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    Lect One

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    mohamed
    1. This document discusses the electromagnetic properties of materials by explaining atomic structure, electron energy levels, shells and subshells, ionization, bonding types, and material types. 2. It describes how the number of protons equals the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom. Electrons occupy different energy levels based on their distance from the nucleus. 3. Materials can be conductors, semiconductors, or insulators depending on whether their atomic structure leaves free or bonded electrons that are able to move.

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    Lect One

    Uploaded by

    mohamed
    9 views22 pages
    1. This document discusses the electromagnetic properties of materials by explaining atomic structure, electron energy levels, shells and subshells, ionization, bonding types, and material types. 2. It describes how the number of protons equals the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom. Electrons occupy different energy levels based on their distance from the nucleus. 3. Materials can be conductors, semiconductors, or insulators depending on whether their atomic structure leaves free or bonded electrons that are able to move.

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    Lect One -PPT

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    1. This document discusses the electromagnetic properties of materials by explaining atomic structure, electron energy levels, shells and subshells, ionization, bonding types, and material types. 2. It describes how the number of protons equals the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom. Electrons occupy different energy levels based on their distance from the nucleus. 3. Materials can be conductors, semiconductors, or insulators depending on whether their atomic structure leaves free or bonded electrons that are able to move.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    9 views22 pages

    Lect One

    Uploaded by

    mohamed
    1. This document discusses the electromagnetic properties of materials by explaining atomic structure, electron energy levels, shells and subshells, ionization, bonding types, and material types. 2. It describes how the number of protons equals the number of electrons and neutrons in an atom. Electrons occupy different energy levels based on their distance from the nucleus. 3. Materials can be conductors, semiconductors, or insulators depending on whether their atomic structure leaves free or bonded electrons that are able to move.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 22

    Electromagnetic Properties of

    Materials

    Lecture 1

    1
    Contents

    1- Atomic Structure
    2- Electron Energy
    3- Shell and Subshell
    4- Ionization
    5-Types of bonding
    6- Types of Material
    2
    Atomic Structure
    number of electrons = number of protons
    = number of neutrons 6
    C
     p = 6, n=6, e=6

    3
    Electron Energy
    mv 2 q1q2
    FC = , Fa =
    r 4 0 r 2 
    Fc = Fa
    2 q1 = q2 = e
    mv q1q2
    =
    r 4 0 r 2

    mv 2 e2 2
    = mv 2 =
    e
    r 4 0 r 2 4 0 r

    4
    Electron Energy
    Kinetic Energy

    K .E = 0.5mv 2
    2
    e
    mv 2 =
    4 0 r
    2
    e
     0.5mv 2 =
    8 0 r
    e2
    K .E =
    8 0 r 
    5
    Electron Energy
    Potential Energy

    P.E = −eV
    e
    P.E = −e
    4 0 r
    −e 2
    P.E =
    4 0 r 

    6
    Electron Energy
    Total Energy

    ET = K .E + P.E
    e2 e2
    ET = −
    8 0 r 4 0 r
    e2  1 1
    ET =  − 
     
     0 r  8 4
    −e 2
    ET =
    8 0 r 
    7
    Electron Energy
    Total Energy

    −e 2
    ET =
    8 0 r
    n 2 h 2 0
    r=
     e2 m
    Cons tan t value

    −e 4 m 1
     ET =
    8h 2 0 2 n 2
    −13.6
    e = 1.6 *10 −19
    m = 9.1*10 −31 ET = 2
    eV
    n
    0 = 8.854*10−12 h = 6.625*10−34 To convert from eV to Joules,
    8
    you can multiply by 1.6×10-19.
    Shell and Subshell
    Shell Subshell or orbital

    N e = 2n 2 s, p, d , f
    N e = 2(1) 2 = 2

    N e = 2(2) 2 = 8 s2
    6
    N e = 2(3) = 18
    2 p
    10
    N e = 2(4) = 32
    2 d
    f 14
    9
    Shell and Subshell

    10
    Shell and Subshell
    C 6 Si14
    2 2
    1s , 2 s , 2 p 2 1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 2
    2, 4 2,8, 4
    Cr 24
    1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s 2 ,3d 4 
    1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s1 ,3d 5
    2,8,13,1

    Cu 29
    1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s 2 ,3d 9 
    1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s1 ,3d 10 11
    12
    Shell and Subshell

    13
    Shell and Subshell

    14
    Ionization

    15
    Types of Bonding
    1. Ionic Bonding NaCl

    2. Covalent Bonding Si

    3. Metallic Bonding

    16
    Types of Materials
    1. Conductors Al, Cu
    2. Semiconductors Si
    3. Insulators

    Conductors

    Cu 29
    1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 6 , 4 s1 ,3d 10
    Semiconductors
    Al13
    Si14
    1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p1
    1s 2 , 2 s 2 , 2 p 6 ,3s 2 ,3 p 2
    17
    Types of Materials

    18
    Types of Materials
    In Diamond, all of the electrons are matched an covalent bonds to other carbon atoms (4
    covalent band). Thus, carbon diamond is insulator where there are not free electrons.
    In graphite, 3 of the 4 electrons remain in covalent bonds with 3 bonds. Thus, carbon
    graphite is an conductor because there is one free electron in each atom. The conductivity
    of carbon graphite is 105 while the conductivity of carbon diamond is 0.001.

    19
    PhET Simulation
    https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/cheerpj/conductivity/latest/conductivity.html?simulation=con
    ductivity

    20
    References

    21
    22

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