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Physcisc Imp

This document discusses pressure and provides examples of its application in daily life. It defines pressure as force per unit area and describes the basic formula for pressure. It then discusses the equation of continuity, which states that the product of velocity and cross-sectional area remains constant for an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe of varying cross-section. Finally, it derives Bernoulli's principle, which relates pressure and velocity for flowing fluids, and provides examples of its applications like aircraft wings, carburetors, and Venturi meters.

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48 views11 pages

Physcisc Imp

This document discusses pressure and provides examples of its application in daily life. It defines pressure as force per unit area and describes the basic formula for pressure. It then discusses the equation of continuity, which states that the product of velocity and cross-sectional area remains constant for an incompressible fluid flowing through a pipe of varying cross-section. Finally, it derives Bernoulli's principle, which relates pressure and velocity for flowing fluids, and provides examples of its applications like aircraft wings, carburetors, and Venturi meters.

Uploaded by

sasasa785236
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESSURE AND ITS APPLICATION AND

DAILY LIFE EXAMPLES


PRESSURE
PRESSURE IS DEFINED AS FORCE EXERTED
ON AN OBJECT. THE FORCE APPLIED IS
PERPENDICULAR TO THE SURFACE OF
OBJECTS PER UNIT AREA.
• THE BASIC FORMULA FOR PRESSURE IS
P= F/A (FORCE PER UNIT AREA)
• ITS UNIT OF PRESSURE IS PASCALS (PA).
TYPES OF PRESSURES ARE ABSOLUTE,
ATMOSPHERIC, GAUAGE PRESSURE.
• Absolute pressure of a gas or liquid is the
total pressure it exerts, including the effect
of atmospheric pressure. An absolute
pressure of zero corresponds to empty
space or a complete vacuum.
EQUATION OF
CONTINUITY
• According to the equation of continuity Av =
constant, Where A =cross-sectional area and v=velocity
with which the fluid flows.
• It means that if any liquid is flowing in streamline flow
in a pipe of non-uniform cross-section area, then rate
of flow of liquid across any cross-section remains
constant.
Consider a fluid flowing through a tube of varying
thickness. Let the cross-sectional area at one end (I) =
A1 and crosssectional area of other end (II) = A2

• The velocity and density of the fluid at one


end (I)=v1 , p1 respectively, velocity and
density of fluid at other end (II)=V2 , P2
• Volume covered by the fluid in a small
interval of time dt, across left cross-
sectional is Area (1) =A1 x v1 x dt
• Volume covered by the fluid in a small
interval of time dt, across right cross-
sectional Area (II) = A2 x v2 x dt
• Fluid inside is incompressible (volume of
fluid does not change by applying pressure)
that is density remains same.
{P1=P2 .... (equation 1)}
Along (I) mass=p1 A1 v1 dt and along second
point (II),
mass = p2A2 v2dt
By using equation (1), we can conclude that

A1 V1 = A2 V2. This is the equation of


continuity.
FROM EQUATION OF CONTINUITY WE CAN
SAY THAT Av = cont.
THIS EQUATION IS ALSO TERMED AS
“CONSERVATION OF MASS OF
INCOMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS”.
IntroductIon to
BernoullI’s theorem
Bernoulli's principle can be derived from the
principle of conservation of energy. This states
that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of
energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same
at all points on that streamline. If the fluid is
flowing out of a reservoir, the sum of all forms of
energy is the same on all streamlines because in
a reservoir the energy per unit volume (the sum
of pressure and gravitational potential pgh) is
the same everywhere.
Bernoulli's principle can also be derived directly
from Isaac Newton's Second Law of Motion. If a
small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a
region of high pressure to a region of low pressure,
then there is more pressure behind than in front.
If a fluid is flowing horizontally and along a section
of a streamline, where the speed increases it can
only be because the fluid on that section has
moved from a region of higher pressure to a region
of lower pressure; and if its speed decreases, it can
only be because it has moved from a region of
lower pressure to a region of higher pressure.

BERNOULLI'S EQUATION
The equation is given as,
P + 1/2(pv2) + pgh = 0
Where P is pressure, p is the density of the fluid, v is
its velocity, g is the acceleration due to gravity and h
is the height of the
fluid from the ground.
Let a be the change in v,t and density be “p”
Derivation
First, we will calculate the work done (W1) on the fluid in
the region BC. Work done is

W1 = P1A1 (v1At) = P1AV


Moreover, if we consider the equation of continuity, the
same volume of fluid will pass through BC and DE.
Therefore, work done by the fluid on the right-hand side
of the pipe or DE region is
W2 = P2A2 (v2At) = P2AV
Thus, we can consider the work done on the fluid as –
P2AV. Therefore, the
total work done on the fluid is

W1-W2 = (P1- P2) AV


The total work done helps to convert the gravitational
potential energy and kinetic energy of the fluid. Now,
consider the fluid density as p and the mass passing
through the pipe as dm in the dt interval of time.
Hence, dm= pa1 v1dt =pdv
Change in Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energy
Now, we have to calculate the change in gravitational
potential energy AU.
dU=pgdV (h2- h1)
Similarly, the change in AK or kinetic energy can be
written as
AK =1/2 P dV(v2^2-v2^2)
Calculation of Bernoulli's Equation
Applying work-energy theorem in the volume of the
fluid, the equation will be
(P1-P2) chnge in V=P change in V(v2^2-v1^2) + pg change
in V (h2 – h1)
Dividing each term by change in V, we will obtain the
equation
(P1− P2) = {(1/2) p (v 2^2 – v1^2) + pg (h2− h1)
Rearranging the equation will yield
P1+(1/2) pv1^2 + pgh1 = P2+ (1/2) pv2^2 + pgh2
P1+ (1/2)pv1^2 + pgh1 = P2+ (1/2) pv2^2+ pgh2
The above equation is the Bernoulli's equation.
Thus, the general equation can be written as
P+(1/2)pv^2+pgh = constant

ApplIcAtIons
In modern everyday life there are many
observations that can be successfully explained by
application of Bernoulli's principle, even though no
real fluid is entirely inviscid and a small viscosity
often has a large effect on the flow.
• An injector on a steam locomotive (or static
boiler) turning pressure A De Laval nozzle
utilizes Bernoulli's principle to create a force by
pressure energy generated by the combustion
propellants into velocity. This then generates thrust
by way of Newton's third law of motion.
• The pilot tube and static port on an aircraft are used to
determine the airspeed of the aircraft. These two
devices are connected to the airspeed indicator,
which determines the dynamic pressure of the
airflow past the aircraft. Dynamic pressure is the
difference between stagnation pressure and static
pressure. Bernoulli's principle is used to calibrate the
airspeed indicator so that it displays the indicated
airspeed appropriate to the dynamic pressure.
• Bernoulli's principle can be used to calculate the lift
force on an airfoil, if the behaviour of
• the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known. For
example, if the air flowing past the top surface of an
aircraft wing is moving faster than the air flowing
past the bottom known. For example, if the air flowing
past the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving
faster than the air flowing past the bottom surface,
then Bernoulli's principle implies that the pressure on
the surfaces of the wing will be lower abovethan
below. This pressure difference results in an
upwards lifting force. Whenever the
• distribution of speed past the top and bottom
surfaces of a wing is known, the lift forces can be
calculated (to a good approximation) using
Bernoulli's equations – established by Bernoulli
over a century before the first man-made wings
were used for the purpose of flight.
The Bernoulli grip relies on this principle to
create a non-contact adhesive force between a
surface and the gripper.
• The carburettor used in many reciprocating
engines contains a venturi to create a region of
low pressure to draw fuel into the carburettor
and mix it thoroughly with the incoming air. The
low pressure in the throat of a venturi can be
explained by Bernoulli's principle; in the narrow
throat, the air is moving at its fastest speed and
therefore it is at its lowest pressure.
• The flow speed of a fluid can be measured using
a device such as a Venturi meter or an orifice
plate, which can be placed into a pipeline to
reduce the diameter of the flow. For

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