INDUS INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE HUMANITIES & LIBERAL STUDIES

Semester: I

Subject: CALCULUS

Faculty Name: Ronak Patel

UNIT-1-PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 1 / 25

Overview I

1 Total Differential Co-efficient

2 Differentiation of composite functions

3 Implicit function

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Total Differential Co-efficient

Composite Functions
If u = u(x, y) where x = x(t) and y = y(t), then u is called a composite function of t.
If u = u(x, y) where x = x(s, t) and y = y(s, t), then u is called a composite function of
two variables s, t.

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 3 / 25

Differentiation of composite functions
If u = u(x, y) where x = x(t) and y = y (t), then the total differential
du
co-efficient with respect to t is given by:
dt
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

If u = u(x, y) where x = x(s, t) and y = y (s, t), then the partial

∂u ∂u
derivatives with respect to s and with respect to t are given by:
∂s ∂t
∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y
= + and = +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s ∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 4 / 25

Solved Examples

Example: 1
du
If u = x 3 + y 3 where,x = a cos t, y = b sin t, find
dt

Solution:
We have, u = x 3 + y 3 , x = a cos t, y = b sin t
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

= (3x 2 )(−a sin t) + (3y 2 )(b cos t)

= −3a3 cos2 t sin t + 3b3 sin2 t cos t

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 5 / 25

Solved Examples
Example: 2
du
If u = x 2 y + 3xy 4 where,x = sin 2t, y = cos t, find at t = 0.
dt

Solution:
We have, u = x 2 y + 3xy 4 , x = sin 2t, y = cos t
du ∂u dx ∂u dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

= (2xy + 3y 4 )(2 cos 2t) + (x 2 + 12xy 3 )(− sin t)

When t=0,
du
= (2xy + 3y 4 )(2 cos 0) + (x 2 + 12xy 3 )(− sin 0)
dt

= 2(2xy + 3y 4 )

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 6 / 25

Solved Examples

Example: 3
dz
If z = u 2 + v 2 and u = at 2 , v = 2at, find .
dt

Solution:
We have, z = u 2 + v 2 , u = at 2 , v = 2at
dz ∂z du ∂z dv
= +
dt ∂u dt ∂v dt

= (2u)(2at) + (2v )(2a)

= 4a2 t 3 + 8a2 t

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 7 / 25

Solved Examples
Example: 4
du
If u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 and x = e2t , y = e2t cos 3t, z = e2t sin 3t, find .
dt

Solution:
We have, u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 , x = e2t , y = e2t cos 3t, z = e2t sin 3t
du ∂u dx ∂u dy ∂u dz
= + +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt ∂z dt

= (2x)(2e2t ) + (2y )(2e2t cos 3t − 3e2t sin 3t)

+(2z)(3e2t cos 3t + 2e2t sin 3t)

= 4e4t + 4e4t (sin2 3t + cos2 3t)

= 8e4t

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 8 / 25

Try Yourself!
   t
du x t −2 t e
1 Find when u = sin and x = et , y = t 2 . Ans. 3
e cos
dt y t t2
dz 3
2 If z = sin−1 (x − y) and x = 3t, y = 4t 3 , show that =√ .
dt 1 − t3
du y 
3 Find when u = tan−1 and x = et − e−t , y = et + e−t .
dt x
−2
Ans. 2t
e + e−2t
 
x du 2
4 If u = tan−1 and x = 2t, y = 1 − t 2 , show that = .
y dt 1 + t2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 9 / 25

Solved Examples

Example: 5
2
−y 2 ∂V ∂V
If V = u 2 v and u = ex , v = sin(xy 2 ), find ,
∂x ∂y

Solution:
∂V ∂V ∂u ∂V ∂v
= +
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x
2
−y 2
= (2uv )(2xex ) + (u 2 )(y 2 cos(xy 2 ))
2
−y 2 ) 2
−y 2 )
= 4xe2(x sin(xy 2 ) + y 2 e2(x cos(xy 2 )
2
−y 2 )
e2(x 4x sin(xy 2 ) + y 2 cos(xy 2 )
 
=

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 10 / 25

∂V ∂V ∂u ∂V ∂v
= +
∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y
2
−y 2
= (2uv )(−2yex ) + (u 2 )(2xy cos(xy 2 ))
2
−y 2 ) 2
−y 2 )
= −4ye2(x sin(xy 2 ) + 2xye2(x cos(xy 2 )
2
−y 2 )
2ye2(x −2 sin(xy 2 ) + x cos(xy 2 )
 
=

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 11 / 25

Example: 6
∂u ∂u ∂u
If u = f (l, m) where l = x + y and m = x − y , prove that + =2
∂x ∂y ∂l

Solution:
∂u ∂u ∂l ∂u ∂m ∂u ∂u ∂l ∂u ∂m
= + = +
∂x ∂l ∂x ∂m ∂x ∂y ∂l ∂y ∂m ∂y

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
= (1) + (1)...(1) = (1) + (−1)...(2)
∂l ∂m ∂l ∂m
Adding (1) and (2), we get

∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u ∂u
+ = + + −
∂x ∂y ∂l ∂m ∂l ∂m

∂u
= 2
∂l

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 12 / 25

Example: 7
∂2z ∂2z
If z = f (x, y ), u = ex , v = ey , prove that = uv
∂x∂y ∂u∂v

Solution:
∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v ∂z ∂z ∂u ∂z ∂v
= + = +
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂v ∂x ∂y ∂u ∂y ∂v ∂y

∂z x ∂z ∂z ∂z y
= (e ) + (0) = (0) + (e )
∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v
∂z ∂z ∂ ∂ ∂z ∂z
= u ⇒ =u = v
∂x ∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂v

∂2z
   
∂ ∂z ∂ ∂z
= = u v
∂x∂y ∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v

∂2z ∂2z
 
= u 0+v = uv
∂u∂v ∂u∂v
Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 13 / 25
Try yourself!
∂z ∂z ∂z ∂z
1 If z = f (x, y), x = eu + e−v , y = e−u − ev , prove that − =x −y
∂u ∂v ∂x ∂y
∂u ∂u ∂u
2 If u = f (y − z, z − x, x − y), prove that + + = 0.
∂x ∂y ∂z
r
3 Given that w = x + 2y + z 2 , x = , y = r 2 + es and z = 2r , show that
s
∂w ∂w
r +s = 12r 2 + 2ses .
∂r ∂s
dx dy dz
4 If u = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 2xyz = 1, show that p +p +p =0
1 − x 2 1 − y 2 1 − z2
 
∂u ∂u ∂u
Hint: du = dx + dy + dz = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 14 / 25

Implicit function

Implicit Function
An equation in the form of f (x, y) = C is called an Implicit function.

Differntiation of an Implicit functions

∂f ∂f
Let z = f (x, y ) then dz = dx + dy
∂x ∂y
If z = 0, dz = 0
∂f
∂f ∂f ∂f dy ∂f dy ∂x fx
0= dx + dy ⇒ =− ⇒ =− =−
∂x ∂y ∂y dx ∂x dx ∂f fy
∂y

fxx (fy )2 − 2fxy fx fy + fyy (fx )2

 
d 2y
Similarly, =− , if fy 6= 0
dx 2 (fy )3

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 15 / 25

Solved Examples:

Example: 8
dy
If x 3 + 3x 2 y + 6xy 2 + y 3 = 1 ,find
dx

Solution:
Let f (x, y ) = x 3 + 3x 2 y + 6xy 2 + y 3 − 1 = 0

fx = 3x 2 + 6xy + 6y 2 and fy = 3x 2 + 12xy + 3y 2

dy fx 3x 2 + 6xy + 6y 2 x 2 + 2xy + 2y 2
=− =− 2 = −
dx fy 3x + 12xy + 3y 2 x 2 + 4xy + y 2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 16 / 25

Example: 9
dy
If (cos x)y = (sin y )x , find
dx

Solution:
We have f (x, y ) = (cos x)y − (sin y )x = 0
fx = y (cos x)y−1 (− sin x) − (sin y )x log sin y
 
1
w = (sin y)x ⇒ log w = x log sin y ⇒ wx = log sin y ⇒ wx = (sin y )x log sin y
w
fy = (cos x)y log cos x − x(sin y )x−1 cos y
 
y 1 y
z = (cos x) ⇒ log z = y log cos x ⇒ zy = log cos x ⇒ zy = (cos x) log cos x
z

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 17 / 25

dy fx y (cos x)y−1 (sin x) + (sin y )x log sin y
=− =
dx fy (cos x)y log cos x − x(sin y)x−1 cos y

sin x
y (sin y)x + (sin y)x log sin y
= cos x (∴ (cos x)y = (sin y )x )
cos y
(sin y)x log cos x − x(sin y)x
sin y

y tan x + log sin y

=
log cos x − x cot y

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 18 / 25

Example: 10
d 2y 6a3 x 2 (a3 + x 3 )
if x 5 + y 5 = 5a3 x 2 , prove that =
dx 2 y9

Solution:
Letf (x, y) = x 5 + y 5 − 5a3 x 2 = 0

Differentiationg w.r.t x and y, we get,

fx = 5x 4 − 10a3 x fy = 5y 4
fxx = 20x 3 − 10a3 fyy = 20y 3
fxy = 0
Substituting these values in,

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 19 / 25

 fxx (fy )2 − 2fxy fx fy + fyy (fx )2
 
d 2y
= −
dx 2 (fy )3

(20x 3 − 10a3 )(25y 8 ) − 0 + (20y 3 )(5x 4 − 10a3 x)2

= −
125y 12

125y 3 (4x 3 − 2a3 )y 5 + 4(x 4 − 2a3 x)2

 
= −
125y 12

(4x 3 − 2a3 )y 5 + 4(x 4 − 2a3 x)2

 
= −
y9

Replace y 5 = −x 5 + 5a3 x 2

(4x 3 − 2a3 )(−x 5 + 5a3 x 2 ) + 4(x 8 − 4a3 x 5 + 4a6 x 2 )

 
= −
y9

6a3 x 2 (a3 + x 3 )
=
y9

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 20 / 25

Example: 11
∂y ∂z
If z 3 + xy − y 2 z = 6, find and at (0, 1, 2).
∂x ∂x

Solution:
∂y
To find , we keep z const. Thus, define f (x, y) = z 3 + xy − y 2 z = 6
∂x
∂y −fx y 1
with fx = y and fy = x − 2yz =⇒ = = = at (0, 1, 2)
∂x fy 2yz − x 4
∂z
To find , we keep y const. Thus, define g(x, z) = z + xy − y 2 z = 6
3
∂x
∂z −gz y −1
with gx = y and gz = 3z 2 − y 2 =⇒ = = 2 = at (0, 1, 2)
∂x gx y − 3z 2 11

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 21 / 25

Total Differential Co-efficient

Total differential co-efficient of u(x, y) with respect to x and y

given that f (x, y) = c is given by:

du ∂u ∂u dy
= +
dx ∂x ∂y dx
and
du ∂u dx ∂u
= +
dy ∂x dy ∂y

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 22 / 25

Solved Examples:
Example: 12
du
If u = x log(xy), where x 3 + y 3 + 3xy = 1, find
dx

Solution:
We have f (x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 + 3xy − 1 = 0
dy −fx −(3x 2 + 3y) −(x 2 + y )
= = =
dx fy 3y 2 + 3x y2 + x
Now, u = x log(xy ) and f (x, y ) = 0
u is composite function of x.
   2 2 
du ∂u ∂u dy y x x +y
= + = log(xy ) + x. + − 2
dx ∂x ∂y dx xy xy y +x
x(x 2 + y )
= log(xy ) + 1 −
y (y 2 + x)

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 23 / 25

Example: 13
p dz
If z = x 2 + y 2 , where x 3 + y 3 + 3axy = 5a2 , find , when x = y = a
dx

Solution:
We have f (x, y ) = x 3 + y 3 + 3axy − 5a2 = 0
dy −fx −(3x 2 + 3ay ) −(x 2 + ay )
= = =
dx fy 3y 2 + 3ax y 2 + ax
p
Now, z = x 2 + y 2 and f (x, y ) = 0
z is composite function of x.
x 2 + ay
 
dz ∂z ∂z dy x y
= + =p +p − 2
dx ∂x ∂y dx 2
x +y 2 x + y2
2 y + ax
Now at x = y = a, we have,
a2 + a2
 
dz a a 1 1
=√ +√ − 2 = √ −√ =0
dx 2
a +a 2 a + a2
2 a + a2 2 2

Ronak Patel (IISHLS) CALCULUS : U - 1.3 24 / 25

Try yourself!
dy x x (1 + log x)
1 If x x + y y = ab ,prove that =− y
dx y (1 + log y )
d 2y 2a2 x 2
2 If x 3 + y 3 − 3ax 2 = 0,prove that 2
+ =0
dx y5
dy x 2 (2x + y )
3 If z = x 2 y and x 2 + y 2 + xy = 1, prove that = 2xy −
dx x + 2y
2
dy d y dy d 2y
4 If yexy = sin x, find and 2
at (0,0) Ans. = 1, 2 = 0
dx dx dx dx

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