Received February 22, 2021, accepted March 20, 2021, date of publication March 24, 2021, date of current

version April 7, 2021.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3068653

Voltage Oriented Controller Based Vienna

Rectifier for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations
GOWTHAMRAJ RAJENDRAN 1 ,
CHOCKALINGAM ARAVIND VAITHILINGAM 1 , (Senior Member, IEEE),
NORHISAM MISRON2,3,4 , (Member, IEEE), KANENDRA NAIDU5 , AND MD RISHAD AHMED 6
1 High Impact Research Laboratory, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya
47500, Malaysia
2 Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
3 Institute of Advance Technology (ITMA), Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
4 Institute of Plantation Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia
5 Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
6 Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.

Corresponding authors: Chockalingam Aravind Vaithilingam ([email protected]) and Norhisam Misron ([email protected])
This work was supported in part by the Taylor’s University through its Taylor’s Research Scholarship Programme under Grant
TUFR/2017/001/01, and in part by the Article Publication Charges (APCs) through the University Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia.

ABSTRACT Vienna rectifiers have gained popularity in recent years for AC to DC power conversion
for many industrial applications such as welding power supplies, data centers, telecommunication power
sources, aircraft systems, and electric vehicle charging stations. The advantages of this converter are low
total harmonic distortion (THD), high power density, and high efficiency. Due to the inherent current control
loop in the voltage-oriented control strategy proposed in this paper, good steady-state performance and fast
transient response can be ensured. The proposed voltage-oriented control of the Vienna rectifier with a PI
controller (VOC-VR) has been simulated using MATLAB/Simulink. The simulations indicate that the input
current THD of the proposed VOC-VR system was below 3.27% for 650V and 90A output, which is less
than 5% to satisfy the IEEE-519 standard. Experimental results from a scaled-down prototype showed that
the THD remains below 5% for a wide range of input voltage, output voltage, and loading conditions (up to
2 kW). The results prove that the proposed rectifier system can be applied for high power applications such
as DC fast-charging stations and welding power sources.

INDEX TERMS Front-end converters, high power applications, power factor, total harmonic distortion,
Vienna rectifier, voltage oriented controller.

I. INTRODUCTION advantages such as high efficiency, high power to weight

AC to DC converters with regulated DC output voltage is ratio, low total harmonic distortion in the line current, unity
used as front-end converters for different applications such power factor at the grid, and the small size of the filter com-
as electric vehicle chargers, telecommunication applications, pared to conventional three-phase rectifiers [6]. The Vienna
welding power sources, data center, and motor drives [1], [2]. rectifier is ideal for high power applications owing to the
The power required for EV charging stations and welding high power to weight ratio, high efficiency, and low voltage
power sources is high, which means that the voltage and stress [7], [8].
current rating at the power converters must be higher than In recent years, the core of the power electronics systems
the voltage and current required for other applications such is the controller unit, which has been subjected to intensive
as motor traction [3], [4]. The unidirectional boost rectifier research. The basic controller used in a power converter is a
known as Vienna rectifier is used as a front-end converter [5]. proportional-integral (PI) controller. However, it is challeng-
This converter is well known for its topological structure ing to achieve an accurate linear mathematical model of the
system required for the PI controller [9]. Moreover, the PI
The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and controller often struggles to work satisfactorily under param-
approving it for publication was Yijie Wang . eter variations, nonlinearity, and load disturbances [10].

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
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TABLE 1. Comparison of different controllers.

FIGURE 1. The proposed electric vehicle charger is based on Vienna

rectifier with a VOC controller (VOC-VR) system.

FIGURE 2. Four modes of operation of Vienna rectifier topology.

rectifiers, which requires input and output filters with high

rating to mitigate the input current THD [13], [14], [16],
[20]. This led to reduced efficiency and power density of the
system. To address this issue, a novel design of integrating
Vienna rectifier with a VOC and PI controller for high power
In literature, different control methods are used in AC to applications is proposed. Using Vienna rectifier, transient
DC converters for high power applications such as welding stability is improved, and for an output voltage of 650 V/ 90
power sources and electric vehicle charging stations. The A, the THD is reduced to less than 5%, which satisfies the
most popular power controllers for EV charging stations IEEE-519 standard. The proposed novel design outperforms
are power factor correction controllers (PFC) [11], direct existing AC/DC power converters for high power applications
power controller (DPC) [12], voltage-oriented controller by significantly reducing the input current THD and increas-
(VOC) [13], and their combination DPC-SVM [14]. Voltage ing the power density.
oriented controller is commonly used as a power controller
for power factor correction in active front-end converters. II. VIENNA RECTIFIER
Table 1 shows the comparison of different controllers. The Vienna rectifier topology includes six active semicon-
Table 1 demonstrates the combination of a conventional ductor switches, either MOSFET or IGBT, and six diodes.
controller with an intelligent controller can improve the The three-phase three-level Vienna rectifier topology is
transient analysis of the system and reduce total harmonic shown in Fig. 1. The voltage stress on each diode and semi-
distortion in the input current compared to an individual con- conductor switches is Vdc /2. Three inductors on the input
troller. Furthermore, different converters used in the literature AC side and two capacitors are parallelly connected on the
are applicable to lower power DC applications and traction DC side. The neutral point of the grid is associated with the
applications. neutral point of the DC link. Fig. 2 shows the operation of
In this paper, a novel design of EV charging system con- the three-level Vienna rectifier for the current path of one
sisting of voltage-oriented controller with a Vienna rectifier leg at each mode. The remaining two legs perform the same
(VOC-VR) is proposed for high power applications. The operation with a 120◦ phase difference.
proposed system is a hybrid control structure consisting of In mode 1, when a reference voltage is a positive half
voltage-oriented controller with PI controller for the Vienna cycle and controlled switches (IGBTs/MOSFETs) are OFF,
rectifier, which is used for EV charging stations. Prior designs the diode D1 conducts. During this time, the current flows
of AC/DC converters for high power applications employed through Va Ls Rs D1 C1 as shown in Fig. 2(a). In mode 2 oper-
a hybrid controller using conventional three-phase controlled ation, when a reference voltage is positive half cycle with

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controlled switches are ON, switches S1 S2 conducts and TABLE 2. Vienna rectifier and its applications.
current flows through Va Ls Rs S1 S2 as shown in Fig. 2(b).
In mode 3 operations, when a reference voltage is negative
half cycle with controlled switches are ON, switches S1 S2
conducts and the current flows through S1 S2 Rs Ls Va as shown
in Fig. 2(c). In mode 4 operation, when a reference voltage is
negative half cycle with controlled switches are OFF, the cur-
rent flows through C2 D2 Rs Ls Va as shown in Fig. 2(d).
It is observed from Table 2, Vienna Rectifier is applicable
for high power applications such as welding power sources,
wind energy conversion systems, electric vehicle charging
stations, and telecommunication power sources. Different
power controllers have been used in Vienna Rectifier for
high power applications, such as vector controller, SVPWM
controller, predictive controller, and dead-beat controller. The
different types of intelligent controllers have been combined
with conventional controllers to improve the stability of the
system, which increases the complexity of the system. The
proposed system consists of Voltage Oriented Controller for
Vienna Rectifier (VOC-VR). The proposed system reduces
the harmonics in the input source current, improves the power
factor at the grid side, and improves the stability of the
system.

III. VOLTAGE ORIENTED CONTROLLER

The operation of AC to DC power converters strongly
depends on the implemented control structure. The operation
of a voltage-oriented controller is based on dual vector current
controllers (DVCC) [31]. Voltage-oriented control is used to
mitigate the following problem:
• Output DC voltage ripples
• Total harmonics distortion in the input current
• Input power factor at the grid side
The voltage-oriented controller consists of a voltage con-
troller and a current controller. The current control algorithm
has two independent current controllers, which will work
in the positive and negative synchronous reference frames
(SRF). The positive SRF is used to control the positive current
component, which rotates in a clockwise direction, whereas
the negative SRF is used to control the negative current
component, which rotates in the opposite direction. Since the
currents occur as DC values in their frame in SRF, a tracking
controller does not need to be built. Due to this advantage, the
PI controller is adequate to solve the problems above.
The root of VOC approach is the field-oriented controller
(FOC) for induction motors, which offers fast and dynamic
responses using current controller loops. The VOC technique
used for power electronic converters has been widely known
in its theoretical aspects [32]. The pulse width modulation
approach is added to the control system to improve the fea-
tures of the VOC system. The minimization of interference
(disturbance) can be done by using the VOC technique.
By applying hysteresis Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) tech-
nique, the system performance has improved. The variable

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TABLE 2. (Continued.) Vienna rectifier and its applications.

FIGURE 4. Overall domain transformation sequences involved in the

voltage-oriented controller technique.

where, vsa , vsb , vsc are the three-phase source voltages in

the ABC domain, vsα , vsβ , v0 , vd , vq are the source voltages
in the αβ0 and dq0 domains, and θ is the operating phase
of the power system. A similar transformation approach is
applied to convert the three-phase source current iSabc as
shown in Fig. 3.
AC side control variables become the DC signals by modi-
fying the transformation technique. The proportional-integral
controllers easily eliminate steady-state errors according to
the following approaches [13]:


vd,ref = Kp iSd,ref − iSd + Ki (iSd,ref −iSd )dt (3)


vq,ref = Kp iSq,ref − iSq + Ki (iSq,ref −iSq )dt (4)

Kp and Ki = PI controller gains

iSd and iSq = input current in the dq0 domain,
iSd,ref and iSq,ref = reference signals for iSd and iSq
By applying an inverse park transformation, the operation
of the Vienna rectifier has been controlled, as shown in
Eq. (5); after obtaining the reference voltage vd,ref and vq,ref
which is used to derive the gate switching pulses Sabc . The
FIGURE 3. The control structure of voltage-oriented controller with PWM
VOC operation involving the overall domain transformation
technique. process is summarized in Fig. 4.
    
vα,ref sinθ −cosθ vd,ref
switching frequency of the power converters raises the stress = (5)
vβ,ref cosθ sinθ vq,ref
in power switching, resulting in large input and output filters.
The proposed approach applies the VOC technology for The transformation consists of Park’s transformations and
regulating the charging mechanism with reduced current Clarke’s transformation. Clarke’s transformation is used to
harmonics in the grid, as shown in Fig. 3. The voltage- convert the three-phase quantities (phases A, B, C) into the
oriented controller primarily works in the two-phase αβ0 and two-phase stationary quantities (α and β). The Park’s trans-
dq0 domains where Clark and Park transformation matri- formation converts stationary two-phase (α and β) into the
ces are implemented, as shown in equations (1) and (2), rotating reference frame (d and q). Similarly, using the inverse
respectively. park’s transformation technique, the rotating reference frame
(d and q) has been converted into a stationary reference frame
1 1
 
1 − − (α and β). Furthermore, the stationary reference frame is con-
√2 √2  vsa verted into a three-phase AC system using inverse Clarke’s
  r   
vsα 
2  3 3  transformation technique.
 vsβ  =  0 −   vsb  (1)
v0 3 
 2 2 
 vsc
 1 1 1  IV. METHODOLOGY
√ √ √
   2 2  2
 The proposed Vienna rectifier with VOC controller
vd sinθ cosθ vsα (VOC-VR) is a three-phase three-level rectifier, which is
= (2)
vq −cosθ sinθ vsβ controlled by the voltage-oriented controller algorithm. The

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transform input from three-phase current and decouple into

active id and reactive iq components, respectively. Regulating
the decoupled active and the reactive components minimizes
errors between required reference and calculated values of the
active and reactive components. The DC link voltage control
method controls the active current component id which aims
to achieve an active power flow balance in the systems while
the reactive current component iq is controlled to 0 to provide
a unity power factor at the input side.
The characteristics of two PI current controllers and PI
voltage controllers are given in equation (6)-equation (8) [13]


vd_ref = vd + 2πfLs iq − (Kp1 idref − id
Z
FIGURE 5. Overall Circuit Configuration of the proposed VOC-VR system.

+ Ki1 idref −id dt) (6)


vq_ref = vq − 2πfLs id − (Kp2 0 − iq
Z


+ Ki2 0−iq dt) (7)


id_ref = Kp3 Vdcref − Vdc
Z


+ Ki3 Vdc_ref − Vdc dt (8)

Kp1 , Ki1 Kp2 , Ki2 Kp3 , Ki3 = gain values PI current controller
Ls = source inductance.
The switching frequency for the current control loop will
be larger than the bandwidth αi [33],
fs
αi < 2π (9)
10
FIGURE 6. The control circuit of the decoupled controller for the Kp1 = Kp2 = αi Ls and Ki1 = Ki2 = αi Rs (10)
voltage-oriented controller technique.
where, αi (rad/s) = current controller bandwidth.
proposed system includes a three-phase AC system, a Vienna For the voltage control loop, the PI controller is tuned by
rectifier controlled by a VOC algorithm, and a DC link using a DC link capacitor as the following [34], [35]:
capacitor. Feedback voltage from the EV’s load-side battery Kp3 ≥ Cdc1 ξ ω and Ki3 ≥ Cdc1 ξ ω/2 (11)
is generated using current and voltage controllers for the
closed-loop operations. The VOC controller performs two where damping factor ξ is equal to 0.707 and ω is angular
main functions: (1) DC output voltage regulation to a pre- frequency. Using initial values, tuning and modifications are
determined value, and (2) the regulation of the total input made, which strengthens the proposed charging technique.
harmonic distortion and maintaining in phase with the voltage
to provide unity power factor. The proposed VOC-VR system V. SIMULATION RESULTS
is shown in Fig. 5. This section presents the simulation results of a VOC-based
The de-coupler controller is the key feature of the proposed Vienna rectifier circuit. The performance of the pro-
VOC control algorithm, as shown in Fig. 6. Three PI con- posed controller for high-power applications that require
trollers were used in the proposed control circuit. The first PI 600V/100A DC output is evaluated. The simulation param-
controller is a current controller that controls the internal loop eters applied for the proposed system are summarized
of id current component. This controller is used to estimate in Table 3.
the reference voltage signal vd_ref by minimizing the error Vienna rectifier with VOC controller has been simulated
between id with id_ref . Second PI controller is also called in MATLAB Simulink, and results are shown in Fig. 7 and
a PI current controller, which reduces iq current component Fig. 8. The input-current waveforms are shown in Fig. 7.
to 0 by managing the inner loop of iq a current component The input-current harmonics for Vienna rectifier without a
which is used to estimate the voltage reference voltage signal VOC controller and with a VOC controller are shown in
vq_ref . Third PI controller is a voltage controller, which is Fig. 8 (a) and (b), respectively. From Fig. 7 and Fig. 8, it can
used to manage the output loop of DC-link voltage Vdc . be seen that the proposed control technique ensures THD of
This controller is used to estimate reference current signal the input current is less than 3.27%, and the system maintains
id_ref by comparing measured Vdc with its pre-determined the unity power factor at the source side. Therefore, the pro-
reference voltage vd_ref . The voltage-oriented controller must posed VOC-VR system has been proven to be applicable for

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TABLE 3. Specification of a VOC based vienna rectifier (VOC-VR).

FIGURE 9. DC output voltage and output current of the Vienna rectifier

with VOC controller with 350 V AC RMS input and 650 V DC output voltage.

FIGURE 7. Input current waveform of the proposed VOC-VR system with

440 V RMS IN and 650 V DC OUT. FIGURE 10. DC output voltage and output current of the Vienna rectifier
with VOC controller with 350 V AC RMS input and 220 V DC output voltage
for slow charging stations.

from this system also show that DC current has been main-
tained approximately at 90A, which can be used for EV fast
charging and welding applications [13]. By scaling down
the proposed system and optimizing PI parameters in the
VOC controller, the rectifier can be used for slow charging
scenarios (250 V/40 A output) as shown in Fig. 10 whereas,
the Vienna rectifier with PFC controller can maintain the DC
voltage up to 200 V with 16.5 A [36]. As a consequence, the
Vienna rectifier with a PFC controller can only be used for
slow charging applications (Level 1 charging). The transient
FIGURE 8. Total harmonic distortion of the proposed VOC-VR system with
analysis has been performed by studying the system perfor-
440 V RMS IN and 650 V DC out. mance in the case of an instantaneous increase in the load
by a factor of 2. The DC output voltage during the transient
high power applications with reduced total harmonic distor- condition is shown in Fig. 11.
tion to the connected grid. In a previous work [36], Vienna
Rectifier with the PFC controller ensured an input current VI. EXPERIMENT SETUP
THD of 1.46%. However, the output voltage of the PFC A scaled-down demonstrator, the Vienna rectifier board with
controller with the Vienna rectifier was around 200V, which a resistive load, has been set up to verify the proposed
cannot be used for high power applications such as DC fast voltage-oriented controller for the Vienna rectifier. The dig-
chargers for electric vehicles and welding power sources [36]. ital controller is preferred due to the limitations of design
Hence, voltage-oriented controller with the PWM method for complexity, slow dynamic response, and high component
Vienna rectifier gives better performance than the previous costs by conventional analog controllers. The digital con-
work. troller in the proposed system has been developed using a
Fig 9. shows that the proposed system can maintain the TMS320F28337xD microcontroller. The experimental setup
DC output voltage at an optimal level of 650V. The results of the proposed system is shown in Fig 12 and 13. It consists

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FIGURE 11. DC output voltage for the transient condition during the load
variations.
FIGURE 14. Board view of vienna rectifier with TMS320F28337Xd.

the design of the inductor depends on current ripple and the

selection of the core material that can withstand the current
ripple.
V = Li (di/di), gives the voltage across the inductor. The
voltage equation for Vienna rectifier is,

1ipp
 
Vbus
− Vrms = Li ∗ (12)
2 D ∗ Ts

where the time Ts = 1/Fsw is switching period, and D is duty

cycle. The current ripple 1ipp is,
FIGURE 12. Block Diagram of three-phase Vienna Rectifier with a
TMS320F28337xD prototype.  
Vbus
D ∗ Ts ∗ 2 − Vrms
1ipp = (13)
Li

The duty cycle D = ma ∗ sin(ωt), where ma is the modulation

index and input voltage Vrms = D ∗ (Vbus /2), then current
ripple can be derived as,
Vbus
∗ Ts ∗ ma ∗ sin (ωt) ∗ (1 − ma sin (ωt))
1ipp = 2
(14)
Li

It is clear from equation 14, the peak ripple changes in a

sinusoidal manner. Equation 15 gives the maximum value by
differentiating equation 14.
FIGURE 13. The experimental setup of the Vienna Rectifier with a
TMS320F28337xD.
d 1ipp


= K {cos (ωt) (1 − ma sin (ωt))
of input filters, a Vienna rectifier board, output filters, and a dt
digital controller board. The input voltage and current were − ma sin (ωt) cos (ωt)} = 0 (15)
measured using a power analyzer. The PCB board of Vienna
rectifier with TMS320F28337xD microcontroller is shown At sin(ωt) = 1/ (2∗ma ), the maximum current ripple has
in Fig. 14. The MOSFET model used in the rectifier was been attained, and it is derived in Equation 16.
65C7190, and the diode model was C4D08120A. The pri- Vbus
mary filter inductor was 3 mH in each phase, the total output ∗ Ts
1ipp = 2
(16)
capacitance was 180 µF, and the switching frequency of the 4 ∗ Li
Vbus
rectifier was 50 kHz. 2
Li = (17)
4 ∗ Fsw ∗ 1ippmax
A. INDUCTOR DESIGN
The harmonics in the switching frequency will be reduced by Using equation (17), required inductance can be calculated,
using the input inductor (Li ). Among other considerations, and suitable core material can be selected for inductor design.

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TABLE 4. Experimental results with 208 VAC , 600 V DC output voltage,

and varying load.

FIGURE 15. Input voltage and current waveforms for 208 VAC , 600V DC,
612W and THD = 2.5%.

FIGURE 17. Input voltage and current waveforms for 350 VAC , 700V DC,
960W and THD = 7%.

TABLE 5. Experimental results with 350 VAC , 700 V DC output voltage,

and varying load.
FIGURE 16. Input voltage and current waveforms for 208 VAC , 600V DC,
1364W and THD = 0.96%.

B. OUTPUT CAPACITOR SELECTION

The ripple in the DC output voltage will be minimized by
placing a capacitor at the output side. Output capacitor value
can be calculated using equation (18) based on the output
voltage ripple specification.
 
1 Pac
C= (18)
3 4 ∗ f ∗ V 2 − (V − 1V )2


for an input voltage of 350 VAC and output voltage of 700V
where, DC. In these tests, the recorded total harmonics distortion
f = Grid frequency of input current was 7% for the output power of 960W and
Pac = AC power (input power) and 3.5% for the output power of 1865W, as shown in Fig. 17 and
1V = change in input voltage Fig. 18, respectively. As input current THD is less than 5%
in most cases, the IEEE-519 standard is satisfied, and the
VII. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS system provides a good power factor at the input side. The
The proposed VOC-based Vienna Rectifier has been experi- DC voltage at the output side is constant, and it is maintained
mentally tested to provide constant DC voltage at low input at 600 V or 700 V – similar to the reference voltage. Table 4
current THD. It is observed from Fig. 15 and 16 that input demonstrates the experimental results of the Vienna rectifier
voltage and current show sinusoidal waveforms when the with a VOC controller for the input voltage of 208 V AC RMS
rectifier was tested with varying load (VAC = 280 V RMS). and output voltage of 600 V DC. The tests were carried out
The power measured during these experiments was 612W and for different load conditions. The DC output voltage is shown
1364 W. The total harmonic distortion for input current was in Fig. 19.
recorded at 2.5% for 612 W operation. The total harmonic Table 5 demonstrates the experimental results of the
distortion for input current was observed 0.96% for 1364 W Vienna rectifier with a VOC controller for the input voltage
operation, as shown in Fig.16. The experiments were done of 350 V AC RMS with 700 V DC output voltage. The

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FIGURE 21. Output power vs. efficiency for 350V AC-RMS IN and 700V DC
FIGURE 18. Input voltage and current waveforms for 350 VAC , 700V DC, out.
1865W and THD = 3.5%.

FIGURE 22. Output power vs. % THD for 350V AC-RMS IN and 700V DC
out.
FIGURE 19. DC output voltage of 600 V DC with 612W load.
Experimental power output vs. efficiency is shown in
Fig. 21. The efficiency is maintained above 95% for the
different power ratings.
Experimental power output vs. input current THD is shown
in Fig. 22. The input current THD is less than 5% for most
of the cases. Hence, the input current THD satisfies the
IEEE-519.
Experimental power output vs. power factor is shown
in Fig. 23. Power factor is maintained between 0.8 and
1 for different loading conditions. The power factor for the
proposed system achieves unity for the majority of loading
conditions, 200W – 1500W.

VIII. BENCHMARKING
The proposed VOC-based Vienna rectifier (VOC-VR) sys-
FIGURE 20. Input current THD in % for 350 V AC RMS in and 700V DC out tem improves the rectifier designs from the past works.
with 1865W. Table 6 provides a comparison between the proposed system
and the published rectifier systems for similar applications.
test results are carried out with different load conditions. The SEPIC converters and 3 phase-controlled converters are
Harmonics in the experimental input current for 350 V AC used for medium power applications, for example, wind
RMS and 700 V DC output are shown in Fig. 20. From power applications [38], [39]. The Vienna rectifier with the
Fig. 20, it can be observed that the odd harmonics in the PFC controller has been used in low-power applications,
input current have been eliminated [37], which will reduce including slow charging stations for electric vehicles. The
the size of the filtering components. This again proves that the voltage produced by the conventional PFC controller-based
efficiency of the overall system has been improved with the Vienna rectifier was approximately 200V DC, which is less
VOC controller. than the proposed system [36]. This is mainly because the

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The simulation and experiment results show that the average

input currents THD is less than 5% for most of the cases
in the VOC-VR system. In other words, when the proposed
system is used in EV fast-charging stations or welding power
applications, it will not cause much distortions in the input
current, and input power factor would be close to unity.

IX. CONCLUSION
In this research work, a three-level Vienna rectifier based on
a voltage-oriented controller (VOC-VR) has been designed
and experimentally tested. The proposed system has been
simulated using MATLAB Simulink software targeting high-
FIGURE 23. Output power vs. power Factor for 350VAC IN and 700V DC power applications such as DC-fast chargers for electric vehi-
OUT. cles. The proposed controller for Vienna rectifier focused
on combining voltage-oriented controllers with the PWM
TABLE 6. The performance of the proposed system compared with method. In proposed design, the reactive and unstable active
existing systems. currents are counteracted by the input and output filters and
Voltage Oriented Controller (VOC) with Vienna rectifier. The
proposed design also guarantees a sinusoidal current at the
input side with minimum ripples and distortions. The sys-
tem’s power factor is maintained at unity, and total harmonic
distortion of the input current is kept less than 5 %, which
meets the IEEE-519 standard. The benefit of the proposed
controller over conventional PFC controller has been demon-
strated by simulations and experimental results. Low THD,
good power factor, and smaller filtering requirements make
the voltage-oriented controller-based Vienna rectifier an ideal
candidate in electric vehicle charging stations.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that
there is no conflict of interest.

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three-phase active front-end rectifiers,’’ Int. Trans. Electr. Energy Syst., Bachelor of Engineering degree from the
vol. 29, no. 10, Oct. 2019, Art. no. e12066. Government College of Engineering, Salem, India,
[21] Y. Li and H. Zhao, ‘‘A space vector switching pattern hysteresis control in 2014, and the Master of Engineering degree
strategy in Vienna rectifier,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 60142–60151, 2020. (Hons.) from the PSG College of Technology,
[22] E. Barbie, R. Rabinovici, and A. Kuperman, ‘‘Modeling and simulation Coimbatore, India. He is currently pursuing
of a novel active three-phase multilevel power factor correction front the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering with
end—The ‘Negev’ rectifier,’’ IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 35, no. 1, Taylor’s University, Malaysia. His current research
pp. 462–473, Mar. 2020. is focused on the ac-dc power converters for
[23] H. Radmanesh and M. Aeini, ‘‘A two-stage isolated AC-DC converter for electric vehicle charging stations. His research
more electric aircraft,’’ in Proc. 11th Power Electron., Drive Syst., Technol. interest includes high-frequency semiconductor devices (Silicon Carbide and
Conf. (PEDSTC), Feb. 2020, pp. 1–6. Gallium Nitride) for power converters in electric vehicle charging stations.
[24] G. Aiello, M. Cacciato, G. Scarcella, G. Scelba, F. Gennaro, and N. Aiello, He is working under the research cluster VERTICALS aligned with SDG
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chargers,’’ in Proc. 21st Eur. Conf. Power Electron. Appl. (EPE ECCE
Eur.), Sep. 2019. pp. P.1–P.9.
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‘‘Analysis of PCB parasitic effects in a Vienna rectifier for an EV battery CHOCKALINGAM ARAVIND VAITHILINGAM
charger by means of electromagnetic simulations,’’ in Proc. 21st Eur. Conf. (Senior Member, IEEE) received the B.Eng.
Power Electron. Appl. (EPE ECCE Eur.), Sep. 2019, pp. 1–10. degree from Bharathiyar University, India,
[26] S. Liu, J. Jiang, and G. Cheng, ‘‘Research on vector control strategy of in 1998, the M.Eng. degree from Bharathidasan
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Control Decis. Conf. (CCDC), Jun. 2019, pp. 4914–4917.
in electrical power engineering from the Univer-
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siti Putra Malaysia, in 2013. He is heading the
G. Deboy, ‘‘New synergetic control of a 20kW isolated Vienna rectifier
Electrical and Electronic Engineering Programme,
front-end EV battery charger,’’ in Proc. 20th Workshop Control Modeling
Power Electron. (COMPEL), Jun. 2019, pp. 1–8. Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor’s
[28] S. Prakash P, R. Kalpana, B. Singh, and G. Bhuvaneswari, ‘‘Design and University Malaysia and heading the research
implementation of sensorless voltage control of front-end rectifier for cluster VERTICALS aligned with SDG goals on sustainable energy and
power quality improvement in telecom system,’’ IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., mobility (SDG 7, 11). He is a very frequent speaker at various international
vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 2438–2448, May 2018. and national platforms. He is also a Professional Technologists with the
[29] J.-S. Lee, K.-B. Lee, and F. Blaabjerg, ‘‘Predictive control with dis- Malaysian Board of Technologists. He is a member of IET, U.K. He is a
crete space-vector modulation of vienna rectifier for driving PMSG of member of the Society of Engineering Education Malaysia. He is a registered
wind turbine systems,’’ IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 34, no. 12, Chartered Engineer registered professional with the Engineering Council,
pp. 12368–12383, Dec. 2019. U.K.

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NORHISAM MISRON (Member, IEEE) received MD RISHAD AHMED received the B.Sc. degree
the B.Eng., M.Eng., and Dr.Eng. degree in sys- from the Bangladesh University of Engineering
tem engineering from Shinshu University, Nagano, and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh,
Japan, in 1998, 2000, and 2003, respectively. He in 2011, and the M.Sc. degree (Hons.) and the
joined the Department of Electrical and Electronic Ph.D. degree from The University of Manchester,
Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, as a Lec- Manchester, U.K., in 2013 and 2017, respec-
turer, in 2003, where he became an Associate and a tively. From September 2013 to February 2014,
Full Professor, in 2009 and 2016, respectively. He he worked as a Research Assistant with Cardiff
is currently an Associate Researcher with the Insti- University in the Control Techniques Multilevel
tute of Advance Technology (ITMA) and Institute Drive Research Project. Since September 2017, he
of Plantation Study (IPS). His research interest includes magnetic appli- has been working as a Design Engineer of automotive power electronics with
cation, including sensor and electrical machine development. His current Dynex Semiconductor, U.K. In Dynex, he led the research and development
research focuses on the design and development of agricultural sensor and of onboard charger and dc-dc converter products for electric vehicles. He
actuator devices for the oil palm industry, including magnetic gear, high joined the University of Nottingham, as an Assistant Professor of power
torque density motor, and fruit battery sensors. He serves on various technical electronics, in March 2020. His research interests include wideband-gap
committees of IEEE. semiconductor devices, passive components, converter packaging, and high-
frequency converters.

KANENDRA NAIDU received the master’s and

Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from the
University of Malaya, in 2011 and 2015, respec-
tively. He is currently a Senior Lecturer with the
Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Shah Alam.
His research interest includes electrical engineer-
ing specializing in the implementation of artificial
intelligence in power systems. He also has strong
working experience in a variety of evolutionary
and swarm-based optimization techniques, graph
theory, wavelet transform, and artificial neural networks.

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