The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP model for network communication.
The OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific function and protocols to enable communication between devices. The layered approach standardizes communication and allows for independent development of each layer.
TCP/IP is a condensed version with 4 layers - application, transport, internet and network access layer. It uses encapsulation to add headers at each layer and decapsulation to remove them at the destination.
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP model for network communication.
The OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific function and protocols to enable communication between devices. The layered approach standardizes communication and allows for independent development of each layer.
TCP/IP is a condensed version with 4 layers - application, transport, internet and network access layer. It uses encapsulation to add headers at each layer and decapsulation to remove them at the destination.
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP model for network communication.
The OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific function and protocols to enable communication between devices. The layered approach standardizes communication and allows for independent development of each layer.
TCP/IP is a condensed version with 4 layers - application, transport, internet and network access layer. It uses encapsulation to add headers at each layer and decapsulation to remove them at the destination.
The document discusses the OSI model and TCP/IP model for network communication.
The OSI model defines 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layer. Each layer has a specific function and protocols to enable communication between devices. The layered approach standardizes communication and allows for independent development of each layer.
TCP/IP is a condensed version with 4 layers - application, transport, internet and network access layer. It uses encapsulation to add headers at each layer and decapsulation to remove them at the destination.
(Communication Rules) - TCP (between hosts) - IP (between routers) - HTTP (between Network applications) Internet Protocol Media Access Control Port Address (IP) (MAC) • IP Address = Location in the network • MAC Address = Name of the device. • Port = Communication Endpoint. • Logical address • Physical address • Data sent/received must reach the right process. • Can change based on the location of the device. • Unique Cannot be changed. • Every process in a node is uniquely identified using port numbers. • Assigned by manually or dynamically. • Assigned by the manufacturer.(OUI) • Fixed port numbers: 25,80 etc. • Represented in decimal (32 bits). • Represented in hexadecimal.(48 bits) • dynamic port numbers (0 - 65535) (16 bits) • Required For Routers • Required For Switch • Required For OS
The layered approach Benefits
1. Simplify understanding of data transfer. 2. Standardization vendors - make all network devices are compatible with each other. 3. Changes in one layer do not affect other layers. - Hence development in one layer is not bound by limitations of other layers. 4. Allows various types of hardware and software, - both new and old to communicate with each other seamlessly. 5. Designing, developing and troubleshooting easier.
OSI Model (Open System interconnection):
• The purpose of the OSI model is to facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of hardware and software. - Developed by ISO (International Standards for Organizations). - The Upper layers define how applications interact with the host interface, with each other, and the user. - The Lower layers define how data is transmitted between hosts in a network. 7. Application Layer • The first layer that interacts with the user. (Look at how a Web Browser such as Internet Explorer or Firefox works). • Provides services that an application requires. Protocols HTTP/s (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) - Browse web pages T/FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - Upload and download files DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - Assign IP address automatically to hosts. DNS (Domain Name Server) - Translate the name with IP address SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - Send mails. POP 3 (Post Office Protocol) - Receive emails. Telnet - Remote login.
6. Presentation Layer Presents data to the Application layer
• Defines data format. Ex: EBCDIC to ASCII translation • Compression/ decompression. • Encoding/ decoding. • Encryption/ decryption. 5. Session Layer • Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among communicating devices • Maintains distinction between data of separate applications. • Select Transmission Mode
4. Transport Layer • Add port numbers.
• Segmentation of data. • Error recovery in case of TCP. Protocols TCP - Reliable (sequencing and acknowledgements) (Transmission Control Protocol) - Error correction - Flow Control (Windowing, Buffering) - Connection oriented - Connection Establishment - Connection Termination. UDP - Unreliable. (User Datagram Protocol) - Connection less. 3. Network Layer Deals with data moving across networks using routed – routing protocols Routed Protocols • Logical Addressing - (Add Source IP and destination IP.) Routing Protocols • Path determination and forwarding - (Choose the best path from source to destination) 2. Data Link Layer Deals with data moving across networks using physical addresses • Detects collisions and other errors in received data MAC (Media Access Control) - Add Source MAC and destination MAC. LLC (Logical Link Control) - Negotiation with network layer to identify the address type IPv4 or IPv6.
1. Physical Layer Deals with the physical transmission medium itself
• Converting bits into a signal suitable for the type of medium used and receives it in the same way. TCP/IP Model • TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (was developed before the OSI model). • Condensed version of the OSI reference model consisting of the following 4 layers: 1. Application Layer 2. Transport Layer 3. Internet Layer 4. Network Access Layer The Terminology of TCP/IP Messages: - Data encapsulated in the transport layer is known as segment. - Data encapsulated in the network layer is known as packet. - Data encapsulated in the Data-link layer is known as frame. - Data encapsulated in physical layer is known as bits.
Encapsulation Decapsulation - It occurs at source host computer - It occurs at destination host computer - Process of wrapping the data - Process is a process opening packs - Starts from the uppermost layer (Application Layer) to the lowest layer - Starts from the lowest layer (Physical Layer) to the uppermost layer Encapsulation: • Each layer adds a header in front of the data from the previous layer, Which contains control information related to the protocol being used at that layer. - In case of OSI model: this header and the data being sent from one layer to the next lower layer is called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU). Decapsulation: • This process of Examining and Removing the header at the destination.
