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List of logic symbols

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In logic, a set of symbols is commonly used to express logical representation. The following table lists many common symbols, together with their name, how they
should be read out loud, and the related field of mathematics. Additionally, the subsequent columns contains an informal explanation, a short example, the Unicode
location, the name for use in HTML documents,[1] and the LaTeX symbol.

Basic logic symbols

Unicode HTML HTML
LaTeX
Symbol value value entity Logic Name Read as Category Explanation
symbol
(hexadecimal) (decimal) (named)

is false
when A is true and
B is false
but true otherwise.

may mean the

same as
⇒ U+21D2 ⇒ ⇒
\Rightarrow material
implies, (the symbol may
if ... then ..., propositional logic, also indicate the
→ U+2192 → →
\implies
\to or \rightarrow
conditional
(material
it is not the
case that ...
Boolean algebra,
Heyting algebra
domain and
codomain of a
\supset implication)
⊃ U+2283 ⊃ ⊃ and not ... function; see table
of mathematical
symbols).

may mean the

same as (the
symbol may also
mean superset).

is true only
if both A and B are
false, or both
⇔ U+21D4 ⇔ ⇔
\Leftrightarrow material A and B are true.
\iff
↔ U+2194 ↔ ↔
\leftrightarrow
biconditional
(material
if and only if,
iff, xnor
propositional logic,
Boolean algebra
Whether a symbol
means a material
\equiv equivalence)
≡ U+2261 ≡ ≡ biconditional or a
logical equivalence,
it depends on the
author’s style.
The statement
is true if and only if
¬ U+00AC ¬ ¬ \lnot or \neg A is false.

~ U+007E ˜ ˜ \sim negation not

propositional logic,
Boolean algebra
A slash placed
through another
! U+0021 ! ! operator is the
same as placed
in front.

∧ U+2227 ∧ ∧

\wedge or \land
The statement
A ∧ B is true if
\cdot
· U+00B7 · ·
logical
conjunction
and
propositional logic,
Boolean algebra
A and B are both
true; otherwise, it is
\&[2]
& U+0026 & & false.

∨ U+2228 ∨ ∨ \lor or \vee The statement

A ∨ B is true if A or
logical
+ U+002B + + (inclusive)
disjunction
or
propositional logic,
Boolean algebra
B (or both) are true;
if both are false, the
∥ U+2225 ∥ ∥ \parallel statement is false.

The statement
\veebar A ⊻ B is true when
⊻ U+22BB ⊻ ⊻
either A or B,
U+2295 ⊕ ⊕ \oplus xor, but not both, are
⊕ exclusive
disjunction
either ... or ...
propositional logic,
Boolean algebra
true. This is
U+21AE ↮ (but not both) equivalent to
↮ ¬(A ↔ B), hence
U+2262 ≢ ≢ \not\equiv the symbols and
≢ .

U+22A4 ⊤ ⊤ \top

⊤ true
top, truth,
tautology,
propositional logic, denotes a

T (tautology) verum, full

clause
Boolean algebra,
first-order logic
proposition that is
always true.

1
denotes a
U+22A5 ⊥ ⊥ \bot bottom,
⊥ false
falsity, propositional logic,
proposition that is
always false.
contradiction, Boolean algebra,
F (contradiction)
falsum, first-order logic
The symbol ⊥ may
also refer to
empty clause
0 perpendicular lines.

given any, for or

∀ U+2200 ∀ ∀ \forall
universal all, for every,
first-order logic says
quantification for each, for
() any
“given any , has
property .”
U+2203 ∃ ∃ \exists existential there exists first-order logic says
∃ quantification “there exists an x
(at least one) such

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that has property
.”

says
“there exists
exactly one x such
that x has property
uniqueness there exists P.” Only and
∃! U+2203 U+0021 ∃ ! ∃! \exists !
quantification exactly one
first-order logic
are part of formal
logic.
is a
shorthand for

Perform the
(
() U+0028 U+0029 ( )
)
( )
precedence
grouping
parentheses;
brackets
everywhere
operations inside
the
parentheses first.

domain of domain of first-order logic

U+1D53B 𝔻 𝔻 \mathbb{D}
discourse discourse (semantics)

says “ is
syntactically a theorem of ”.
⊢ U+22A2 ⊢ ⊢ \vdash turnstile entails
(proves)
metalogic In other words,
proves via a
deductive system.

says
double semantically “in every model,
⊨ U+22A8 ⊨ ⊨ \vDash, \models
turnstile entails
metalogic it is not the case
that is true and
is false”.

It’s when
≡ U+2261 ≡ ≡
\equiv
and .
Whether a symbol
logical is logically
⟚ U+27DA
equivalence equivalent to
metalogic means a material
biconditional or a
\Leftrightarrow logical equivalence,
⇔ U+21D4 ⇔ ⇔
it depends on the
author’s style.
says “ is
not a theorem of
does not
”.
syntactically
⊬ U+22AC ⊬\nvdash
entail (does
metalogic In other words,
is not derivable
not prove)
from via a
deductive system.

says “
does not guarantee
does not
the truth of ”.
⊭ U+22AD ⊭\nvDash semantically
entail
metalogic
In other words,
does not make
true.

modal operator for

“it is necessary that
in alethic logic,
logical
box; it is “it is provable that”
□ U+25A1 \Box
necessity
within a
necessary
that
modal logic in provability logic,
“it is obligatory that”
model
in deontic logic,
“it is believed that”
in doxastic logic.
modal operator for
logical “it is possible that”,
possibility diamond; it is (in most modal
◇ U+25C7 \Diamond
within a possible that
modal logic
logics it is defined
model as “¬□¬”, “it is not
necessarily not”).

informal shorthand for

∴ U+2234 ∴\therefore therefore therefore
metalanguage “therefore”.

informal shorthand for

∵ U+2235 ∵\because because because
metalanguage “because”.

(or )
means is defined
to be another name
for . This notation
≔ (: =) ≔ :=
U+2254 seems to have its
≔ (U+003A U+003D)
definition
(between is defined as
informal origin in coding.
metalanguage However, from the
≡ U+2261 ≡ terms) standpoint of forma
logic, there is no
≡ \equiv
difference between
and , since
equality is a
symmetric relation.

Advanced or rarely used logical symbols

These symbols are sorted by their Unicode value:

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Unicode HTML HTML
LaTeX Read
Symbol value value entity Logic Name Category Explanation Examples
symbol as
(hexadecimal) (decimal) (named)

using HTML style “4̅” is a

shorthand for the
used format for denoting standard numeral “SSSS0”.
Gödel numbers.

̅ U+0305
COMBINING
OVERLINE denoting negation used
“A ∨ B” says the Gödel
number of “(A ∨ B)”. “A
primarily in electronics. ∨ B” is the same as
“¬(A ∨ B)”.

↑ U+2191
UPWARDS
ARROW
Sheffer stroke,
the sign for the NAND operator
| U+007C
VERTICAL LINE (negation of conjunction).

Peirce Arrow,
↓ U+2193
DOWNWARDS
ARROW
the sign for the NOR operator
(negation of disjunction).

CIRCLED DOT the sign for the XNOR operator

⊙ U+2299 \odot
OPERATOR (negation of exclusive disjunction).

∁ U+2201 COMPLEMENT

THERE DOES strike out existential quantifier, same

∄ U+2204 ∄\nexists
NOT EXIST as “¬∃”

is a model of (or “is a valuation

⊧ U+22A7 MODELS
satisfying”)

it is
† U+2020 DAGGER true
that ...
Affirmation operator

⊼ U+22BC NAND NAND operator

⊽ U+22BD NOR NOR operator

STAR
⋆ U+22C6
OPERATOR
usually used for ad-hoc operators

Webb-operator or Peirce arrow, the

⊥ U+22A5
UP TACK
DOWNWARDS
sign for NOR.
U+2193 Confusingly, “⊥” is also the sign for
↓ ARROW
contradiction or absurdity.

⌐ U+2310
REVERSED
NOT SIGN

corner quotes, also called “Quine

quotes”; for quasi-quotation, i.e.
quoting specific context of
unspecified (“variable”)
expressions;[3] also used for
denoting Gödel number;[4] for
example “⌜G⌝” denotes the Gödel
\ulcorner TOP LEFT number of G. (Typographical note:
⌜ U+231C CORNER although the quotes appears as a
U+231D \urcorner TOP RIGHT “pair” in unicode (231C and 231D),
⌝ CORNER they are not symmetrical in some
fonts. In some fonts (for example
Arial) they are only symmetrical in
certain sizes. Alternatively the
quotes can be rendered as ⌈ and ⌉
(U+2308 and U+2309) or by using a
negation symbol and a reversed
negation symbol ⌐ ¬ in superscript
mode. )

LEFT AND
RIGHT semantic
⟚ U+27DA
DOUBLE equivalent
TURNSTILE

LEFT AND syntactic

⟛ U+27DB
RIGHT TACK equivalent

one of this symbol’s uses is to mean

⊩ U+22A9 FORCES “models” in modal logic, as in 𝔐, 𝑤
⊩𝑃.

WHITE
CONCAVE- modal
⟡ U+27E1
SIDED
never
operator
DIAMOND
WHITE
CONCAVE-
SIDED
was modal
⟢ U+27E2 DIAMOND
WITH
never operator
LEFTWARDS
TICK

U+27E3 WHITE will modal

⟣ CONCAVE- never operator
SIDED be

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DIAMOND
WITH
RIGHTWARDS
TICK

WHITE
SQUARE WITH was modal
⟤ U+25A4
LEFTWARDS always operator
TICK
WHITE
will
SQUARE WITH modal
⟥ U+25A5
RIGHTWARDS
always
be
operator
TICK

sometimes used for “relation”, also

used for denoting various ad hoc
relations (for example, for denoting
“witnessing” in the context of
Rosser's trick) The fish hook is also
RIGHT FISH
⥽ U+297D \strictif
TAIL
used as strict implication by
C.I.Lewis ⥽ . See
here (https://www.fileformat.info/inf
o/unicode/char/297d/index.htm) for
an image of glyph. Added to
Unicode 3.2.0.

TWO LOGICAL
⨇ U+2A07 AND
OPERATOR

Usage in various countries

Poland

As of 2014 in Poland, the universal quantifier is sometimes written , and the existential quantifier as . The same applies for Germany.

Japan

The ⇒ symbol is often used in text to mean "result" or "conclusion", as in "We examined whether to sell the product ⇒ We will not sell it". Also, the → symbol is
often used to denote "changed to", as in the sentence "The interest rate changed. March 20% → April 21%".

See also
Józef Maria Bocheński
Philosophy portal
List of notation used in Principia Mathematica
List of mathematical symbols
Logic alphabet, a suggested set of logical symbols
Logic gate § Symbols
Logical connective
Mathematical operators and symbols in Unicode
Non-logical symbol
Polish notation
Truth function
Truth table
Wikipedia:WikiProject Logic/Standards for notation

References
1. "Named character references" (http://www.w3.org/html/wg/drafts/html/master/syntax.html#named-character-references). HTML 5.1 Nightly. W3C. Retrieved
9 September 2015.
2. Although this character is available in LaTeX, the MediaWiki TeX system does not support it.
3. Quine, W.V. (1981): Mathematical Logic, §6
4. Hintikka, Jaakko (1998), The Principles of Mathematics Revisited (https://books.google.com/books?id=JHBnE0EQ6VgC&pg=PA113), Cambridge University
Press, p. 113, ISBN 9780521624985.

Further reading
Józef Maria Bocheński (1959), A Précis of Mathematical Logic, trans., Otto Bird, from the French and German editions, Dordrecht, South Holland: D. Reidel.

External links
Named character entities (http://www.w3.org/TR/WD-html40-970708/sgml/entities.html) in HTML 4.0

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