Scribd
Upload
41 views14 pages

Complex Frequency

The document discusses complex frequency representation of time-domain signals. It explains that signals can be represented using complex exponentials with complex frequency s, where s allows representation of constants, exponentials and sinusoids. An example of an RL circuit response is analyzed. The s-plane is introduced as a way to represent complex frequency s as a point in the complex plane corresponding to different time responses.

Uploaded by

Tiger Fly
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
41 views14 pages

Complex Frequency

The document discusses complex frequency representation of time-domain signals. It explains that signals can be represented using complex exponentials with complex frequency s, where s allows representation of constants, exponentials and sinusoids. An example of an RL circuit response is analyzed. The s-plane is introduced as a way to represent complex frequency s as a point in the complex plane corresponding to different time responses.

Uploaded by

Tiger Fly
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

Unit 2: Modeling in the Frequency Domain Part 1: Complex Frequency


Engineering 5821: Control Systems I
Faculty of Engineering & Applied Science Memorial University of Newfoundland

January 18, 2011

ENGI 5821

Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

Complex Frequency

Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals

Example

The s-plane

ENGI 5821

Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

Complex Frequency

Consider a typical electrical system: the series RL circuit excited by a DC source. We can develop a DE for this system: L di(t) + Ri(t) = Vs dt

The solution for this equation is of the following form: i(t) = A + Be t Where A, B, and are constants determined from the circuits initial conditions and the DE itself.

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

What if the input was an AC source? The forced response would be a sinusoid with the same frequency as the input () only it would dier in amplitude and phase: i(t) = A cos(t + ) + Be t Either way, the response consists of constants, exponentials, and sinusoids. We will return to this point shortly...

ENGI 5821

Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals


Assume we have some time varying quantity called x. We say that x has a complex frequency s when it can be expressed as follows: x(t) = {Xe st } Where X and s are complex numbers and, s = + j and, X = A + jB or Ce j Notice that must have units of inverse seconds. Consider the signals that can be expressed when s has dierent values: s=0 x(t) = = {Xe 0t } {A + jB} = A

A constant (i.e. a DC quantity) is represented.

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

s= x(t) = = {Xe t } {X }e t

= Ae t Notice that if is negative we have a decaying exponential. If its positive we have a growing exponential (generally a bad thing to have in a control system).

ENGI 5821

Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

Returning to our example, we can utilize various techniques to arrive at the constants A, B, and . The nal solution is: i(t) =
R Vs 1 e L t R

If Vs = 10, R = 5, L = 2H then we have, i(t) = 2 2e 2.5t This signal is composed of two components with complex frequencies: i(t) = {2e 0t } {2e 2.5t } The values of s are 0 and -2.5.

ENGI 5821

Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

Plot of 2 1 e 2.5t :

ENGI 5821

Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

s = j x(t) = = = We now utilize Eulers identity: e j = cos + j sin Continuing the derivation, x(t) = {C cos(t + ) + jC sin(t + )} = C cos(t + ) So far these signals with complex frequency s can represent constants, exponentials, and sinusoids. Thus, the complex frequency representation covers all types of responses from our RL circuit.
ENGI 5821 Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

{Xe jt } {Ce j e jt } {Ce j(t+) }

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

General interpretation: s = + j x(t) = = {Xe (+j)t } {Xe t e jt }

= e t {Xe jt }

On the previous slide we derived Therefore,

{Xe jt } = C cos(t + ).

x(t) = Ce t cos(t + ) This represents a sinusoid with a decaying or growing envelope.

ENGI 5821

Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency

e.g. e 0.4t cos(3x), s = 0.4 + j3

e.g. e 0.2t cos(4x), s = 0.2 + j4

Notice that e 0.4t cos(3t) can be represented by s = 0.4 j3. Why? Since cos is an even function the sign of makes no dierence. Another reason... Let z be a complex number. 1 {z} = (z + z ) 2 where z = {z} {z}. Thus we can express a damped or growing sinusoid as half the sum of complex conjugates. x(t) = Ce t cos(t) x(t) = = {Xe (+j)t } X (+j)t X (j)t e + e 2 2

If we applied Eulers identity we would see that the complex parts cancelled out. No matter the sign of we get the same result.

Complex Frequency Complex Representation of Time-Domain Signals Example The s-plane

Example
e.g. What is the complex frequency for v (t)? v (t) = 100e 20t sin(400t + 75o ) The two complex frequencies that both correspond to this signal are s = 20 + j400 and s = 20 j400. e.g. Express v (t) in the form Since cos(x 90o ) = sin(x), v (t) = {100e j(15 ) e (20j400)t } However, the angle in the exponent really should be in radians: v (t) = {100e 0.261j e (20j400)t } Would the complex frequency change if v (t) was expressed with cos as opposed to sin?
ENGI 5821 Unit 2, Part 1: Complex Frequency o

{Xe st }.

The s-plane
The s-plane represents a complex frequency s as a point in the complex plane. For dierent values of s we get dierent time-domain responses.
j Pure sinusoids

Decaying sinusoids DC

Growing sinusoids

Decaying exponentials

Growing exponentials

Decaying sinusoids

Growing sinusoids

You might also like