MKT 2812 Signals and Systems

Name:__SOLUTIONS_________________
Total 1 2 3
Midterm Exam
ID:_____________________ Gr:____ 100 30 40 30
Date: Apr. 28, 2022

1) [30 pts.] Answer the following signal questions

a) (10 pts.) Graphically compute and plot the even and odd parts of 𝑥1 (𝑡)

b) (10 pts.) Let the signals be

𝜋
𝑥(𝑡) = cos ( 𝑡) , 𝑦(𝑡) = 8 sin(2𝑡) + 5 cos(3𝑡) , 𝑧(𝑡) = 3𝑥(𝑡)𝑦(𝑡)
3
What are the fundamental periods of signals if they are periodic?
2𝜋
𝑇𝑥 = =6
𝜋/3
2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑇1 3
𝑇1 = = 𝜋, 𝑇2 = → = → 𝑇𝑦 = 2𝑇1 = 3𝑇2 = 2𝜋
2 3 𝑇2 2
2𝜋 𝑙
𝑇𝑧 ? = ∄ 𝑙, 𝑘 ∈ 𝐼 ∋ 3𝑙 = 𝜋𝑘 → 𝐴𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐
6 𝑘
c) (10 pts.) Is 𝑥(𝑡) a power or energy signal? Compute both energy and power.
𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑒 −5|𝑡| + sin(𝑡) 𝑢(𝑡)
𝑇 𝑇
2
𝐸𝑥 = lim ∫ [𝑒 −5|𝑡| + sin(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡 = lim ∫ [2𝑒 −10𝑡 + 2𝑒 −5𝑡 sin(𝑡) + sin2 𝑡]𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ −𝑇 𝑇→∞ 0
Using the integral equations at the end
𝑇
2 −10𝑡 2 −5𝑡 (−5
1 1
𝐸𝑥 = lim [(− 𝑒 )+ 𝑒 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + ( 𝒕 − sin 2𝑡)] =∞
𝑇→∞ 10 25 + 1 2 4 𝑡=0
1 𝑇 −5|𝑡| 2 1 𝑇 −10𝑡
𝑃𝑥 = lim ∫ [𝑒 + sin(𝑡)𝑢(𝑡)] 𝑑𝑡 = lim ∫ [2𝑒 + 2𝑒 −5𝑡 sin(𝑡) + sin2 𝑡]𝑑𝑡
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 0
𝑇
1 1 1 1 1
𝑃𝑥 = lim [(− 𝑒 −10𝑡 ) + 𝑒 −5𝑡 (−5 sin 𝑡 − cos 𝑡) + ( 𝑡 − sin 2𝑡)]
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 5 13 2 4 𝑡=0
1 1 −10𝑇 1 −5𝑇 1 1 1 1 1
𝑃𝑥 = lim {(− 𝑒 )+ 𝑒 (−5 sin 𝑇 − cos 𝑇) + ( 𝑇 − sin 2𝑇) − [− − ]} =
𝑇→∞ 2𝑇 5 13 2 4 5 13 4
2) [40 pts.]
a) (20 pts.) Analyze the linearity, time-invariance, BIBO stability and causality of the system with input 𝑥(𝑡)
output 𝑦(𝑡). Find the impulse response ℎ(𝑡)

𝑡−1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥(𝜏)𝑑𝜏
−∞
b) (20 pts.) For another LTI system with the impulse response of

find its step response (to the input 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡)) using the convolution integral
a) Linear?
𝑡−1 𝑡−1 𝑡−1
𝑦(𝑡) = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) [𝑥1 (𝜏) + 𝑎𝑥2 (𝜏)]𝑑𝜏 = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥1 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏 + 𝑎 ⋅ 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥2 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏 = 𝑦1 + 𝑎𝑦2 (𝑡)
−∞ −∞ −∞
So, it is linear.
Time-invariant?
Is the delayed output
𝑡−𝑇−1
𝑦(𝑡 − 𝑇) = 2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥(𝜏)𝑑𝜏 (∗)
−∞
Equals to the delayed input response
𝑡−1
2∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝑥(𝜏 − 𝑇)𝑑𝜏
−∞
For clarity, define a change of variable 𝜏 − 𝑇 = 𝜆 when 𝜏 = 𝑡 − 1 then 𝜆 = 𝑡 − 1 − 𝑇 and 𝑑𝜏 = 𝑑𝜆, thus
𝑡−1−𝑇
2∫ sin(3(𝜆 + 𝑇)) 𝑥(𝜆)𝑑𝜏
−∞
sin(3𝑡) is not equal to sin(3(𝑡 + 𝑇)) ∀𝑇 ≠ 2𝜋𝑘/3 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑘 = 0 ± 1 ± 2 ….
So, time varying. Or, pick 𝑥(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) and 𝑇 = 1 and show this counter example to prove it is time varying.
BIBO Stable?
Let |𝑥(𝑡)| < 𝐵1 ∀𝑡, then
𝑡−1
2𝐵1 4𝐵1
𝑦(𝑡) ≤ |2 ∫ sin(3𝜏) 𝐵1 𝑑𝜏| = | cos(3𝜏)|𝑡−1
∞ |< <∞
−∞ 3 3
So, BIBO stable.
Causal?
For 𝑥 = 0 → 𝑦 = 0 and the output at time 𝑡 depends only on the past inputs, so, causal.

b) ℎ(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 2) − 2𝑢(𝑡 − 3)

∞
𝑦(𝑡) = [ℎ ∗ 𝑢](𝑡) = ∫ 𝑢(𝑡 − 𝜏)[𝑟(𝜏) − 𝑟(𝜏 − 2) − 2𝑢(𝜏 − 3)]𝑑𝜏
−∞
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) ∫ 𝜏𝑑𝜏 − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) ∫ (𝜏 − 2)𝑑𝜏 − 2𝑢(𝑡 − 3) ∫ 𝑑𝜏
0 2 3
𝑢(𝑡)s must be added to make sure the integral upper and lower bounds in order.
𝑡2 (𝑡 − 2)2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑢(𝑡) − 𝑢(𝑡 − 2) − 2(𝑡 − 3)𝑢(𝑡 − 3)
2 2
𝑡 𝑡−2
𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑟(𝑡) − 𝑟(𝑡 − 2) − 2𝑟(𝑡 − 3)
2 2
3) [30 pts.] a) For a system with impulse response
5𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4
𝐻(𝑠) = 𝑅𝑂𝐶: −1 < 𝜎 < 0
𝑠(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2)
i. Find the poles and zeros
ii. Determine if it is causal, anti-causal or non-causal system?
iii. Draw its inverse Laplace transformation ℎ(𝑡)

i. Poles 0, −1 ± 𝑗, Zeros , −0.4 ± 𝑗0.8

ii. Non-causal
iii. PFE
𝑐𝑜 𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵
𝐻(𝑠) = + 2
𝑠 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2
4
𝑐𝑜 = 𝑠𝐻(𝑠)|𝑠=0 = =2
2
𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵 2 5𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 4 2(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2) 3𝑠
2
= 𝐻 − = 2
− 2
= 2
𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2 𝑠 𝑠(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2) 𝑠(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2) 𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2
So, 𝐴 = 3, 𝐵 = 0. Thus, the PFE
2 3(𝑠 + 1) − 3
𝐻(𝑠) = +
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)2 + 1
𝑅1 = {𝜎 > −1} is the ROC of the causal part and can’t include any (causal) poles. So, poles −1 ± 𝑗 are causal pole pairs.

𝑅2 = {𝜎 < 0} is the ROC of the anti-causal part and can’t include any (a.c.) poles. So, the pole 0 are a.c. pole.
3(𝑠+1)−3
𝐻𝑐 (𝑠) = (𝑠+1)2 → Inverse Laplace transform thru the Table ℎ𝑐 (𝑡) = 3𝑒 −𝑡 [cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡)
+1

2
Only 𝐺(𝑠) = 𝐻𝑎𝑐 (−𝑠) = − 𝑠 Inverse transform may be obtained thru the Table as 𝑔(𝑡) = −2𝑢(𝑡). Thus,

ℎ𝑎𝑐 (𝑡) = 𝑔(−𝑡) = −2𝑢(−𝑡). Therefore,

ℎ(𝑡) = ℎ𝑐 (𝑡) + ℎ𝑎𝑐 (𝑡) = 3𝑒 −𝑡 [cos 𝑡 − sin 𝑡]𝑢(𝑡) − 2𝑢(−𝑡)

Useful Equations
Basic Signals
𝑑𝑟
= 𝑢(𝑡).
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢
= 𝛿(𝑡).
𝑑𝑡

𝑡 𝑡
𝑢(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝛿(𝑎)𝑑𝑎 ⇒ ∫𝑡 2 𝛿(𝑎 − 1)𝑑𝑎 = 𝑢(𝑡2 − 1) − 𝑢(𝑡1 − 1) .
1

𝑡 𝑡
𝑟(𝑡) = 𝑡𝑢(𝑡) = ∫−∞ 𝑢(𝑎)𝑑𝑎 ⇒ ∫𝑡 2 𝑢(𝑎 − 1)𝑑𝑎 = 𝑟(𝑡2 − 1) − 𝑟(𝑡1 − 1).
1

Laplace Transform
∞
𝑋(𝑠) = ∫−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡, 𝑠 ∈ 𝑅𝑂𝐶.

Fourier series
𝑥(𝑡) = ∑∞
𝑘=−∞ 𝑋𝑘 𝑒
𝑗𝛺𝑜 𝑘𝑡
with 𝑋𝑘 =
1 𝑡𝑜 +𝑇𝑜
∫
𝑇𝑜 𝑡𝑜
𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝑘𝛺𝑜 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 or 𝑋𝑘 =
1
𝑋 (𝑠)|𝑠=𝑗𝛺𝑜 𝑘
𝑇0 1

Fourier Transform
∞
𝑋(𝛺) = ∫−∞ 𝑥(𝑡)𝑒 −𝑗𝛺𝑡 𝑑𝑡 or 𝑋(𝛺) =
𝑋(𝑠)|𝑠=𝑗𝛺 if 𝑠 = 𝑗𝛺 exists in ROC

Some Integrals:
1 1
∫ sin2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 − sin (2𝑤𝑡)
2 4𝑤
1 1
∫ cos2 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡 + sin (2𝑤𝑡)
2 4𝑤
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 sin 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 [𝑎 sin 𝑤𝑡 − 𝑤 cos 𝑤𝑡]
𝑎 + 𝑤2
1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 cos 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 [𝑤 sin 𝑤𝑡 + 𝑎 cos 𝑤𝑡]
𝑎 + 𝑤2