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DOS
DOS stands for Disk Operating System. DOS is a non-graphical line oriented command-driven operating system, with a relatively simple interface but not over friendly user interface. DOS controls the computers hardware and provides an environment for programs to run. This system program must always be present when working with your computer. DOS FILES Files are the basic storage unit for any data or instruction, which is required to be stored on the disk. Each file on the disk has a unique name by which user and DOS operating system identify a file. Executable Files All the files on the disk have different primary names with different secondary names. The secondary name categorizes the files and tells which software was used to create the file. DOS recognizes the files with the secondary name COM, EXE and BAT as being executable by the computer. These files are called executable files as they contain commands or instructions and not data. The BAT (batch) files contain DOS commands. And the Com (command) and EXE (executable) files contain instructions written to accomplish a specific task. A file is in a format that the computer can directly execute. Unlike source files, executable files cannot be read by humans. To transform a source file into an executable file, you need to pass it through compiler or assembler. In DOS systems, executable files have both .COM or .EXE extension and are called COM files and EXE files respectively.

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FILE ORGANIZATION Multilevel or Hierarchical system The layered DOS file system of the directories and subdirectories. Example Root directory of drive C is identified as C:\ ROOT DIRECTORY

DIRECTORY

SUB-DIRECTORY

FILE Root Directory- It is the starting point from where all other directories branch out. First level of layered DOS file system is on the root directory. It is created by DOS after a disk is divided into tracks and sectors. It is of fixed size and is created at fixed location in the disk. Root directory is represented by a backslash \. Directory- Dos keeps track of each file by maintaining a list of files on the disk. This list is called directory. Subdirectories- A directory can contain other directories called subdirectories. These subdirectories, in turn, can contain either files or more subdirectories, creating a structure of directories within directories. File- A file is an organized collection of related records. Path Name- Within this directory structure, DOS identifies each file by its path name. The path name starts with the drive letter followed by a colon, the backward slash for the root directory containing the file and finally the filename. Example- C:\personal\pooja.doc

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DOS Commands Internal Commands- These commands are automatically loaded in the memory when DOS is loaded into the memory. These commands are always available for the user and located in the memory as they are the part of command .com file. There are a number of internal commands in DOS out of which some are listed as follows: 1. Dir 2. Date 3. Time 4. Copy Con 5. Type 6. Copy 7. Del 8. MD 9. CD 10. RD External Commands- They are not permanent part of the memory. They are the commands which are not frequently used. These commands are not part of the command (.com) file. When an external command is to be executed the file is first loaded into the memory and then executed. External files are used for the execution of external commands like .exe, .com, .bat files. There are a number of external commands in DOS out of which some are listed as follows: 1. Edit 2. Attrib 3. Chkdsk 4. Tree 5. Help

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INTERNAL COMMANDS
DIR It displays the list of existing files and directories on the disk. Syntax: C:\>dir Execution:

DATE It displays the current date of the system. Syntax: C:\>date Execution:

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TIME It displays the current time of the system. Syntax: C:\>time Execution:

COPY CON It is used to create a file. The file cannot be modified. Syntax: C:\>copycon <filename> Save the contents of the file by Pressing key F6 or ctrl z key. Execution:

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TYPE Purpose is to view only the contents of file. Syntax: C:\>type <filename> Execution:

COPY Copy command makes an extra replica of a file into another file with a different name or destination. Syntax: C:\>copy <source path> <target path> Execution:

DEL Del command is used for deleting files from the desk. Syntax: C:\ >del<filename> Execution:

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MD It makes a directory. Syntax: C:\>md <dirname> Execution:

CD It changes the directory. Syntax: C:\>cd<dirname> C:\>cd\ - move to root directory C:\>cd.. - move one level back to parent directory Execution:

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RD It removes the directory. Syntax : C:\>rd<dirname> Execution:

EXTERNAL COMMANDS
EDIT It is used to create a new file or modify the content of existing file. Syntax: C:\>edit<filename> Execution

ATTRIB It is used to change the attribute of a file can use this command to make file read only which prevent the file from change of contents. User can also hide or de-hide the file. ATTRIBUTES +R MEANINGS Read Only File

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-R +H -H +A -A +S -S Syntax: C:\attrib<filename> C:\attrib(+/-) (R/H/A/S) <file name> Execution: Remove Read Only File Hide A File De-Hide A Written File Set File Archival Re-set File Archival Set For System File Re-set For System File

CHKDSK It returns the configuration status of selected disks. It returns the information about the volume serial no. total disks spaces in hidden files space in directories. Syntax: C:\>Chkdsk Execution:

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TREE All the structures of the files are showed in the form of tree. Execution:

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HELP It displays the all Internal and External commands supported by DOS with their functions. Syntax: C:\>help Execution:

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MS EXCEL
MS Excel is a Window based spreadsheet(worksheet) package. When calculations are made on paper and certain data must be changed , then the entire work must be recalculated and rewritten.If a spreadsheet package is used then the re-calculation is automatic. The details of bank passbook,tax,inventory ,purchase and sales can be maintained using a spreadsheet packages. PARTS OF MS EXCEL When MS Excel is loaded ,the excel window will appear on the screen.Excel window appearance with its parts is given below. TITLE BAR Displays the application name , file name and various window controls like minimize button , maximize button and close button. MENU BAR Different options for selection. STANDARD TOOL BAR Displayed by default , allows giving common commands like saving the file , opening the file , printing etc. FORMATTING TOOLBAR Allows the user to give commands related to formatting cells and cell contains like Bold , Underline , Font style , Font Size , Color etc. CELL The interaction of a column and a row is called a cell. Each cell has a name or a cell address. The cell address consists of the column letter and a row number.For instance , the first cell is in first column and first row. First column name is A and row no. is 1 . Therefore , the first cell name address is A1. First cell is also called as Home Cell. Similarly ,the last cell address is IV 65536 (Column IV and row 65536). Total cells in a worksheet are 256* 65536 (total no. of column x rows). At anytime one cell can be active and the address of the active cell is displayed in the name box. A thick black border indicates the active cell. Any cell can be made active by clicking on that cell.Using key combination also it is possible to move quickly to desired cell. CELL POINTER It is a cell-boundary that specifies which cell is active at the moment.

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CURRENT CELL It is the cell which is active .This is the cell where cell pointer points to. And it is the cell where the next entry would take place .Always an entry takes place at the current cell. NAME BOX Displays the address of the current cell. FORMULA BAR Displays the cell content. ROW HEADERS There are 65536 rows (lines) numbered as 1,2,3,..,65536. First row number is 1 and the last row number is 65536. To go to cell in last row , press end and down arrow key , to return to cell in first row , press End and Up arrow key. COLUMN HEADERS There are 256 columns numbered as A,B,C,..,Z,AA,AB,..,AZ,BA,BB,IV. First column name is A and the last column header press End and Right arrow key , to return to the cell in first column ,press End and Left arrow key. SCROLL BARS Used to scroll through different parts of current sheet. SPLIT BOXES Used to split the window into 2 to 4 parts or to remove the split. TAB SPLIT BOX Used to adjust the space occupied by the sheet tabs and horizontal scroll bar. SHEET TABS Display the sheet names .Each worksheet is named as sheet 1 ,sheet 2 and sheet 3. STATUS BAR Display on the left side various modes like ready to edit mode.The status of num lock ,caps lock and scroll lock keys on the keyboard on the right side.

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FORMATTING Excel lets you present numbers in a variety of formats. You can format selected cells using the formatting toolbar from the Format Cells dialog box. NUMBER FORMATTING Excel provides many different number formats like currency , present and comma style for use with different kinds of data. FONT FORMATTING Excel supports a wide range of font formatting that can be used in the worksheet. Choose format-cells to display the format cells dialog box,click on the front tab and make your choice on it and then click OK button. AUTO FORMATTING WORKSHEETS 1. Choose format auto format to display the auto format dialog box. 2. Choose a format from the table format list box and click OK. 3. If you want to apply only some of the formatting characteristics , click the options you do not want to apply.

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FORMATTING ROWS AND COLUMNS ROW HEIGHT To change the row height for several rows at once: 1. Select the rows by dragging the row headings or through cells in the rows. 2. Choose format-row-height to display the row height dialog box. 3. Enter the new height in points for the rows in the row height text box. 4. Click on OK button to close the row height dialog box.

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CHANGING THE COLUMN WIDTH To change column width for one column quickly , click on the right hand border of the column height and drag it left or right until the column is of the width that you want. To change column width for several columns at once: 1. Select the column by dragging through the column headings or through the cells in the columns. 2. Choose format-columns-width to display the columns width dialog box. 3. Enter the new column width in the column width text box. 4. Click on the OK button to choose the column width dialog box. 5. You can also set a default column width by choosing formatting-column-standard width and set whatever column width you want.

ALIGNMENT Excel identifies any data item as a number , date , time , formula and text . By default , excel applies the appropriate horizontal alignment to each of these. Numbers are right aligned and text is left aligned. HORIZONTAL ALIGNMENT For horizontal alignment , use formatting toolbar. Merge and centre the contents of a cell across a number of columns. Enter the text in one of the cells; then select the horizontal range of cells across which you want to center the text and click the merge and center button. SETTING HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL ALIGNMENTS 1. Choose formats-cells to display the format cells dialog box.

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2. Click the alignment tab to bring it to the front of the dialog box.

3. In the horizontal group box , choose the horizontal alignment option you want. Excels default option is left aligned for the text and right aligned for numbers. Justify aligns selected text to both the left or right margins. Center across the selection centre the text across the selected columns. In the vertical group box , specify the vertical alignment for the selected cells by choosing top , center or justify.

SORTING DATA Excel offers simple sorting for swiftly arranging the contents of a column and complex sorting for arranging the contents of a table using several sort keys. SIMPLE SORTING To start data in a column or in selected cells quickly , click the sort ascending or sort descending button on the standard toolbar. Sort ascending sorts the cells in the column alphabetically or from lowest to highest value ; sort descending sorts the cells into reverse alphabetical order or from highest to lowest value. COMPLEX SORTING To perform a complex sort on the selected cells. Choose data-sort to display the sort dialog box. In the sort dialog box choose up to three sort keys for your data.

CHARTS Charts are the graphic components of excel. The data which is entered as tables can be viewed in the graphical form as charts which makes the figures of the data effective , interesting , easy to understand and easy to analyze and compare. Charts can be of two types:

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EMBEDDED CHARTS: These charts are included in the worksheet and can be moved , copied and resized as any other graphical object. Their advantage is that they can be viewed along with the data and many charts can be inserted. CHARTS SHEETS: Separate charts sheets are inserted when a chart is created. It contains only one chart . To create charts sheets , choose insert-chart-as new sheet. CHART TYPES MS Excel offers fifteen different chart types. You can choose any chart type to present your data most effectively and clearly. The various chart types are as discussed below: AREA CHART - This shows the magnitude of the change overtime. BAR CHART- It consists of a series of horizontal bars that allow comparison of the relative size of two or more items. COLUMN CHART - This consists of a series of vertical columns that allow comparison of the relative size of two or more items. LINE CHART - Each of the data series are plotted as lines of different colour and shading. PIE CHART - A single data series is divided up into pie slices showing the relative contribution of the various data points. DOUGHNUTS CHART - It is similar to a pie chart but it represents more than one data series. RADAR CHART - This shows the data values in relation to the centre point and to each other . XY (SCATTER) CHART - In XY scatter chart either shows the relationship among the numeric values in several data series or plots to groups of numbers as one series of xy coordinates. CREATING A CHART The easiest way of creating a chart is to use chart wizard. The chart wizard is a series of dialog box that guide the user through the steps required to create a new embedded chart or modify setting for an existing embedded chart. Following are the steps to create a chart through chart wizard:

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1. To create a new chart , enter the data. 2. Click on chart wizard tool button from standard tool bar or choose insert-chart to start the chart wizard. 3. Choose the chart type in the chart type list box. Excel will display a variety of available sub types. Choose a sub type by clicking on it. 4. Click the next button to display the second chart wizard , the chart source data. 5. On the series , adjust the data series as necessary. 6. Click the next button to display the third chart wizard , the chart options and select the options as per type of chart. 7. On the guide line tab , you can choose to show the data table along with the chart or not. 8. Choose whether to display the chart first as new sheet or second as an embedded sheet. 9. Click the finish button to have the chart wizard create the chart for you. EDITING CHARTS Once you have created a chart , you may want to update it by adding or deleting more data series or data point from the worksheet , change the chart type , format a chart or draw inside a chart. FORMULAS AND FUNCTIONS Formulas and functions are extremely easy to use. Formula is recipe for performing calculations on numerical data. It can be anything from simple additions to complex additions. Function is predefined formula built into excel. PARTS OF A FORMULA CONSTANTS A constant is a number entered directly in the formula . It uses a constant value in every calculation , e.g., you could enter the following formula in a cell to add 5 in 13, =13+5. REFERENCES References indicate to excel the location of the information you want to use the formula. One of the easiest ways to enter the following formula is to use range names. OPERATIONS The operator is the way in which you tell excel which operation to perform with the data you have supplied by using constant and references. Excel uses four types of operators: 1. Arithmetic Operators 2. Logical Operators

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3. Text Operators 4. Reference Operators

FUNCTIONS A function is one of excels built in formulas. Some of the important functions are discussed below: 1. SQRT 2. AVERAGE 3. SUM 4. ABS 5. CELL 6. TODAY

S.N O 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

ENROLLM ENT NO 0011590391 0 0021590391 0 0031590391 0 0041590391 0 0051590391 0 0061590391 0 0071590391 0 0081590391 0 0091590391 0 0101590391 0 0111590391 0 0121590391 0 0131590391 0 0141590391 0 0151590391 0

NAME

MG T 30 32 35 36 26 34 26 24 24 32 30 26 36 26 30

MAT HS 36 37 39 32 34 37 32 27 34 30 26 30 30 32 33

EC O 34 36 37 27 34 34 30 32 33 32 30 29 30 32 31

ACCOU NTS 37 38 38 32 34 36 34 35 30 29 28 34 29 30 24

IT

B.CO M 39 35 38 32 30 39 28 36 39 40 26 29 30 32 29

B.E NV 36 34 38 40 37 39 34 29 29 39 38 29 31 32 24

POOJA AIYUSH ASHISH MANISH SEEMA HITESH SHIVAN GI PIYUSH SHRIJA MAMTA PANKAJ GAURAV SUDHAN SHU YOGESH VIVEK

30 32 34 26 34 36 28 30 30 28 29 29 27 30 29

IT M LA B 39 37 40 39 38 40 30 36 30 35 27 24 24 29 32

TOTAL

PERCENT AGE 87.8125 87.8125 93.4375 82.5 83.4375 92.1875 75.625 77.8125 77.8125 82.8125 73.125 71.875 74.0625 75.9375 72.5

281 281 299 264 267 295 242 249 249 265 234 230 237 243 232

AVERA GE MARK S 35.125 35.125 37.375 33 33.375 36.875 30.25 31.125 31.125 33.125 29.25 28.75 29.625 30.375 29

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HIGHES T MARKS SCORED LOWEST MARKS SCORED 36 39 37 38 36 40 40 40

24

26

27

24

26

26

24

24

CHART SHOWING TOTAL MARKS OF THE STUDENTS

CHART SHOWING PERCENTAGES OF THE STUDENTS

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PIE CHART SHOWING THE HIGHEST MARKS OBTAINED IN EACH SUBJECT

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