Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University

Trishal, Mymensingh

Course Code : EEE – 401

Course Title : Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution

Assignment

Submitted To :
Dr. Utpal Kumar Das Submitted By :
Professor Md. Nazmul Alam Munna
Dept of EEE Roll: 18102907
DUET, Gazipur Session: 2017-18
Dept of EEE
JKKNIU
1. Why do overhead transmission lines possess capacitance?
Ans: Overhead transmission lines carry electrical power from generation sources to
distribution systems. These lines possess capacitance. Capacitance is a property of any
two conductors separated by a dielectric material, such as air and it is a critical factor in
the design and operation of transmission lines.
One reason overhead transmission lines possess capacitance is their proximity to the
earth. The earth acts as a conductor due to its high level of conductivity, allowing
electric fields to form around the transmission lines. When an electrical voltage is
applied to a conductor, it creates an electric field. In overhead transmission lines, this
electric field interacts with the electric field of the earth causing the line to develop
capacitance. The capacitance between the transmission line and the earth can be
significant, especially at higher voltages, and it can contribute to power losses and other
effects such as corona discharge.
Another reason that overhead transmission lines have capacitance is because of the
spacing between their conductors. Capacitance is directly proportional to the separation
or spacing between conductors. The closer the conductors are to each other, the higher
the capacitance. The capacitance increases as the distance between the conductors
decreases, and as the size of the conductors increases.
The capacitance of overhead transmission lines is also influenced by the material used
in their construction. Transmission lines are typically composed of conductors,
insulators, and towers. The insulators used require a high level of dielectric strength in
order to withstand electrical voltage. The dielectric material used in insulators also
contributes to the capacitance of the line since these materials are good electrical
insulators but poor conductors.
In conclusion, overhead transmission lines possess capacitance due to several factors,
including proximity to the earth, spacing between conductors, and the material used in
their construction. Capacitance plays a significant role in transmission line performance,
with aspects such as line loss and corona discharge. Therefore, a thorough understanding
of capacitance is essential in the design and operation of overhead transmission lines to
ensure efficient and reliable energy transmission.

2. Why bundled conductors are employed in transmission lines?

Ans: Bundled conductors are employed in transmission lines because bundled
conductors provide several advantages over traditional transmission lines, including
increased electrical conductivity, enhanced resilience, reduced energy loss, easy
maintenance, and cost-effectiveness. These advantages make bundled conductors a
popular choice for high-voltage transmission lines, especially in areas with high demand
for reliable and efficient energy transmission.
By bundling multiple conductors together, the total surface area of the conductors is
increased, which reduces the skin effect and allows more current to flow through the
conductors. This increases the electrical conductivity of the transmission line and allows
it to carry more power without increasing the size of the supporting structures.
Bundled conductors are also more resilient than traditional transmission lines. If one
conductor in the bundle fails, the others can still carry the load, which reduces the risk
of a complete outage. This increases the reliability of the transmission line and reduces
the frequency and duration of power outages.
Furthermore, bundled conductors reduce energy loss by minimizing the resistance of
the transmission line. This is because the skin effect is reduced, and the total surface
area of the conductors is increased, which reduces the amount of energy that is lost as
heat. Bundled conductors are also easier to maintain than traditional transmission lines.
They require fewer support structures and are more flexible, which makes them easier
to handle and transport. This reduces the cost and complexity of installation and
maintenance.
Overall, bundled conductors provide several advantages over traditional transmission
lines, and their use is increasing worldwide as the demand for reliable and efficient
energy transmission grows.

3. Why transmission line conductors are stranded?

Ans: Transmission line conductors are strategically designed to withstand the harsh
conditions of the environment and the mechanical stress they are subjected to. Stranding
the conductors is a technique used to increase their flexibility, durability, and resistance
to mechanical stress.
A stranded conductor is made up of multiple smaller wires that are twisted or braided
together. This technique increases the overall diameter of the conductor without
increasing the diameter of the individual wires. The increased surface area of the
conductor reduces the skin effect, allowing more current to flow through the conductor.
The flexibility of the stranded conductors makes them easier to handle and install, which
is crucial for high-voltage transmission lines. These conductors may need to be bent or
twisted to navigate around obstacles or follow the contours of the terrain.
Moreover, stranded conductors are more durable than solid conductors because they can
better withstand mechanical stress. Solid conductors are prone to deformation or
breakage due to stress concentration at the point of deformation. However, stranded
conductors distribute the stress across multiple wires, reducing the stress concentration
and making them more resistant to deformation or breakage.
Finally, stranded conductors are less prone to corrosion than solid conductors because
they have a larger surface area that is exposed to the environment. This makes it easier
for the conductor to dissipate heat and moisture, reducing the risk of corrosion.
In conclusion, stranding the conductors of transmission lines is a crucial technique that
increases their flexibility, durability, resistance to mechanical stress, and resistance to
corrosion. This improves the reliability and lifespan of the transmission line, reducing
the risk of power outages due to conductor failure.

4. Explain transposition in overhead transmission lines.

Ans: Transposition in overhead transmission lines refers to the process of rearranging
the positions of conducting lines in order to reduce the interference between them. The
transposition is mainly used for long transmission lines that carry large amounts of
electric power. This technique reduces the inductance and capacitance mismatch that
happens between lines, which could lead to a significant voltage drop or even collapse.
Electric power transmission through overhead transmission lines faces various
challenges that can affect its efficiency and reliability. One such challenge is the mutual
coupling between the lines. Mutual coupling refers to the electromagnetic interaction
between the parallel transmission lines, which may reduce the transmission efficiency
by increasing the reactance of the transmission line. The transposition technique aims
to minimize the mutual coupling effect by rearranging the position of the conductors in
a bundle.

During transposition, lines in a bundle are shifted from one line position to the next,
known as a cycle. Each cycle covers three phases, and the position of the line is switched
from high to low as it moves along the bundle, e.g., ABC to ACB to BAC, and so on.
Therefore, the transposition process alternates the position of the line between phases,
and it covers the entire length of the transmission line.
The transposition technique offers several advantages, including enhanced transmission
efficiency, better voltage regulation, improved stability, and reduced interference. It
reduces the inductance and capacitance mismatch and, hence, improves the power
transfer capability of the lines. It also reduces the ground potential rise, mitigating the
risk of electrical hazards to workers and people in the vicinity of the transmission line.
In conclusion, the transposition technique is a critical aspect of overhead transmission
line design that enhances the efficiency, reliability, and safety of the transmission
system. The technique reduces the mutual coupling effect, which improves the power
transfer capability of the system, reduces the voltage drop, and mitigates the risk of
electrical hazards to workers and people in the vicinity of the transmission line.