Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 36, No.

2, 2009

Parking Provision Requirements According to Type of Land Use in Major Saudi

Arabian Cities

Saleh A. Al-Fouzan*

ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to review and compare car parking provision according to use in some Saudi cities. It
covers car parking requirements issued by Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA), Al-Riyadh,
Jeddah, and Al-Madinah Municipalities. In addition, the paper discusses some difficulties facing the application
of such requirements: limited land plot areas, conflict between these requirements and the setback system,
continued drive towards strip commercial activities in Saudi cities, and the non-correlation between car parking
requirements and the zoning system.
Upon data analysis, the paper shows some important results among which: requirements applied in some cities
are different from those of the Ministry, different municipalities apply different requirements, the inconsistent
use of measurement units in some cases, weakness of some requirements leading to provision of insufficient
number of parking areas, non-correlation between car parking requirements and the zoning system in all cities, in
addition to the fact that land areas in most Saudi cities do not facilitate the application of car parking
requirements. Finally, the car parking requirements issued by MOMRA, although comprehensive and specific,
are of general nature covering cities of all types and sizes. The paper concludes with recommendations and
suggestions for upgrading the current situation of car parking provision requirements according to type of use.
Keywords: Parking, Car Parking, Parking Planning, Parking Controls, Parking Provision Requirements.

1. INTRODUCTION required in a car parking, which is closely connected to

land use types in any city. In addition, the number of car
In urban areas, vehicles occupy vast spaces of land parking areas to be provided in every type of land use is
either in the form of the road network when moving or in heavily dependent on specific attributes of relevant
the form of car parking when idle. Thus, a crucial community, life style, population, and the ratio of private
component in the transportation planning processes is the car ownership.
appropriate parking planning and design. The required number of parking spaces is measured
Car parking areas are part of urban transportation by multiple measurement units according to specific
network as a whole: vehicle movement, pedestrian types of land use: In residential areas, for example, it is
movement and public transport stations. The planning of estimated by the projected number of parking spaces
parking inevitably entails analysis of multiple factors required for every residential unit. However, it is
among which: projected types of land use, sites expected estimated in commercial/office uses by the number of
to be covered by urban expansion, components of car parking spaces required for every square meter of land or
parking planning policies and resource requirements that of used space. In schools and universities, such numbers
can affect the operation/development of parking areas are estimated in connection to student numbers or
(KACST, 1987, p.15). classroom numbers. The number of parking spaces is
Among factors with a strong relation to car parking estimated by room number in hotels, by bed numbers in
planning is the analysis of the number of parking spaces hospitals, by staff numbers in government departments
and by worker numbers in factories, etc.
* College of Architecture and Planning, King Saud University, This paper focuses on the review/comparison of car
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Received on 24/2/2009 and Accepted
parking requirements issued by the Ministry of Municipal
for Publication on 7/12/2009.
and Rural Affairs (MOMRA) in the Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia (KSA), and by Municipalities in KSA in

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 36, No. 2, 2009

connection to different types of land use. However, as car participated in lower efficiency of urban roads, less
parking requirements issued by Municipalities of other streamlined traffic and higher rates of car accidents.
regions are not available online, the study was limited to MOMRA and some municipalities in KSA have
requirements issued by Municipalities of Al-Riyadh, issued requirements for the provision of car parking for
Jeddah, and Al-Madinah. In addition, the paper presents every type of land use. However, there are obstacles
an overview of difficulties facing the application and hindering the application of those requirements. The
enforcement of these requirements. The paper concludes obstacles will be discussed in details later in section 5.
with suggesting appropriate solutions for upgrading
current requirements. 1.2. Objectives
This paper intends to be a first attempt to another, The objectives of this paper are:
more comprehensive, study that will review the Saudi 1. To review the requirements for car parking areas
experience in comparison to some Arab and Western according to type of use in some major Saudi cities
countries in the area of car parking requirements as they (Al-Riyadh, Jeddah, and Al-Madinah) in addition to
relate to different types of land use. requirements issued by MOMRA.
2. To draw the comparison between MOMRA’s
1.1. Importance of Research requirements and those of various municipalities.
Economic and urban development in KSA has had 3. To identify the obstacles facing the application of car
profound impact on the lifestyle of Saudi families parking provision requirements.
including: higher family incomes, expansion of cities and 4. To suggest suitable solutions that can lead to current
villages, and more dependence on the private car as amelioration in these requirements.
means of transportation in urban areas. These
developments have made the Kingdom one of the biggest 1.3. Methodology
car importers in the Gulf region. According to statistics This paper follows a comparative approach in
from the Ministry of Interior (MOI), the Kingdom had no reviewing car parking requirements according to different
more than 22 805 cars in 1971 (1391 H). This number types of land use in some major Saudi Arabian cities. The
reached 2 052 934 cars in 1996 (1416 H) (Ministry of paper relies on reviewing different car parking
Interior, 1971-1996). It is now 6 800 000 cars according requirements according to conditions set by Ministry of
to the latest statistics in 2008 (1429 H) (General Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA), Al-Riyadh
Administration for Traffic, 2008). These numbers are Municipality, Jeddah Municipality, and Al-Madinah
experiencing continuous growth. Municipality. The paper also relies on comparing
In the past, no problems were posed by car parking different car parking requirements in different types of
areas. However, it has become one of the problems facing land use between MOMRA’s requirements and those of
authorities in the major cities in view of growing municipalities.
population and higher rates of private car ownership. The paper attempts to define the obstacles facing the
Thus, car parking has become a principal component in application of car parking provision requirements in the
urban transportation planning because of its relation to Saudi Arabian cities, and to suggest suitable solutions
different activities, land use, pedestrian movement, public that can lead to current amelioration in these
transportation stations and road network. requirements.
Many major cities in KSA are suffering from the The paper contains also an overview on previous
problem of car parking provision because of the high papers and studies, reports of official agencies and their
private car ownership ratio and because the car parking websites, in addition to available scientific resources in
planning is not done in line with land use planning. In terms of parking planning and standards/requirements of
addition, some car parking provision requirements in parking areas provision.
different Saudi cities do not reflect different uses or even
the differences in density of any single use. 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
The leniency on part of traffic police in application of
traffic penalties, and the moderate level of awareness The number of needed parking areas depends on the
among drivers in terms of car parking organization have size of city, economic status of the population and

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Parking Provision Requirements … Saleh A. Al-Fouzan

private car ownership rates. In bigger cities with for Car Parking Design” which contained but little hint
wealthier populations and higher private car ownership about car parking areas requirements. It said that the
rates, the number of needed parking areas will required number of parking areas depends on relevant
inevitably be higher. land uses in addition to life style of community and
This number varies according to the type of use, site population of the city. The "guidelines" suggested
of use, size of city, usage density, private car ownership undertaking a detailed study of local conditions in
rates, daily travel rate per capita, and the time rate of different part of KSA in order to determine number of
single car parking for single purpose (Abdelwahed, parking areas necessary for every type of land use
1986, p51). Some parameters are to be taken into (KACST, 1987, p.18).
account when deciding parking sites such as minimizing In 2004 (1424 H), the Comprehensive Strategic Plan
time required to reach the parking, provision of for Arriyadh City tried to embed requirements for car
sufficient parking areas in city center, and studying parking in the final report on land use and development
distances people are to walk to/from the parking systems (High Commission for the Development of
(KACST, 1987, pp.19-20). Arriyadh, 2004, pp.287-291). The report stated that such
A UK study found that availability of parking has a standards for car parking would be used temporarily until
great effect on people’s choice of means of the completion of the study undertaken by the Arriyadh
transportation. Other studies suggest that conditions of Development Authority (ADA) and the Riyadh
parking areas have more effect on people’s choice of Municipality (High Commission for the Development of
means of transportation than the conditions of public Arriyadh, 2004, p.287).
transportation especially when going to work. This effect In 2006 (1426 H), Ministry of Municipal and Rural
can be also found in places well provided by public Affairs, MOMRA, issued the "Guidelines of Planning
transportation (Department for Communities and Local Standards for Car Parking" which detailed the planning
Government, 2001, p.19). standards and ratios for car parking areas and the factors
A study has proved that parking cars, or cars coming affecting site choices for parking in terms of the relation
in/going out car parking, participate, directly or between demand on parking and the already available
indirectly, in about 10% of car accidents. The same study parking areas. The "guidelines" contained a separate
showed that parking cars may accountable by table of requirements for car parking in different land
approximately 8% to 10% of pedestrian fatalities uses.
(KACST, 1987, p.13). In 2007 (1427 H), the Administration of Building
A western study shows that zoning for parking was Licensing affiliated to the Department of Construction
relatively rare among the American cities before World and Projects in Al-Riyadh Municipality issued two
War II. However, by 1969 virtually all American cities guides: "Technical Conditions for Licensing the
with populations exceeding 25 000 zoned for parking as Construction of Villas, Apartment Buildings,
their primary method of dealing with land-use problems Commercial/Residential Buildings and Dwellings for
associated with rising car ownership rates. A concise Workers and Singles" and the "Technical Conditions for
history of zoning for parking shows that despite its Licensing the Construction of Service Buildings in Al-
continuing popularity, it has almost always been a Riyadh City". Both guides mentioned some
controversial topic. A review of major studies reveals requirements relevant to the provision of car parking for
important aspects of zoning for parking as it has different uses.
changed over time. Zoning for parking began as an In 2008 (1428 H), Jeddah Municipality issued
occasional approach to resolving specific problems codes and guidelines for construction inside the urban
associated with growing car storage requirements. It boundaries of the Municipality with a separate table
gradually became the preferred method to ensure showing car parking requirements in different types of
adequate parking space in car-oriented communities land use. In addition, the Al-Madinah Municipality
(Ferguson, 2004, p.1). website contains clarification of controls and
Locally, the Administration of Scientific Research in requirements in different types of land use among
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology which the car parking requirements in every type of
(KACST) issued in 1987 (1407 H) the “Saudi Guidelines land use.

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 36, No. 2, 2009

3. CURRENT REQUIREMENTS FOR CAR 3.2. Requirements of Al-Riyadh Municipality

PARKING PROVISION In the case of Al-Riyadh Municipality, there is no
dedicated table to show requirements for car parking
In this part, the paper reviews the requirements of car provision in different land uses. Thus, the researcher tried
parking provision issued by Ministry of Municipal and to summarize different requirements in terms of car
Rural Affairs (MOMRA), Al-Riyadh Municipality, parking relying on 2007 (1427 H) publications by the
Jeddah Municipality, and Al-Madinah Municipality. Administration of Building Licensing affiliated to the
General Administration of Construction Planning in the
3.1. MOMRA Requirements Authority of Construction and Projects:
As mentioned above, in 2006 (1426 H), MOMRA • Technical Conditions for Licensing the Construction
issued the “Guidelines of Planning Standards for Car of Villas, Apartment Buildings and Dwellings for
Parking” showing the planning ratios and standards Workers and Singles; and
relevant to car parking in terms of the relation between • Technical Conditions of the Construction of Service
demand on parking areas and already available numbers Buildings in Al-Riyadh City.
of them. It contained a separate table of requirements for Table (2) shows a summary of car parking requirements
car parking in different land uses as showing in Table (1). in every type of use according to Al-Riyadh Municipality.
In this table we notice that, in residential uses, the
number of car parking is determined by stating the 3.3. Requirements of Jeddah Municipality
required number for every residential unit or for every Compared to requirements of other Municipalities,
room (as in hotels), in addition to assessing the required Jeddah Municipality gave a separate table to show car
number of car parking areas by square meters of floors parking requirements in every type of land use as shown
for commercial uses (like malls, restaurants, warehouses in Table (3).
and wholesale shops), for service uses (like banks, For calculation of required car parking areas, these
professional offices, municipal and governmental offices requirements focus on the use of floor area in all uses
and service workshops) and for industrial uses (like (except for schools, universities, and hospitals).
factories). However, the required number of parking areas
for recreational facilities (recreation facilities and 3.4 Requirements of Al-Madinah Municipality
entertainment centers) was assessed by the square meters The case in Al-Madinah is similar to the case in Al-
of total area. It was assessed by square meters of audience Riyadh Municipality: No table dedicated to showing the
area in theaters, libraries and meeting halls, by numbers different car parking requirements for every type of land
of student in schools and universities and by numbers of use. The researcher has summarized requirements by
worshippers in mosques. The “guidelines” stated that it types of use according to specified requirements and
didn’t speak about some uses like airports, fairs, etc, controls on the website of Al-Madinah Municipality. It is
which would be subject to detailed study in such projects rather surprising that the guidelines presented on the
according to project requirements of car parking areas website of Al-Madinah Municipalities have ignored car
which would depend on size and composition of every parking requirements for several urban land uses. Table
single project. (4) shows different car parking requirements for every
It’s obvious that the requirements issued by MOMRA type of land use.
rely heavily on the use of area unit of floors (except in It’s clear that the requirements issued by the Ministry
residential buildings, schools/universities, mosques and (MOMRA) and the municipalities in the KSA are not part
meeting halls) in order to calculate the required number of the zoning system in line with comprehensive city
of car parking areas. plans.

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Parking Provision Requirements … Saleh A. Al-Fouzan

Table 1. Car parking requirements issued by MOMRA

Required
Use Description parking Unit
spaces
1- One family dwelling (villa) 2 House
2- Multi family dwelling 1 Apartment (one bedroom)
(apartment building) 1.5 Apartment (two bedrooms or more)
1 Residential
3- Hotel residential unit (condo) 1 Condo
Room (up to 40 rooms, then 1 space
4- Hotels 1
for every 2 rooms)
Commercial 1- Local level 6
2 For every 100 m2 (of floor area)
centers 2- Neighborhood, city and region 8
3 Restaurants 1 For every 15 m2 (of floor area)
4 Banks and offices of professionals 1 For every 25 m2 (of floor area)
5 Service workshops 1 For every 25 m2 (of floor area)
6 Student services 1 For every 25 m2 (of floor area)
7 Meeting halls/theaters/libraries 1 For every 3.5 m2 (of sitting area)
8 Play grounds and sport centers 1 For every 5 seats
9 Government and municipal offices 1 For every 25 m2 (of floor area)
10 Mosques 1 For every 5 worshippers
1- Elementary and preparatory 1 For every 5 pupils
Schools/
11 2- Secondary and occupational 1 For every 5 students
colleges
3- University 1 For every 3 students
1; or For every 100 m2 (of floor area)
12 Hospitals
1 For every 2 beds
13 Factories 1 For every 30 m2 (of floor area)
14 Warehouses/ wholesale stores 1 For every 40 m2 (of floor area)
15 Recreation/ entertainment centers 25 For every 100 m2 (of total area)
Source: Researcher with reliance on "Guidelines of Planning Standards for Car Parking",(2006)(1426 H). Table 1-2, p 8.

Table 2. Car parking requirements issued by the Municipality of Al-Riyadh

Mini. parking
Main use Description Unit
spaces
One family dwelling --
Buildings 1
Singles' dwellings (more than 2
1 For every residential unit (parking
floors)
1 Residential can be secured in basement or
Singles' dwellings (ground and Normal
ground floor)
1st floor) setback
As per
Workers' dwellings
regulations
Educational centers and
5
institutions
Educational Secondary schools 5
2 For every classroom
services Preparatory schools 3
Elementary schools 2
Nursery/ Kinder gardens 1
Private clinic
3 Health services 1 Every 100 m2
Private hospital

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 36, No. 2, 2009

Mini. parking
Main use Description Unit
spaces
Phone kiosks 1 Every kiosk
Car shops 1 Every 100 m2 of land area
Commercial Car dealers 1 Every 100 m2 of land area
4
services Butane gas vendors Front setback
Print houses Front setback (no less than 6 m)
Plant nurseries Front setback (6 m)
Limousine centers 3 in areas with setback
Car rental 10
--
Transportation
5 Forwarders
--
services
Aerial and naval shipping
School transportation centers Front setback
Sports centers 1 For every 50 m2
Gems Previously licensed parking
Paid-for playgrounds for kids Car parking (No specific number)
Recreational For every 50 m2 (No parking under
6 Wedding halls 1
services the building)
Furnished apartments 1 Every unit
Commercial rest places -- --
Cafés 2 Every 25 m2
Barber shops --
Car service (workshops and
1 Every 100 m2 of land area
maintenance)
Car polishing centers --
7 Public services
Car shedding shops Front setback
Restaurants and kitchens 1 Every 50 m2 of building area
(Mandi) kitchens 1 Every 50 m2 of building area
Water hydrants Parking for water cisterns (No specific number)
Factories --
Concrete and blocks factories --
8 Industrial services
Warehouses setback
Workshops setback
Resourse: Summery by researcher from: “Technical Conditions for Licensing the Construction of villas, Apartment Buildings,
Commercial/Residential Buildings and Dwellings for Workers and Singles, and the Technical Conditions for Licensing the
Construction of Service Buildings in Al-Riyadh City,( 2007)(1427 H).

Table 3. Car parking requirements issued by the Municipality of Jeddah

Type of use Required parking
Villas 1 parking/250 m2
Buildings 1 parking/150 m2 or 1 parking/unit whichever can provide more parking spaces
Offices 1 parking/60 m2
Retail dealers 1 parking/45 m2
Wholesale dealers 1 parking/50 m2
Restaurants 1 parking/50 m2
Fast food shops 1 parking/25 m2
Banks 1 parking/15 m2
Moles and Supermarkets 1 parking/25 m2
Travel agents 1 parking/35 m2
Car dealers 1 parking/100 m2

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Parking Provision Requirements … Saleh A. Al-Fouzan

Type of use Required parking

1 parking/60 m2
Restaurants: 1 parking/50 m2
Hotels
Halls: 1 parking/25 m2
Shops/offices: 1 parking/70 m2
Chalets 1 parking/30 m2
Apartments 1 parking/100 m2
Furnished units
Villas 1 parking/100 m2
Rest houses 1 parking/120 m2
Wedding halls 1 parking/50 m2
1 for every two class rooms (kinder garden/nursery)
2 for every classroom (elementary)
Schools
3 for every classroom (preparatory)
5 for every classroom (secondary)
1 for every 3 students
Institutes/collages/universities 1 for each faculty member
1 for every 3 staff members
Mosques According to special requirements
Hospitals/clinics 3 for every doctor's office/ 1 for every 4 beds/1 for every 3 staff members
Museums/show rooms 1 parking/100 m2
Play grounds and sport centers 1 parking/50 m2
Transportation stations/travel centers 1 parking/100 m2
Butcher houses 1 parking/70 m2
Crafts 1 parking/70 m2
Equipment rental 1 parking/70 m2
Gas stations 12 (A station)/ 8 (B station)/ 4 (C station)
Storage areas/warehouses 1 parking/70 m2
Other uses 1 parking/50 m2
Sourse: Jeddah Municipality, Local Plan of Jeddah Municipality: Building Codes and Controls, (2008)(1428 H), p 45-46.

Table 4. Car parking requirements of the Municipality of Al- Madinah

Minimum number
Main service Unit
of parking spaces
1 Furnished residential units 1 Every dwelling
Nursery/Kinder garden 1
Educational Elementary 2
2 Every classroom
services Preparatory 3
Secondary 5
3 Recreational centers 1 For every 100 m2 (of land area)
For every 50 m2 of building area (use of
4 Wedding halls 1
underground parking prohibited)
5 Car dealers 1 For every 100 m2 (of land area)
6 Restaurants/Kitchens 1 For every 50 m2 (of land area)
7 Butane gas shops/distributors Front setback of shop (no less than 6 m)
8 Horse riding sites Provision of 50 parking spaces
Source: Summary by researcher in reliance on requirements and controles specified on Al-Madinah website, (2008)(1429 H),
http://www.amana-md.gov.sa.

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 36, No. 2, 2009

4. COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT CAR 4.3. Restaurants

PARKING REQUIREMENTS Requirements of the Ministry provides for larger number
of parking spaces when compared with other requirements:
The previous part of this paper enlists four car parking They require one parking space per every 15 m2 of floor area
provision requirements made by different Saudi public in a restaurant while, in Al-Riyadh or Al-Madinah,
institutions. One can obviously distinguish the conflict Municipality require one parking space per every 50 m2 of
existing in each and among the four cases as well that building area. The Municipality of Jeddah requires one
also reveals some kind of chaotic bylaws regards to car parking space per every 50 m2 in restaurants and one parking
parking area requirement. space per every 25 m2 in fast food restaurants.
Table (5) compares parking provision requirements
according to use issued by Ministry of Municipal and 4.4. Banks
Rural Affairs (MOMRA), Municipality of Al-Riyadh, When it comes to banks, the Municipality of Jeddah
Municipality of Jeddah, and Municipality of Al-Madinah. requirements provide for larger number of parking spaces
It shows areas of different requirements between the when compared with the requirements of the Ministry. It
Ministry and the municipalities: requires one parking space per every 15 m2 of floor area.
As for offices of professionals, requirements of the
4.1. Residential Land Use Ministry come first claiming one parking space per every
Requirements of the Ministry and Jeddah 25 m2 (as it is the case with banks) while Municipality of
Municipality cover different types of residential use like Jeddah requires one parking space per every 60 m2. Table
villas, apartment buildings, hotels, and furnished 5 is not showing any requirements concerning parking of
apartments: The Ministry relied on residential unit in banks or offices of professionals in Al-Riyadh or Al-
determining required parking while Jeddah Municipality Madinah.
relied on residential area for that end. Table (5) is not
showing any requirements concerning villas or hotels in 4.5. Service Workshops
Al-Riyadh, nor any requirements concerning villas, Requirements of the Ministry provide for a larger
residential buildings, and hotels in Al-Madinah. number of parking spaces: They require one parking
As for hotels, the Ministry requires one parking space space per every 25 m2 of floor area in service workshops
per hotel room up to 40 rooms, then one parking space while the Municipality of Al-Riyadh requires one parking
per every two rooms; while Jeddah Municipality require space per every 100 m2 of land area. Table (5) says
one parking space per 50 m2 in addition to one parking nothing about required parking for service workshops in
space per every 50 m2 of halls and one parking space per Jeddah or Al-Madinah.
every 70 m2 of hotel offices.
4.6. Health services
4.2. Commercial Services Requirements of the Ministry provide for larger
All Municipalities have insufficient requirements number of parking spaces: They require one parking
concerning the provision of the needed parking for space per every 25 m2 of floor area in health facilities
commercial uses. Most Municipalities require one while the Municipality of Al-Riyadh requires one parking
parking space per every 100 m2 of land area (land space per every 100 m2 of land area in private clinics.
surface area) or even satisfy themselves by the front They contain nothing about required parking for health
setback in butane gas shops, print houses, or plant services in Jeddah or Al-Madinah Municipalities.
nurseries as can be seen in the case of Al-Riyadh
Municipality. However, the Ministry puts precise 4.7. Hospitals
requirements in this regard distinguishing between The Ministry requires one parking space per every
different levels of commercial activity: It requires one 100 m2 of floor area in hospitals or per every 2 hospital
parking space per every 17 m2 of floor area in local beds while Municipality of Al-Riyadh requires one
activities while requiring one parking space per every parking space per every 100 m2 of land area in private
12.5 m2 of floor area when it comes to an activity hospitals. Municipality of Jeddah requires 3 parking
serving a complete neighborhood, city, or region. spaces per every doctor’s office/ 1 parking spaces per

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Parking Provision Requirements … Saleh A. Al-Fouzan

every 4 beds/ 1 parking spaces per every 3 personnel. parking space for every classroom. The table is not
However, all requirements notably do not provide for showing requirements of the Ministry.
sufficient parking spaces for hospitals. Table 5 doesn’t ƒ Elementary Schools: All Municipalities require two
show parking requirements for hospitals in Al-Madinah parking spaces for every classroom while the Ministry
Municipality. requires one parking space per every five pupils.
ƒ Preparatory Schools: All Municipalities require five
4.8. Meeting Halls, Theaters, and Libraries parking spaces for every classroom while the Ministry
The Ministry requires one parking space per every 3.5 requires one parking space per every five pupils.
2
m of sitting area. However, table (5) doesn’t show ƒ Secondary Schools: All Municipalities require five
requirements concerning Meeting halls, theaters, and parking spaces for every classroom while the Ministry
libraries in Al-Riyadh, Jeddah, and Al-Madinah requires one parking space per every five students.
Municipalities. ƒ Universities: The Ministry requires one parking space
per every three students while the Municipality of
4.9. Governmental and Municipal Offices Jeddah requires one parking space per every three
The Ministry requires one parking space per every 25 students in addition to one parking space per
m2 of office floor area. However, the table is not showing professor and another one per every three staff
requirements concerning government offices in Al- members. Table 5 shows no requirements in Al-
Riyadh, Jeddah, and Al-Madinah Municipalities. Riyadh or in Al-Madinah Municipalities. There is no
doubt that specifies requirements are week in terms of
4.10. Mosques providing for sufficient parking, especially in
The Ministry requires one parking space per every 5 secondary schools and universities.
worshippers without drawing any distinction among Eid
prayers, grand mosques, or local mosques. The table shows 4.12. Factories
no requirements concerning mosques in Al-Riyadh and Al- The Ministry requires one parking space per every 30
2
Madinah Municipalities. However, Municipality of Jeddah m of floor area. No requirements of any municipalities
talks about special requirements for mosque parking are shown in the table.
without clarifying the nature of such requirements.
4.13. Warehouses, Wholesale/Retail Shops
4.11. Schools and Colleges ƒ Warehouses: The Ministry requires one parking
Requirements are divided into five groups: space per every 40 m2 of floor area in a warehouse.
Kindergardens, elementary schools, preparatory schools, Municipality of Jeddah requires one parking space per
secondary and occupational schools in addition to every 70 m2 of area. However, Municipality of Al-
university colleges. Requirements of the Ministry focus Riyadh requires just the front setback areas. No
on student numbers while those of different requirements of Al-Madinah Municipality are shown
municipalities focus on number of classrooms. Probably, in table (5).
from practical point, the student number criterion is more ƒ Wholesale Shops: The Ministry requires one parking
accurate in view of different numbers of student in space per every 40 m2 of floor area in a wholesale
classrooms and different sizes of such classrooms. shop. Municipality of Jeddah requires one parking
However, the problem with student number criterion is space per every 50 m2 of area. No requirements of Al-
that it is subject to assessment and can be tampered with Madinah and Municipality of Al-Riyadh are shown in
by some operators with difficulty in keeping to total table (5).
student numbers after creation of the school. The ƒ Retail Shops: Municipality of Jeddah requires one
Ministry unrealistically requires the same numbers of parking space per every 45 m2 of area. However, the
parking spaces in different kinds of schools while table states no requirements by the Ministry or by
secondary schools need more parking spaces than in Municipality of Al-Riyadh and Al-Madinah.
preparatory schools that, in turn, need more parking
spaces than elementary schools. 4.14. Recreational Services
ƒ Kindergardens: All Municipalities require one Recreational services cover recreation facilities,

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 36, No. 2, 2009

entertainment centers, sport centers, gems, wedding halls, 1000 m2 or less. These areas lay an awful burden on
meeting halls, cafes, and horse riding sites. municipalities trying to apply parking requirements. The
ƒ Recreation facilities and entertainment centers: The problem gets bigger when allocating these areas for
Ministry requires one parking space per every 4 m2 of commercial, educational, health or religious activities.
total area. However, and very differently, Municipality
of Al-Madinah requires one parking space per every 5.2. Conflict between Parking Requirements and the
100 m2 of land area. Table 5 states no requirements set Setback System
by Municipality of Al-Riyadh and Jeddah. In Saudi cities, some construction codes concerning
ƒ Sports centers: The Ministry requires one parking commercial and service activities require normal front
space per every 5 seats while the parking of the setback of about 5-6 meters or 1/5 of the width of street.
building is enough for Municipality of Al-Riyadh. No This front setback fulfils two ends: Usage of front setback
requirements are stated for Municipality of Jeddah or area in order to widen the street in future and usage of
Al-Madinah. setback area as car parking, which is the most prominent
ƒ Wedding halls and meeting halls: The Ministry case.
requires one parking space per every 3.5 m2 of total However, the problem is that both the front setback
sitting area in meeting halls. However, all system and car parking requirements consume a huge
municipalities require one parking space per every 50 area of land in any project. In addition, the number of
m2 in wedding halls. The requirements of the Ministry parking spaces provided by front setbacks is small and
are, no doubt, provide for more parking spaces, and the insufficient either for the needs of commercial activities
requirements of municipalities are weak and fail in on the ground floor or for service and residential usages
providing for sufficient parking spaces. on the upper floors. What one can notice in practice is
ƒ Cafes and horse riding sites: Municipality of Al- that some municipalities suffice with front setback as car
Riyadh requires one parking space per every 12.5 m2 parking when applying parking provision requirements.
in cafes, while Municipality of Al-Madinah requires Limited available land areas (mentioned before) are
50 parking spaces per every riding site. Table 5 shows among the factors forcing authorities to consider front
no requirements set by the Ministry or by other setback areas sufficient for parking. Thus, there is a need
municipalities concerning cafes and horse riding sites. for re-considering front setback system in view of car
parking provision requirements according to each type of
5. OBSTACLES HAMPERING THE APPLICATION land use.
OF CAR PARKING PROVISION
5.3. Continued Drive towards Strip Commercial
Officials in municipalities face some obstacles in Activities in Saudi Cities
applying parking requirements. Among these obstacles Commercial or service activities are found either in
are: limited areas of land, conflict between these strip form along commercial streets or in clusters of
requirements and the setback system, continued drive activities in big commercial centers generally serviced by
towards strip commercial activities in some cities in car parking areas. Commercial and service activities are
KSA, and the non-correlation between car parking abundant on commercial streets in most Saudi cities.
requirements and the zoning system. The following is a However, one of the disadvantages of such activity is its
brief discussion of each of these factors: negative effect on street performance especially in terms
of parking provision and management.
5.1. Limited Areas of Land Commercial and service activities normally attract
Parking consumes large area in any project: A car large numbers of cars accompanied by shortage of
needs about 18 m2 for parking in addition to some 12 m2 available parking areas. Parking cars make streets
for maneuver and pavement inside the parking. This narrower for vehicular traffic and even can completely
means about 30 m2 per car. When a project presumably paralyze circulation. These arouse the need for clustering
needs 30 parking spaces, it needs 900 m2 of parking area. activities in big commercial and service centers supplied
Reviewing the land situation in any Saudi city, one with sufficient parking. Commercial strip type should be
finds that large portions of plots are in the category of restricted and minimized.

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Parking Provision Requirements … Saleh A. Al-Fouzan

5.4. Non-correlation between Car Parking It is noticed that some land uses were not mentioned
Requirements and the Zoning System in requirements set by some municipalities. It is noticed
Using the same parking requirements in different too that requirements concerning some main uses are
parts of a city is one of the obstacles facing the weak in terms of provision of sufficient number of
application of such requirements. Parking requirements parking spaces. For example:
are not correlated to the zoning system in a city. Zoning For Commercial Services, requirements set by all
systems in some western cities cover the number of floors municipalities are very weak in terms of provision of
in buildings, density, setback areas, proportion of land sufficient number of parking spaces. Some municipalities
allowed for building, in addition to car parking require one parking space per every 100 m2 of land area
requirements according to use in different parts of the (land surface area) or even are satisfied with front setback
city. City center, for example, differs from city margins areas. In fact, this is not sufficient to fulfill demand on
in terms of parking requirements; commercial streets parking.
differ from other streets; historical areas differ from other For Hospitals, the Ministry requires only one parking
areas in the city, etc. space per every 100 m2 of floor area or per every 2
All this makes clear the need for connecting parking hospital beds in private hospitals. Similarly, the
requirements to the zoning system in the city plan while Municipality of Al-Riyadh requires only one parking
stating the minimum and maximum number of required space per every 100 m2 of land area in private hospitals.
parking spaces for every type of use. These limits of In fact, these requirements are not sufficient to fulfill the
requirements are to be applied in line with the zoning need for parking in hospitals. In more details, the
system in every individual part of the city. Municipality of Jeddah requires three parking spaces per
every doctor’s office, one parking space per every 4 beds,
6. RESULTS and one parking space per every three personnel.
For Educational Services, all municipalities require
The previous parts of this paper reviewed and compared 5 parking spaces per every secondary school class room
car parking provision requirements made by the Ministry of while the Ministry requires one parking space per every 5
Municipal and Rural Affairs (MOMRA), Municipality of students. As for university, the Ministry requires one
Al-Riyadh, Municipality of Jeddah, and Municipality of Al- parking space per every 3 student while the Municipality
Madinah in addition to an overlook on obstacles facing the of Jeddah requires the same in addition to one parking
application of such requirements. In this part, the most space per professor and another one per every three
prominent results of the study will be reviewed: personnel. No doubt that these weak requirements fall
short of satisfying the need for car parking in secondary
6.1. Inconsistency in Requirements and Units of schools and universities.
Measurement For Wedding/ Meeting Halls, requirements of all
Car parking provision requirements differ between the municipalities are very weak in terms of providing
Ministry and municipalities and from one municipality to sufficient parking spaces for wedding halls: All
another. In addition, requirements set by the Ministry municipalities require only one parking space per every 50
focus on using the floor area unit in order to calculate m2 of total building area. Requirements of the Ministry
needed parking spaces in most land uses (except (one parking space per every 3.5 m2 of total sitting area)
residential areas, schools/universities, mosques and are, no doubt, provide for more parking spaces.
meeting halls). The Municipality of Jeddah focused on
using land area of the building (except schools, 6.3. Land Plot Areas Do Not Support the Application
universities and hospitals) as a measurement unit for of Parking Requirements
calculation of needed parking spaces. In Al-Madinah and As mentioned before, most land plots fall in the
Al-Riyadh multiple units were used to calculate needed category of 1 000 m2 or less causing great difficulties for
parking spaces. It seems that the usage of floor area units municipal and regional authorities when trying to apply
could be more precise and easier to apply when car parking requirements. The problem gets bigger when
calculating needed parking spaces by municipalities. allocating such areas for commercial, educational, health
6.2. Insufficient Requirement of Parking Spaces or religious activities. Probably, this is one of the factors

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Dirasat, Engineering Sciences, Volume 36, No. 2, 2009

compelling authorities to be satisfied by front setback unit to be used in calculating needed parking spaces,
areas to be used as parking areas. in addition to the easiness of using such a unit.
5. It is important in determining the required number of
6.4. Non Correlation between Car Parking car parking spaces to distinguish between different
Requirements and the Zoning System levels of service: local level, neighborhood level, city
Requirements set by the Ministry and by all level and region level.
municipalities are general in nature and applied to different 6. Focusing on clustering commercial and service
part of a city on an equal basis without being correlated to activities in big commercial centers supplied with
zoning system pertaining to the extensive city plan. sufficient numbers of parking spaces with limiting
(or even prohibiting) the commercial strip type in
6.5. Generalized Nature of the Ministry Requirements such activities.
Requirements set by the Ministry of Municipal and 7. Municipalities and private sector could make better
Rural Affairs are precise and extensive. However, they investment through the erection of multi-storey
are general requirements for all sizes and types of cities. parking adequately distributed within urban centers.
They don’t make any distinction among big, middle-sized The establishment of multi-storey parking buildings,
and small cities/towns. The Ministry could require adequately located nearby strip/ribbon commercials
minimum, middle, and maximum number for car parking and within busy commercial districts, coupled with
spaces in order to apply the maximum limit to big cities, the application of strict measures against curb
the middle limit to middle-sized cities and so forth. parking and/or violation of highway codes, can
release traffic congestions and reduce car accidents.
7. RECOMMENDATIONS 8. It is necessary for parking requirements to be part of
the zoning system in line with comprehensive city
As mentioned earlier, this paper is intended to be the plans, in addition to setting maximum/minimum
first stage of a more extensive study that will undertake limits for car parking spaces required for every type
the task of reviewing/comparing the Saudi experience of land use. Limits of such requirements are to be
with other experiences in Arab and Western countries in applied in line with the zoning system.
terms of requirements for the provision of parking areas. 9. The main objective of any city's parking policies is
In this part of the study, some recommendations are given that parking provided in conjunction with
to deal with upgrading requirements of parking provision development should provide parking for visitors,
according to different types of land use in Saudi Arabia: employees and all users of the development in a way
1. The paper suggests to officials in the Ministry and that is consistent with ensuring that road safety and
municipalities the creation of an administration (or amenity are not adversely affected and that is
independent unit) concerned with planning, design, consistent with the aim of promoting sustainable
managing and operation of car parking areas. development.
2. There is a need for a detailed study of local 10. The paper suggests that the Ministry of Municipal
conditions and characteristics of Saudi communities and Rural Affairs set maximum, middle, and
in order to define right numbers of parking areas for minimum requirements for the number of parking
every type of use. spaces required for every type of land use: maximum
3. Revising the normal front setback system in view of car limit to be applied for big cities, middle limit to
parking provision requirements according to type of use. middle-sized cities, and minimum limit to small
4. The paper suggests using the unit of floor area in cities and towns.
parking requirements because it is the most precise

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for Licensing the Construction of villas, Apartment
Abdelwahed, Abdelhamid. 1986. Introduction to Urban Buildings, Commercial/Residential Buildings and
Transportation Planning, Qatar University. (In Arabic Dwellings for Workers and Singles, Department of
Language). Construction and Projects, the General Administration of

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Parking Provision Requirements … Saleh A. Al-Fouzan

Urban Planning, Administration of Building Licensing. (In Design, Administration of Scientific Research. (In Arabic
Arabic Language). Language).
Al-Riyadh Municipality, Technical Conditions for Licensing the Ministry of Interior, MOI. 1971-1996. 1391-1416 H. Annual
Construction of Service Buildings in Al-Riyadh City, Statistical Book. (In Arabic Language).
Department of Construction and Projects, the General Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, MOMRA. 2006. 1426
Administration of Urban Planning, Administration of H. Guide for Planning Criteria of Car Parking, first edition.
Building Licensing, 2007. 1427 H. (In Arabic Language). (In Arabic Language).
Department for Communities and Local Government, UK.
2001. Planning Policy Guidance 13 (PPG13): Transport, Web References
London. Al-Madinah Municipality. 2008. 1429 H. http://www.amana-
Ferguson, Erik. 2004. Zoning for Parking as Policy Process: A md.gov.sa.
Historical Review, Transport Reviews, 24(2): 177-194. Al-Riyadh Municipality. 2008. 1429 H. http: //www. alriyadh.
High Commission for the Development of Arriyadh. 2004. 1424 gov.sa.
H. The Comprehensive Strategic Plan for Arriyadh City: General Administration for Traffic. 2008. 1429 H. http://
Systems for Land Use and Development, final report, 9-13. www.moi.gov.sa.
Jeddah Municipality. 2008. 1428 H. Local Plan of Jeddah Jeddah Municipality. 2008. 1429 H. http://www.jeddah.gov.sa.
Municipality: Building Codes and Controls. (In Arabic Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs, MOMRA. 2008. 1429
Language). H. http://www.momra.gov.sa.
King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, KACST. Ministry of Transportation, MOT. 2008. 1429 H. http://
1987. 1407 H. The Saudi Guidelines for Car Parking www.mot.gov.sa.

‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬

*‫ﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺒﻥ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻴﺯ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﺯﺍﻥ‬

‫ﻤﻠﺨـﺹ‬
.‫ﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻭﻤﻘﺎﺭﻨﺔ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻓﻲ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬
،‫ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ‬،‫ﺸﻤﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻴﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﺭﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺃﻴﻀﹰﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺼﻌﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﻪ‬.‫ ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﻭﺭﺓ‬،‫ﻭﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺔ ﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﺠﺩﺓ‬
‫ ﻭﺘﻨﺎﻓﺱ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ‬،‫ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل ﻤﺤﺩﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ‬
‫ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ‬،‫ ﻭﺍﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺸﺭﻴﻁﻲ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﻤﻊ ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺭﺘﺩﺍﺩﺍﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ‬
.(Zoning) ‫ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ ﺃﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﺍﻟﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻜﺘﺒﺎﻴﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ‬،‫ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ‬
‫ ﻭﻀﻌﻑ ﺒﻌﺽ‬،‫ ﻭﺃﺤﻴﺎﻨﹰﺎ ﺍﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻼﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ‬،‫ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻭﺃﻤﺎﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‬
‫ ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ‬،‫ﺍﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ‬
‫ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺒﺎﻹﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ ﻻ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﺒﻴﻕ‬،‫( ﻓﻲ ﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ‬Zoning) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ‬
‫ ﻭﺃﺨﻴﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺸﺅﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺒﻠﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻘﺭﻭﻴﺔ ﻟﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ‬،‫ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ ﻭﺃﺨﺘﺘﻤﺕ ﺍﻟﻭﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺼﻴﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺩﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺸﻤﻭﻟﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﺍﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻟﻜل ﺃﺤﺠﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ‬
.‫ﻭﺍﻟﻤﻘﺘﺭﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﻫﻥ ﻻﺸﺘﺭﺍﻁﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﻨﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل‬
:‫ﺍﻟﻜﻠﻤـﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟـﺔ‬

________________________________________________
‫ ﻭﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﻗﺒﻭﻟﻪ‬،2009/2/24 ‫ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ﺍﺴﺘﻼﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻜﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻌﻭﺩﻴﺔ‬،‫ ﺍﻟﺭﻴﺎﺽ‬،‫ ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻠﻙ ﺴﻌﻭﺩ‬،‫* ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ‬
.2009/12/7

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