Chapter 1
Chapter 1
Prepatory Activity
In this discussion, we'll participate in an activity that involves evaluating the advantages
and disadvantages of the influences of information technology on education, health,
society, and the economy.
Presentation of Content
History has witnessed that humanity went through several revolutions. The latest one is
the revolution of information and communication technology. This revolution caused a rupture
between everything that is old; what is considered new today is quickly turned into an old and
obsolete trend tomorrow. Because of these evolutions, the demand for this technology has
increased. Therefore, the latter has become the most important used resource compared to
classical resources, which has led to the amplification of interest in new information and
communication technologies by both companies and individuals.
At present, the world is witnessing a rapid evolution process in the need for information
facilities in terms of quantity, quality and access to information, in order to make the best
decision based on the different changes and dynamics of the enterprises environment. This
demonstrates clearly the growing importance of information systems and their ability to satisfy
the needs of enterprises information. This emphasizes the importance to develop these
systems and to increase their effectiveness and efficiency. One of the key elements of the
success of these systems is that they have become dependent on sophisticated technology that
have greatly facilitated access to information and clearly reduced access costs.
Usually when we talk about information technology, it comes to people’s mind that
“information technology (IT) is the use of any computers, storage, networking and other
physical devices, infrastructure and processes to create, process, store, secure and exchange all
forms of electronic data. Typically, IT is used in the context of enterprise operations as opposed
to personal or entertainment technologies. The commercial use of IT encompasses both
computer technology and telephony.”[1]
“Many areas of public health, including vital statistics, investigation and research,
surveillance, epidemiology, surveys, laboratories technology, maternal and child health, and
environmental health, use information technology (IT) to achieve their goals and objectives. IT
includes the use of computers and communications, and the transformation of data into
information and knowledge”[3].
1. Effects on education
Information technology has made the education process more effective and productive.
It has increased the well-being of the students. Developed methods of education have made
this process easier, such as the replacement of books with tablets and laptops. Moreover, the
emergence of e-learning platforms that allows students to learn from their homes. These
platforms can be an effective alternative for people who are out of school, or who have
difficulties keeping up with their teachers in class. These platforms gives students the chance to
review the courses with simpler and more concrete explanations at every moment, and this
reinforces the educational process and leads to better results in school for most of the
students.
Politicians use technology in many ways to influence the growth of different individuals
in their respective spheres. The likes of Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube are powerful
communication media platforms that can easily raise the ratings of politicians. Technology is a
defining factor in most political races. Through technology, politicians are able to access funds,
gain political support, and spend less on campaigning and pushing their candidacy.[6] Housley
claims that “technology appeals to a specific demographic: the affluent, the educated, and the
young”. Moreover, “while a YouTube video may not sway the Grandparents in the crowd, the
youngest voters are listening. Does technology have the power to change the face of politics?
The youth in America are not currently an active voting bloc, but that younger generation will
age, and it’s only a matter of time before technology plays a critical role in elections”.
Information technology has changed the way people perceive reality, and it caused
quite a disorder in some concept and perceptions. Modern technology has changed our
perspective on many concepts. It also changed our dealings with many traditions and customs
that were once considered sacred and the pillars of society. Despite the fact that the modern
means of communication made the world a small village that facilitate communication, though
it created a kind of alienation and divergence within the family. Communication between
members of the same family is almost non-existent, worse communication between people in
general has become virtual. We note the disappearance of human relations.
3. Professionalization
The use of laptops, for example, has enabled the company to make gains in terms of
time, in particular to give real-time information to those who need it, thereby speeding up
decision-making and increasing the company’s profits. Thanks to the interactive and intelligent
system, the company always strives to meet the needs of these customers and thereby improve
its services.
Social networks have favored the sharing of information. NTICS has also helped to
design a new way of working such as meetings and conferences remotely, online training and
so on.
4. The reconciliation of private life and professional life
All employees use their home computers for business purposes. This allows them to
catch up on their unfinished business at the office. For example, for an employee, he just needs
to have an identifier and an access key to the company’s server, which allows him to do the job
and shares it in the network even if he’s on vacation or maybe on a mission.
Conclusion
Information Technology is the basic requirement of today’s world. Technological
progress is entering into all fields. Education was a big and important part of development and
progress.
Information technology has changed human life radically, and not necessarily, all of the
changes are positive. Some may be negative and have a detrimental effect on the individual and
the community. For example, traffickers use the Internet to offer and promote their products
for sale.
There are many means of technology, including what serves science, education and
economy. There is a close relationship between science and technology. It is noted that the
basis of technology is to study science and employ (IT) inventions in the different life’s areas, in
order to meet the needs of the individuals and the societies. Therefore, it connects the
governments, companies and societies to develop strategies to enhance the lifestyle quality of
the citizens.
Feedback
Group the class into 5 groups and determine the pros and cons of of how the information
technologies revolutionized our generation from the 3 impacts: political, social, economic.
Reference
https://master-iesc-angers.com/impacts-of-information-technology-it/
Learning Objectives
1. Tech Basics
- Define technology.
2. Components Overview
- Recognize hardware, software, data basics.
- Understand networking importance.
3. Human & Processes
- Identify key individuals.
- Define business processes.
4. Application
- Apply knowledge to practical examples.
Prepatory Activity
Towards the conclusion of this topic, we'll engage in an activity focused on identifying
businesses that leverage the internet and examining the strategies they employ in doing so.
Presentation of Content
Figure 1.2.11.2.1: Components of Information Systems. Image by Ly-Huong Pham is licensed
under CC BY NC
Technology
Hardware
Software
Software is a set of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. Software is not
tangible – it cannot be touched. Programmers create software programs by following a specific
process to enter a list of instructions that tell the hardware what to do. There are several
categories of software, with the two main categories being operating-system and application
software.
Figure 1.2.31.2.3: This image is a derivative work from David Bourgeois is licensed under CC BY
2.0. This work “Hardware, Software, Users - Interrelated” by Ly-Huong Pham is licensed
under CC BY-NC
Data
The third component is data. You can think of data as a collection of non-disputable raw
facts. For example, your first name, driver's license number, the city you live in, a picture of
your pet, a clip of your voice, and your phone number are all pieces of raw data. You can see or
hear your data, but by themselves, they don’t give you any additional meanings beyond the
data itself. For example, you can read a driver's license number of a person, you may recognize
it as a driver's license number, but you know nothing else about this person. They are typically
what IS would need to collect from you or other sources. However, once these raw data are
aggregated, indexed, and organized together into a logical fashion using software such as a
spreadsheet, or a database, the collection of these organized data will present new information
and insights that a single raw fact can’t convey. The example of collecting all expenses (i.e., raw
data) to create an expense tracker (new information derived) discussed earlier is also a good
example. In fact, all of the definitions presented at the beginning of this chapter focused on
how information systems manage data. Organizations collect all kinds of data, processed and
organized them in some fashion, and use it to make decisions. These decisions can then be
analyzed as to their effectiveness, and the organization can be improved. Chapter 4 will focus
on data and databases and their uses in organizations.
Networking Communication
The components of hardware, software, and data have long been considered the core
technology of information systems. However, networking communication is another
component of an IS that some believe should be in its own category. An information system can
exist without the ability to communicate. For instance, the first personal computers were stand-
alone machines that did not have access to the Internet. Information Systems, however, have
evolved since they were developed. For example, we used to have only desktop operating
system software or hardware. However, in today’s environment, the operating system software
now includes mobile OS, and hardware now includes other hardware devices besides desktops.
It is extremely rare for a computer device that does not connect to another device or a
network. Chapter 5 will go into this topic in greater detail.
Figure 1.2.41.2.4: Network by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
People
People built computers for people to use. This means that there are many different
categories in the development and management of information systems to help organizations
to create value and improve productivity, such as:
Users: these are the people who actually use an IS to perform a job function or task.
Examples include: a student uses a spreadsheet or a word processing software program.
Technical Developers: these are the people who actually create the technologies used to
build an information system. Examples include a computer chip engineer, a software
programmer, and an application programmer.
Business Professionals: these are the CEOs, owners, managers, entrepreneurs,
employees who use IS to start or expand their business to perform their job functions
such as accounting, marketing, sales, human resources, support customers, among
others. Examples include famous CEOs such as Jeff Bezos of Amazon, Steve Jobs of
Apple, Bill Gates of Microsoft, and Marc Benioff of Salesforce.
Figure 1.2.51.2.5: Jeff Bezos, by Seattle City Council via Flicker, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates by Joi
Ito via Flickr, Marc Benioff by Global Climate Action Summit 2018 via Flicker, All images are
licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0
IT Support: These specialized professionals are trained to keep the information systems
running smoothly to support the business and keep it safe from illegal attacks. Examples
include network analysts, data center support, help-desk support.
These are just some of the key people; more details will be covered in Chapters 9 and 10.
Process
Feedback
The class will be grouped in 5 and discuss and define the concept of technology. Share
examples of how technology has become an integral part of our daily lives
References
Laudon, K. C., & Laudon, J. P. (2011). Management information systems. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
https://workforce.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Information_Technology/Information_Systems/
Information_Systems_for_Business/01%3A_What_Is_an_Information_System/
01%3A_What_Is_an_Information_System/
1.02%3A_Identifying_the_Components_of_Information_Systems#:~:text=Hence%2C
%20information%20systems%20can%20be,data%2C%20people%2C%20and
%20processes.&text=Each%20has%20a%20specific%20role,have%20a%20working
%20information%20system
Learning Objectives
1. Define Business
Recognize the concept of a business entity engaged in various activities.
2. Business Process Modeling
Understand graphical representations in modeling business processes.
3. Business Profiles and Models
Explain the purpose and key elements of business profiles and models.
Prepatory Activity
Presentation of Content
What Is a Business?
Business Profile
Business Models
Business Processes
Describes a specific set of transactions, events, tasks, and results performed by the
firm. As the business world changes, systems analysts can look forward to working in new
kinds of companies that require innovative IT solutions, including Web-based systems that
serve customers and carry out online transactions with other businesses.
Feedback
Reference
https://quizlet.com/263089036/systems-analysis-and-design-chapter-1-questions-flash-cards/
https://kissflow.com/workflow/bpm/business-process-reengineering-bpr/
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/business.asp
https://www.ibm.com/blog/business-process-modeling/
Learning Objectives
1. Define the Internet and its global network function.
2. Understand how the Internet transformed businesses, expanding their reach globally.
3. Identify key communication tools like email and messaging, impacting business
communication.
4. Explore the rise of telecommuting and its role in reducing business overhead costs.
Prepatory Activity
Towards the conclusion of this topic, we'll engage in an activity focused on identifying
businesses that leverage the internet and examining the strategies they employ in doing so.
Presentation of Content
What is the Internet?
The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic devices. With the
Internet, it's possible to access almost any information, communicate with anyone else in the
world, and do much more.
Ability to Communicate
A business' ability to communicate with its employees, customers and associates changed
dramatically when the Internet yielded new communication tools. Email and instant
messaging have changed the face of business communication. According to a study
conducted by the Small Business Administration, 36 percent of women business owners and
38 percent of male business owners use email very frequently, while over half of both men
and women use email at least occasionally.
Rise of Telecommuting
Many businesses are now offering the option for their employees to work from home using
office equipment provided by the company. This process, referred to as telecommuting,
allows a business to decrease its overhead costs by needing less office space and using less in
utilities for daily operation. According to the Suite Commute website, in 2008, 33.7 million
employees telecommuted.
With the advent of Internet marketing, a business must stay abreast of the needs of its
customers. Competition is no longer localized; a business now has competition all over the
world. It is imperative that a business know what its customers want and deliver it. Surveys,
questionnaires, feedback forms and comments on a website can be used to monitor a
business' customers' needs.
Using Digital Advertising
Including the Internet in a business' advertising budget extends a business' ability to attract
customers from their back yard to all four corners of the globe. Websites, banner placement
and search engine optimization, also referred to as SEO, allow a business to have a presence
on the web and reach millions of potential customers.
Working with other businesses and professionals is simplified with the use of the Internet.
Internet seminars, also called webinars, make collaborating on projects with people all over
the world as easy as logging onto a website.
Businesses use the Internet to research new product ideas, new methods of creating products
and pricing information. A business can also research the competition to see what products
and services are offered. If a company is looking to expand into a particular location, the
Internet can be used to research the population, its needs and what products and services
would sell best in that area.
Feedback
Activity
Pair up with a classmate and together, find a business that effectively utilizes the Internet.
Explore the strategies employed by the chosen business in using the Internet for its
operations.
References
https://smallbusiness.chron.com/open-desktop-internet-shortcut-different-browser-
49990.html
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/internetbasics/what-is-the-internet/1/
Prepatory Activity
Presentation of Content
In the past, IT managers divided systems into categories based on the user group the
system served
Office Systems
An office system can be defined as an orderly arrangement of whole activities of an office
and framing of procedures to be followed for the effective and economic performance of work.
Office Systems refers to the various components and elements of an office, from
computers and work equipment to its physical layout and ambiance. It also covers the way
employees interact and the overall office culture.
Operational Systems
An operational system is a term used in data warehousing to refer to a system that is used
to process the day-to-day transactions of an organization. These systems are designed in a
manner that processing of day-to-day transactions is performed efficiently and the integrity of
the transactional data is preserved.
Decision Support Systems
A decision support system (DSS) is a computer program application used to improve a
company's decision-making capabilities. It analyzes large amounts of data and presents an
organization with the best possible options available.
Decision support systems bring together data and knowledge from different areas and
sources to provide users with information beyond the usual reports and summaries. This is
intended to help people make informed decisions.
Today, it makes more sense to identify a system by its functions and features, rather than
by its users.
Enterprise Computing System
Enterprise Computing prepares students for careers stretching across many sectors and
industries and is much larger than what’s portrayed in popular culture and the news.
IT Manager
Artificial Intelligence specialist
Information Security specialist
Computer Network Architect
Data Scientist
Computer Systems Analyst
Cloud System Administrator
Cloud Computing Engineer
BSS allows telcos to oversee and simplify a wide range of business and customer-related
activities, including:
Billing
Customer orders
Subscriptions
Customer notifications
Service fulfillment
Revenue management
Product marketing
Customer relationship management (CRM)
Because these systems impact the overall customer experience, they’re essential to the
success of modern telecommunications organizations. Effective BSS solutions help telcos
simplify workflows, monitor service quality, and resolve customer issues quickly. Telco
professionals who specialize in customer management and other business activities typically
manage and gain insights from business support systems.
There are many types of knowledge management systems, but they all share some common
characteristics. These include:
FAQ content
Certificates
Case studies
Webinars
References
https://www.overstaytonight.com/office-systems/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_system#:~:text=An%20operational%20system%20is
%20a,the%20transactional%20data%20is%20preserved.
https://www.techtarget.com/searchcio/definition/decision-support-system
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_information_system#:~:text=An%20executive
%20information%20system%20(EIS,information%20relevant%20to%20organizational%20goals.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_processing_system#:~:text=A%20Transaction
%20Processing%20System%20(TPS)%20is%20an%20information%20system%20that,critical
%20as%20real%2Dtime%20systems.
https://oec.lism.catholic.edu.au/enterprise-computing#:~:text=Enterprise%20Computing
%20refers%20to%20business,management%20and%20back%20office%20support.
https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/industry/operation-business-support-systems/oss-
bss#:~:text=BSS%20(business%20support%20systems)%20refers,services%20to%20resolving
%20billing%20issues.
https://www.hubspot.com/knowledge-management-systems#:~:text=A%20knowledge
%20management%20system%20is,for%20your%20users%20or%20customers.
https://www.coursesidekick.com/information-systems/3460575
Learning Objectives
Prepatory Activity
Presentation of Content
A systems analyst must understand the company’s organizational model to recognize who is
responsible for specific processes and decisions and to be aware of what information is
required by whom.
Top Managers
Middle Managers
Middle managers are in charge of facilitating any changes needed in an organization and
creating an effective working environment. They administer day-to-day routines, monitors
performance and make sure everything is done in compliance with organization's needs.
Human resources.
Knowledge Workers
The term “knowledge worker” was first coined by Peter Drucker in his book, The
Landmarks of Tomorrow (1959). Drucker defined knowledge workers as high-level workers who
apply theoretical and analytical knowledge, acquired through formal training, to develop
products and services. He noted that knowledge workers would be the most valuable assets of
a 21st-century organization because of their high level of productivity and creativity.
Supervisor
A Supervisor is a key figure within an organisation, overseeing and managing employees' daily
activities or a work team. Their primary role is ensuring tasks and projects are completed
efficiently and effectively. Supervisors provide their team guidance, instruction, and direction,
often serving as a first point of contact for employees' work-related issues.
They are also tasked with performance evaluation, offering feedback, and sometimes involved
in disciplinary actions. Supervisors are critical in maintaining workflow, managing resources,
and ensuring the team's efforts align with organisational goals and objectives.
Team Leaders
A Team Leader provides a group with guidance, instruction, and direction to achieve a specific
task or project. This role involves facilitating team dynamics, motivating team members, and
fostering an environment conducive to effective collaboration and productivity.
Team Leaders typically have a hands-on approach, working closely with their team members to
ensure tasks are completed efficiently. They also play a crucial role in team problem-solving,
decision-making, and conflict resolution. A Team Leader's primary focus is on team cohesion
and performance, ensuring that the group's activities align with broader organisational
objectives.
Operational Employees
Working with people at various levels in each department to gather information and
see how they do their jobs
The measure of a successful Operations person is the employer’s productivity levels. For
instance, if Elliot’s employer consistently meets delivery deadlines for the products it makes, if
there are fewer breakdowns in the manufacturing process, and departments are banding
together to boost their purchasing power for supplies, then Elliot is definitely doing his job well.
References
https://www.google.com/search?q=%E2%80%A2%09Top+Managers%0D%0A%0D
%0A&sca_esv=2e1e5fac6755c7bb&sxsrf=ACQVn0-_G7P11jVp1U6d7piZHQU_UHc3rw
%3A1708613735723&ei=Z2DXZbnhK8rc2roP0r68wAc&ved=0ahUKEwj5sJqWmr-
EAxVKrlYBHVIfD3gQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=%E2%80%A2%09Top+Managers%0D%0A%0D
%0A&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiEuKAoglUb3AgTWFuYWdlcnMKCjIHECMYsAMYJzIKEAAYRxj
WBBiwAzIKEAAYRxjWBBiwAzIKEAAYRxjWBBiwAzIKEAAYRxjWBBiwAzIKEAAYRxjWBBiwAzIKEAAY
RxjWBBiwAzIKEAAYRxjWBBiwAzIKEAAYRxjWBBiwA0jPC1DOCFjOCHABeAKQAQCYAbwCoAG8Aq
oBAzMtMbgBA8gBAPgBAvgBAcICBBAAGEeIBgGQBgk&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
https://www.google.com/search?q=
%E2%80%A2+Middle+Managers&sca_esv=2e1e5fac6755c7bb&sxsrf=ACQVn0-F_QjlX7K1pjEE-
eF8FUQ5jAougw%3A1708614801498&ei=kWTXZYqCHsTi2roPxcO4mA4&ved=0ahUKEwjKjrSSnr-
EAxVEsVYBHcUhDuMQ4dUDCBA&uact=5&oq=
%E2%80%A2+Middle+Managers&gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiE-
KAoiBNaWRkbGUgTWFuYWdlcnMyBBAjGCcyBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAG
BYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB4yBhAAGBYYHjIGEAAYFhgeMgYQABgWGB5I_hxQ_AdYxRdwA
ngAkAEBmAGXAqABlBSqAQQyLTExuAEDyAEA-
AEBwgIKEAAYRxjWBBiwA8ICCBAAGBYYHhgPiAYBkAYI&sclient=gws-wiz-serp
https://www.theknowledgeacademy.com/blog/team-leader-vs-supervisor/#:~:text=A%20Team
%20Leader%20primarily%20focuses,responsible%20for%20strategic%20decision%2Dmaking.
https://www.monster.ca/career-advice/article/operations-job-titles-canada
Learning Objectives
Prepatory Activity
Presentation of Content
1.8 Systems Development Guidelines
Learning Objectives
Prepatory Activity
Presentation of Content
Learning Objectives
Prepatory Activity
Presentation of Content