Embrapa 26.IX.2007.
Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia -
Cenargen, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Paschoal (1970b) first confirmed the presence
23.VII.2006. of T. urticae on A. trifida L. in the state of São
Paulo. Ambrosia polystachya is a new host for
Moraceae T. urticae in Brazil and in the world.
Morus rubra L. (mulberry), SQS 202 Sul,
Brasília, Distrito Federal, 23.VI.2008 Reports of Tetranychus urticae on Parthenium
sp. were made in India (Gupta and Gupta,
Solanaceae 1994). In the Americas, the first report of its
Cestrum intermedium Sendtn. (night blooming presence on Parthenium sp. occurred in Rio
jasmine), Recanto Novo, Minas Gerais, Grande do Sul.
13.V.2006
Bignoniaceae
Cestrum intermedium, O. basilicum, and M. Pyrostegia venusta Miers (flame vine),
rubra are new hosts for T. neocaledonicus in Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras,
the world. However, the presence of T. Minas Gerais, 09.V.2006.
neocaledonicus on Cestrum sp. has been
registered in the state of Rio de Janeiro Vargas et al. (1996) described T. urticae
(Flechtmann 1981). Other plant species infestations on P. ignea C. Presl. in Costa
belonging to the Ocimum and Morus genera Rica. This was the first report of T. urticae
(O. sanctum L., M. alba L., M. australis Poir, infesting P. venusta in the world.
M. indica L., M. nigra L., M. sp.) were
registered as hosts for T. neocaledonicus in Fabaceae
Cuba, India, Japan, and Thailand (Livshits and Phaseolus lunatus L. (lima beans), Embrapa
Salinas-Croche 1968; Baker 1975; Gupta Hortaliças, Gama, Distrito Federal,
1992; Gupta and Gupta 1994; Ehara and 07.XII.2005.
Yamaguchi 2001).
Macroptilium atropurpureum (L.) (siratro),
Tetranychus urticae Caliman farm, Cruz das Almas, Bahia.
Koch 1836
Infestations of T. urticae on P. lunatus were
Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836. (Koch 1836 reported in the United States, India, and
apud Pritchard and Baker 1955). Type-host: Thailand (Reeves 1963; Gupta and Gupta
Urtica sp. Type-locality: Regensburg, 1994; Ho et al. 1997) and on M.
Germany. atropurpureum in Greece (Hatzinikolis 1969).
Phaseolus lunatus and M. atropurpureum are
Asteraceae new hosts for T. urticae in South America.

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
Passifloraceae (Thewke and Enns 1969; Gupta and Gupta
Passiflora edulis Sims (yellow passion fruit), 1994); this is the first record in South
Embrapa Roraima, Boa Vista, Roraima, America.
17.V.2007.
New localities for Tetranychidae mites in
Tetranychus urticae on passion fruit (P. Brazil
caerulea L. and P. edulis ) was reported in
Venezuela (Doreste 1968) and Australia New localities have been registered for
(Passiflora sp.) (Gutierrez and Schicha 1983). Eotetranychus tremae, O. anonae, T. gloveri,
This is the first report of T. urticae on passion P. ulmi, and E. smithi (Table 2).
fruit (P. edulis) in Brazil.
Tetranychinae Berlese, Tetranychini Reck
Poaceae
Triticum aestivum L. (wheat), Embrapa Trigo, Eotetranychus tremae
Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, 27.IX.2006. De Leon 1957

The first T. urticae infestation of wheat crops Eotetranychus tremae, De Leon 1957. Type-
(Triticum sp.) was registered in Greece host: Trema floridanum. Type-locality: Coral
(Hatzinikolis 1969). This wheat infestation in Gables, United States.
Brazil is the first occurrence in the Americas.
Reports of Eotetranychus tremae infesting
Zingiberaceae Acalypha sp. ornamental plant have been
Alpinia purpurata K. Schum (alpinia), registered in Viçosa, Minas Gerais. Previous
Faculdade da Terra de Brasília, Recanto das reports in Brazil were registered in the states
Emas, Distrito Federal, 28.XI.2005. of Rio de Janeiro (Flechtmann 1981) and São
Paulo (Flechtmann 2004; Daud and Feres
Cases of Tetranychus urticae on 2005; Feres et. al. 2005).
Zingiberaceae (Curcuma longa L.) were
reported in India (Gupta and Gupta 1994). Oligonychus anonae
This is the first report of T. urticae on alpinia Paschoal 1970
(A. purpurata) in the world.
Oligonychus anonae Paschoal, 1970. Type-
The single sample collected in Uruguay host: Annona muricata L., Persea americana
revealed a new host for the two-spotted spider Mill., Vitis vinifera L. Type-locality: Brazil.
mite (T. urticae).
Paschoal (1970a, 1970b) described this
Verbenaceae species from samples collected from soursop
Lantana camara L. (wild sage), Rio Negro, (Annona. muricata) in the state of São Paulo.
San Javier, Uruguay, 06.VI.2007. (-58.1312 S; Its presence on A. squamosa in the
-32.6368 W – collected by D. Navia and E. municipality of Mocambinho, in northern
Castiglione). Minas Gerais, indicates a new locality for this
species in Brazil.
Tetranychus urticae infesting L. camara was
first observed in the United States and in India Tetranychus gloveri

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
Banks 1900 also registered in Morocco and the United
States (Reeves 1963; Tixier et al. 2003).
Tetranychus gloveri Banks, 1900. Type-host:
Gossypium hirsutum L. Type-locality: Baton Despite reports of P. ulmi on apple trees as
Rouge, United States early as 1967 (Flechtmann, 1976a), grape
vines in Brazil were not affected, in contrast
Tetranychus gloveri was reported on beans in to the damages the P. ulmi caused to
Bahia (Bondar 1930) and on papaya at an vineyards in Europe. Navia et al. (1998)
(unspecified location) (Migeon and Dorkeld hypothesized that the mites that attacked
2006). Reports of its presence on papaya grape vines in Europe had different biotypes
(Carica. papaya L.) in the state of Rio Grande than those that infested apple trees. Moraes
do Norte indicate a new locality for this and Flechtmann (2008) emphasized the
species. importance of avoiding introduction of
European mites into Brazil, stating the reason
Panonychus ulmi this species was not present on grape vines in
(Koch 1836) Brazil was unknown. They suggested the
possibility of biological differences between
Tetranychus ulmi Koch, 1836. Koch (1836). Brazilian and European mites.
Type-host: Ulmus sp. Type-locality:
Regensburg, Germany. The spread of P. ulmi infestation on grape
vines from Rio Grande do Sul (2005/2006) to
Reports of the European red mite (P. ulmi) on Minas Gerais (2006) state could be the result
grape vines (Vitis vinifera L.) were registered of the two states trading plant propagation
for the first time in Brazil in 2008 when material. The hypothesis that European mites
damages caused by these mites were first were introduced into Brazil cannot be
noticed on crops in Rio Grande do Sul (Ferla discarded considering that P. ulmi were
and Botton 2008). In this work, a second discovered approximately 40 years ago and
occurrence of P. ulmi infesting grape vines have only recently been causing damage to
was reported in Pirapora, state of Minas grape vines. Ferla and Botton (2008) state that
Gerais. the probable causes for P. ulmi dispersion in
Brazil are: the proximity of apple tree
Panonychus ulmi was first reported in Brazil plantations to vineyards in the south of Brazil;
by Flechtmann (1967a), who discovered them the trading of infested plant material within
on apples imported from Argentina. Soon Brazil and abroad; and unbalanced apple
after, Bleicher (1974) reported their presence orchards due to excessive application of
on apple trees (Malus domestica L.) growing chemical products, especially non-selective
in orchards in the south of the country. fungicides.
However, European countries such as France,
Austria, Portugal, Italy, and Greece consider New occurrences of phytophagous mites in
the P. ulmi a grape vine pest (Rambier 1958; South America were recently reported in the
Artofer 1976; Carmona and Dias 1980; literature. For instance, the citrus Hindu mite,
Girolami and Mozzi 1983; Papaioannou- Schizotetranychus hindustanicus (Hirst) was
Souliotis et al. 1994). Similar reports were collected from citrus in the municipality of
Boa Vista, State of Roraima (Navia and

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
Marsaro Jr. 2010), and Eotetranychus smithi Trigo, Passo Fundo, RS; Empresa Caliman,
Pritchard & Baker 1955 from roses in Rio Espírito Santo; Aloyséia Cristina Noronha,
Branco, Acre (Mendonça et al. 2010); both Embrapa Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Belén,
states from the Northern region of the country. PA; Marcílio Thomazini, Embrapa Acre, Rio
Tetranychus roseus Gutierrez 1969 was first Branco, Acre; Marcone C. M. Chagas,
observed in São Paulo in 2007 (Matioli et al. Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária do Rio
2008) and its dispersal in the state was Grande do Norte, Natal, RN; Elton Lúcio de
reported by Matioli et al (2010). Araújo, Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-
Árido, Mossoró, RN; Ricardo Adaime da
These new occurrences for mites in Brazil Silva, Embrapa Agroflorestal, Macapá, AP;
together with the results obtained in this study Paulo E. Degrande, Universidade Federal da
indicate the importance of intensified surveys Grande Dourados, Dourados, MS; Marcelo
on different host plants in the country. Doing Poletti, PROMIP Ltda, Piracicaba, SP, and
this will broaden the understanding of the students Renato Tratch and Samuel Rogger
Tetranychidae family and give light to for assistance in the collection of mite
management and control of these mite species samples. Research for this paper was
in agricultural systems. conducted in part to fulfill requirements for
the PhD degree of the senior author in Animal
Conclusions Biology, University of Brasília, and Ecology,
Biodiversity and Evolution, University of
Thirty-five new hosts were registered for 11 Montpellier II, France. This work was
tetranychid species already known in Brazil: partially supported by CAPES, Fundação
E. banksi (6 hosts), M. tanajoa (2), O. anonae Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal
(1), O. mangiferus (3), T. bastosi (1), T. de Nível Superior, Brazil. The authors are also
desertorum (4), T. evansi (1), T. ludeni (4), T. grateful to CNPq, Conselho Nacional de
mexicanus (2), T. neocaledonicus (3), and T. Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico,
urticae (8), as well as one in Uruguay for T. Brazil, for providing the fellowship.
urticae. New localities were registered in
Brazil for E. tremae, O. anonae, T. gloveri Editor’s note: Paper copies of this article will
and P. ulmi. be deposited in the following libraries.
Universitaetsbibliothek Johann Christian
Acknowledgements Senckenberg, Frankfurt Germany; National
Museum of Natural History, Paris, France;
The authors would like to thank Fábio Aquino Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago,
Albuquerque, Embrapa - Centro Nacional de Illinois USA; University of Wisconsin,
Pesquisa de Algodão, Campina Grande, PA; Madison, USA; University of Arizona,
Adalton Raga and Mario E. Sato, Instituto Tucson, Arizona USA, Smithsonian
Biológico de São Paulo, Campinas, SP; Institution Libraries, Washington D.C. USA;
Marineide Rosa Vieira, Faculdade de Ciências The Linnean Society, London, England. The
Agronômicas, UNESP, Botucatu, SP; Lino date of publication is given in ‘About the
Bittencourt Monteiro, Universidade Federal Journal’ on the JIS website.
do Paraná, Paraná, RS; Manoel G. C. Gondin,
Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco,
Recife, PE; José Maria Milanez, Embrapa

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Journal of Insect Science:Vol. 11 | Article 121 Mendonça et al.
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Larger appendix available online.

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