OSI Model

Protocols Control )Sending – Receiving( messages

(Communication Rules) - TCP (between hosts)
- IP (between routers)
- HTTP (between Network applications)
Internet Protocol Media Access Control Port Address
(IP) (MAC)
• IP Address = Location in the network • MAC Address = Name of the device. • Port = Communication Endpoint.
• Logical address • Physical address • Data sent/received must reach the right process.
• Can change based on the location of the device. • Unique Cannot be changed. • Every process in a node is uniquely identified using port numbers.
• Assigned by manually or dynamically. • Assigned by the manufacturer.(OUI) • Fixed port numbers: 25,80 etc.
• Represented in decimal (32 bits). • Represented in hexadecimal.(48 bits) • dynamic port numbers (0 - 65535) (16 bits)
• Required For Routers • Required For Switch • Required For OS

The layered approach Benefits

1. Simplify understanding of data transfer.
2. Standardization vendors
- make all network devices are compatible with each other.
3. Changes in one layer do not affect other layers.
- Hence development in one layer is not bound by limitations of other layers.
4. Allows various types of hardware and software,
- both new and old to communicate with each other seamlessly.
5. Designing, developing and troubleshooting easier.

OSI Model (Open System interconnection):

• The purpose of the OSI model is to facilitate communication between different systems without requiring changes to the logic of hardware and software.
- Developed by ISO (International Standards for Organizations).
- The Upper layers define how applications interact with the host interface, with each other, and the user.
- The Lower layers define how data is transmitted between hosts in a network.
7. Application Layer • The first layer that interacts with the user. (Look at how a Web Browser such as Internet Explorer or Firefox works).
• Provides services that an application requires.
Protocols
HTTP/s (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) - Browse web pages
T/FTP (File Transfer Protocol) - Upload and download files
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) - Assign IP address automatically to hosts.
DNS (Domain Name Server) - Translate the name with IP address
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) - Send mails.
POP 3 (Post Office Protocol) - Receive emails.
Telnet - Remote login.

6. Presentation Layer Presents data to the Application layer

• Defines data format. Ex: EBCDIC to ASCII translation
• Compression/ decompression.
• Encoding/ decoding.
• Encryption/ decryption.
5. Session Layer • Establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interaction among communicating devices
• Maintains distinction between data of separate applications.
• Select Transmission Mode

4. Transport Layer • Add port numbers.

• Segmentation of data.
• Error recovery in case of TCP.
Protocols
TCP - Reliable (sequencing and acknowledgements)
(Transmission Control Protocol) - Error correction - Flow Control (Windowing, Buffering)
- Connection oriented - Connection Establishment - Connection Termination.
UDP - Unreliable.
(User Datagram Protocol) - Connection less.
3. Network Layer Deals with data moving across networks using routed – routing protocols
Routed Protocols • Logical Addressing
- (Add Source IP and destination IP.)
Routing Protocols • Path determination and forwarding
- (Choose the best path from source to destination)
2. Data Link Layer Deals with data moving across networks using physical addresses
• Detects collisions and other errors in received data
MAC (Media Access Control) - Add Source MAC and destination MAC.
LLC (Logical Link Control) - Negotiation with network layer to identify the address type IPv4 or IPv6.

1. Physical Layer Deals with the physical transmission medium itself

• Converting bits into a signal suitable for the type of medium used and receives it in the same way.
TCP/IP Model
• TCP/IP = Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (was developed before the OSI model).
• Condensed version of the OSI reference model consisting of the following 4 layers:
1. Application Layer
2. Transport Layer
3. Internet Layer
4. Network Access Layer
The Terminology of TCP/IP Messages:
- Data encapsulated in the transport layer is known as segment.
- Data encapsulated in the network layer is known as packet.
- Data encapsulated in the Data-link layer is known as frame.
- Data encapsulated in physical layer is known as bits.

Encapsulation Decapsulation
- It occurs at source host computer - It occurs at destination host computer
- Process of wrapping the data - Process is a process opening packs
- Starts from the uppermost layer (Application Layer) to the lowest layer - Starts from the lowest layer (Physical Layer) to the uppermost layer
Encapsulation:
• Each layer adds a header in front of the data from the previous layer, Which contains control information related to the protocol being used at that layer.
- In case of OSI model: this header and the data being sent from one layer to the next lower layer is called a Protocol Data Unit (PDU).
Decapsulation:
• This process of Examining and Removing the header at the destination.