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Lecture 5-VAR Generation

1. The document discusses various methods for improving power factor in electrical systems, including capacitor banks, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. 2. It provides examples of calculating required capacitance to achieve unity power factor and examples of calculating generator current before and after power factor correction. 3. The advantages and disadvantages of static capacitors and synchronous condensers for power factor correction are outlined.

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Sidharth Mishra
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171 views74 pages

Lecture 5-VAR Generation

1. The document discusses various methods for improving power factor in electrical systems, including capacitor banks, synchronous condensers, static VAR compensators, and static synchronous compensators. 2. It provides examples of calculating required capacitance to achieve unity power factor and examples of calculating generator current before and after power factor correction. 3. The advantages and disadvantages of static capacitors and synchronous condensers for power factor correction are outlined.

Uploaded by

Sidharth Mishra
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EEE 4009-FACTS and HVDC

Prof Jahangir Hossain


Module 2

• Objectives of shunt compensation

• Methods of controllable VAR generation

• STATIC VAR Compensator

• STATCOM
• Power factor correction with compensation
Power Factor

• Power factor (FP) tells us what portion (or ratio) of


the apparent power (S) is actually real power (P).
• Power factor is a ratio given by:
P
FP cos
= = θ
Vrms * I rms
P
FP =
S

• Power factor is expressed as a number between 0 to


1.0 (or as a percent from 0% to 100%).
– The closer to 1.0 the power factor gets, the more resistive.
– The closer to 0.0 the power factor gets, the more
Power Factor
• From the power triangle it can be seen that:
FP = P / S = cos θ
• Power factor angle is thus given:
θ = cos-1(P / S)
• For a pure resistance: θ = 0º
• For a pure inductance: θ = 90º
• For a pure capacitance: θ = -90º S
Q
NOTE: Ө is the phase angle of ZT, not the
θ
current or voltage.
P
The following devices and equipment are used for power factor improvement in
an electrical system.

•Capacitor Banks: A bank of capacitors can be installed to reduce the reactive


power demand of the load, improving the power factor. The capacitors can be
fixed or switched, depending on the load requirements.

•Synchronous Condensers: A synchronous motor operating at no-load and


over-excited, can be used as a synchronous condenser to improve the power
factor of the system.
•Static Var Compensators (SVCs): SVCs are solid-state devices that use a
thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR) and a thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC) to
provide continuous reactive power compensation.

•Active Power Filters: These filters can correct power factor issues by generating
current components that cancel out harmonic distortion in the system.

•Switched Capacitor Banks: A switched capacitor bank uses automatic switching


devices to vary the reactive power demand based on the load requirements,
improving the power factor.

•Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM): A STATCOM is a voltage


source converter that can provide reactive power compensation, harmonic
filtering, and voltage regulation.

•Hybrid Power Filters: Hybrid power filters combine active and passive filtering
techniques to provide a comprehensive solution for power factor improvement and
harmonic distortion reduction.
1. Static Capacitor
• Most industries and power system loads are inductive

• To enhance system or device efficiency, these capacitors are installed near


large inductive loads, like induction motors and transformers, to improve the
load circuit power factor.
Disadvantage:
Advantages:
• A shorter lifespan for static
• Low losses in static capacitors capacitor banks (around 8-10 years)

• No moving parts, therefore requiring low • The need to turn the capacitor bank
maintenance ON or OFF when there is a change
in load, which can cause switching
• Ability to work in normal conditions (i.e., surges in the system.
ordinary atmospheric conditions)
• Risk of damage if the rated voltage
• No requirement for a foundation for increases beyond its limit
installation
• Expensive repair costs if the
• Lightweight, making them easy to install capacitors become damaged.
1. Static Capacitor
Example Problem
a. Determine S, PT, QT, and FP.
b. Determine the value of the capacitance (in
F) required to bring the power factor up to
unity (freq of 60 Hz).
c. Determine generator current before and
after correction.
a)

11738 W
Example Problem cont.
a. Determine S, PT, QT, and FP.
b. Determine the value of the capacitance (in
F) required to bring the power factor up to
unity (freq of 60 Hz).
c. Determine generator current before and
after correction.
b) Since QLD = 8438 VAR, let’s insert a capacitor with QC = -8438
VAR.

c)
Notice, there is now
Old
less current needed
Current
New for the generator after
Current unity power factor
correction
1. Synchronous Condenser
• When a synchronous motor operates at no-load and is over-excited, it is called
a synchronous condenser. When a synchronous motor is over-excited, it
provides leading current and works like a capacitor.
1. Synchronous Condenser
Advantages: Disadvantages:

• Long lifespan (up to 25 years) • High cost (including high


maintenance costs), therefore it
• High reliability is mostly used by large power
users
• Allows for stepless adjustment of
power factor • An auxiliary device is needed for
operation as synchronous
• Does not generate harmonics or motors have no self-starting
require maintenance for them torque
• Faults can be easily removed • Produces noise.
• Is not affected by harmonics

• Requires low maintenance (only


periodic bearing greasing is
necessary)
1. Static VAR Compensator (SVC)

• A Static VAR Compensator


(SVC) also known as Static
Reactive Compensator is a
device used to improve the
power factor of an electrical
power system.

• It is a type of static reactive


power compensation device
that is used to inject or
absorb reactive power into
or out of the system to
maintain a desired voltage
level.
Simple Example
This method uses only one capacitor bank and we control
the PF by changing the RMS voltage applied to the
capacitor other than controlling capacitance value.
Overview
1 – Power Factor Meter.

2 – Compensation controller.
PF meter
* There is two main ways to calculate the PF
* first method use the real and reactive power
as shown in the following equation

* the second method use the time shift


between the the current and the voltage
PF meter
Arduino

The arduino program performs the following


tasks
1- counting the time between Voltage and
Current pulses of zero crossing detector
2- determines the phase shift from the counted
time
3- determines the PF from the phase shift
Calculation of firing angle
*firing angle should be the output of the
controller, so it should be calculated

* Open loop method is used

*We made some assumptions which are


-Pload -Vbus -Qload are constants
Calculation of firing angle
Procedures of determining the value of alfa


Calculation of firing angle
Numerical method
*Numerical method which is Bi-sectional Method use number of
iteration to find the value of alfa until the different between the
previous value and the current value will be less than the specific
value
* This method is very practical in our situation because it can
reach a good value of alfa after 10 iterations with very low
percentage of error
Number of Max Error (%) Max Error
iterations (degree)
1 50 90
10 0.097 0.1746
Performance Static VAR Generator Switched Capacitor Bank
System

Mode of Operation The SVG detects the load The system detects the load
current on a real-time basis current on a real-time basis
through an external CT and through an external CT and
determines the reactive determines the reactive content
content of the load current. The of the load current. The data is
data is analysed and the SVG’s analysed and the system’s
controller drives the internal controller switches in the
IGBT’s by using PWM signals to required amount of reactive
make the inverter produce the current in steps, depending on
exact reverse reactive current the amount of reactive current
of the corresponding load available to it in that moment
reactive current. from the capacitor bank.
Performance Static VAR Generator Switched Capacitor Bank
System

Compensation The SVG performs as a Traditional PFC systems use


method controlled current source, thus capacitors in groups. Their
obtaining a power factor of output current is in fixed steps
0.99 lagging whilst avoiding (50kVAr, 25kVAr, 12.5kVAr,
over-compensation and under- 6.25kVAr) which usually leads to
compensation. over or under-compensation.

On-going costs The SVG does not require a Capacitor bank style PFC
maintenance contract. It simply systems are typically sold with a
requires that the unit is kept maintenance contract which is
clean. Aside from the initial an on-going monthly charge to
purchase cost, on-going costs pay for regular maintenance
are negligible. and the cost of replacement
parts like the capacitors,
contactors, fuses, etc.
Correction of Power Factor by Using Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Correction of Power Factor by Using Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)
Correction of Power Factor by Using Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM)

With STATCOM
Without STATCOM
Methods of controllable var generation:

• Capacitors generate and reactors (inductors) absorb


reactive power when connected to an ac power source.

• They have been used with mechanical switches for


(coarsely) controlled var generation and absorption
since the early days of ac power transmission.

• Continuously variable var generation or absorption for


dynamic system compensation power, line-
commutated thyristors in conjunction with capacitors
and reactors have been employed in various circuit
configurations to produce variable reactive output.

• These in effect provide a variable shunt impedance by


synchronously switching shunt capacitors and/or
reactors "in" and "out" of the network.
Methods of controllable var generation:

• Using appropriate switch control, the var output can be controlled


continuously from maximum capacitive to maximum inductive
output at a given bus voltage.

• More recently gate turn-off thyristors and other power


semiconductors with internal turnoff capability have been used in
switching converter circuits to generate and absorb reactive power
without the use of ac capacitors or reactors.

• These perform as ideal synchronous compensators (condensers),


in which the magnitude of the internally generated ac voltage is
varied to control the var output.

• All of the different semiconductor power circuits, with their internal


control enabling them to produce var output proportional to an
input reference, are collectively termed by the joint IEEE and
CIGRE definition, static var generators (SVG).
Methods of controllable var generation:

• Thus, a static var compensator (SVC) is, by the IEEE CIGRE co-
definition, a static var generator whose output is varied so as to
maintain or control specific parameters (e.g., voltage, frequency)
of the electric power system.

• It is important that the reader appreciate the difference between


these two. These perform as ideal synchronous compensators
(condensers), in which the magnitude of the internally generated
ac voltage is varied to control the var output.

• All of the different semiconductor power circuits, with their internal


control enabling them to produce var output proportional to an
input reference, are collectively termed by the joint IEEE and
CIGRE definition, static var generators (SVG).
Methods of controllable var generation:

• The functional use of the var generator is clearly defined by the


reference signal provided. Consequently, according to the
IEEE/CIGRE definition, a static var generator becomes a static var
compensator when it is equipped with special external (or system)
controls which derive the necessary reference for its input, from
the operating requirements and prevailing variables of the power
system, to execute the desired compensation of the transmission
line. This means that different types of var generator can be
operated with the same external control to provide substantially
the same compensation functions.

• Evidently, the type and structure of the var generator will ultimately
determine the basic operating characteristics (e.g., voltage vs. var
output, response time, harmonic generation), whereas the external
characteristics control the functional capabilities (e.g., voltage
regulation, power factor control, power oscillation damping), of the
static var compensator.
Methods of controllable var generation:

• Modern static var generators are based on reactive output current,


harmonic generation, loss versus var output, and attainable
response time, setting limits for the achievable performance of the
var generator and, independent of the external controls used,
ultimately also that of the static var compensator.
55
UPFC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

58

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