1. A health system refers to organizations, institutions, and people focused on improving health through influencing health determinants and direct health improvement activities. Health systems vary by country and reflect societal contexts but generally aim to adapt to population needs.
2. The WHO identifies 6 building blocks of health systems: service delivery, health workforce, information systems, access to essential medicines, financing, and leadership/governance. Weaknesses include a focus on the health sector without other social determinants and a lack of addressing underlying causes of health issues.
3. Key health system performance indicators and targets measure aspects like access to care, quality and
1. A health system refers to organizations, institutions, and people focused on improving health through influencing health determinants and direct health improvement activities. Health systems vary by country and reflect societal contexts but generally aim to adapt to population needs.
2. The WHO identifies 6 building blocks of health systems: service delivery, health workforce, information systems, access to essential medicines, financing, and leadership/governance. Weaknesses include a focus on the health sector without other social determinants and a lack of addressing underlying causes of health issues.
3. Key health system performance indicators and targets measure aspects like access to care, quality and
1. A health system refers to organizations, institutions, and people focused on improving health through influencing health determinants and direct health improvement activities. Health systems vary by country and reflect societal contexts but generally aim to adapt to population needs.
2. The WHO identifies 6 building blocks of health systems: service delivery, health workforce, information systems, access to essential medicines, financing, and leadership/governance. Weaknesses include a focus on the health sector without other social determinants and a lack of addressing underlying causes of health issues.
3. Key health system performance indicators and targets measure aspects like access to care, quality and
1. A health system refers to organizations, institutions, and people focused on improving health through influencing health determinants and direct health improvement activities. Health systems vary by country and reflect societal contexts but generally aim to adapt to population needs.
2. The WHO identifies 6 building blocks of health systems: service delivery, health workforce, information systems, access to essential medicines, financing, and leadership/governance. Weaknesses include a focus on the health sector without other social determinants and a lack of addressing underlying causes of health issues.
3. Key health system performance indicators and targets measure aspects like access to care, quality and
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1. Describe what a health system is (MO6).
Health system refers to the organizations, institutions, resources and people who’s primary focus is to improve health. The efforts to influence determinants of health and more direct health improvement activities.
Boundaries- every country can decide what they want to include in the health system ( ex . does it include the determinants of health)
Primary purpose is another key word.
Different health systems – the system reflect the societal and environmental context , other influences are the geography and political history. Ex. If a country was prev colonised , its current health system is a reflection of the country that colonized them .
Health systems are dynamic and constantly adapting to the needs of the population.
Socialized Medicine: Beveridge Model- Provide health care delivery in the form of a state supported consumer service that is financed by taxation. Health care is bought but the buyer is the government that makes its services available at little or no cost tot the consumer.
Bismark Model- Decentralized healthcare system , indirect government control and management of health care delivery. The government acts to regulate the health care system more than to make the changes/ upright the system. Government is more like a third-party mediator of delivery of health care between the provider and those who finance the system (opposite to socialized medicine model) Both the employer and the employee contributes and those who are not employed the government contributes Socialist Medicine: Samshko Model: Health care is a state provided public service. The state controls, organizes, finances and allocates health care directly to all citizens free of charge. No Third party or insurance companies between the health care providers and the companies. Prev communist companies
Free-market Medicine
The free-market medicine system is based on wider free-market principles, particularly the private funding by fee-for-service and private initiative and ownership, and has very little state or third-party intervention. Encourage or enforces private care ? in RSA we cannot enforce for those who can not afford. Only the employer who does that. Despite countries being grouped under the same model , in the respective countries there are enormous difference between the health systems due to internal pressure and shifts over time
2. Describe the WHO health system building blocks (MO6).
The 6 building blocks lead to the strenghtening of health care systems in different ways. Cross cutting components-leadership, governance and health information systems—these provide the basis for the overall policy and regulation of all the other building blocks
Key input components- financing in the work force
Medical products and techonologies and service delivery reflect the immediate outputs of the health system. In other words the availiblity and distribution of care.
Weakness of this frame work is that it focusses on health sector action and underplays the affect of other sectors AND does not take into account the actions that influence peoples behavior both in promoting and protecting health and the use of healthcare services. Does not address the underlying social and economic determinants of health, such as gender inequities or education
NIMART- Nurse Initiation & Management of ARV Therapy – due to a shortage of doctors, nurses can now prescribe the form of therapy to patients
What is striking is that in Free market system- maldistribution of health care professionals between the public and private sector etc.
Strategies to overcome shortfalls-
Produce more: the problem with producing more is it is often difficult to keep up with population growth. Professionals also immigrate, retire, or decide to work in other sectors.
Retain more: difficulty bc doctors and nurses are mobile and highly sought after as we have a global shortage
Supplement: other countries or other cadres. Short term exhange
Task sharing (use other categories)
Health information systems
Individual level data eg- health care records Health facility level data eg- drug of patients procurement records
Patient’s health profile- treatment - clinical To determine resource needs.
decision-making. Community outreach, household testing , awareness campaign. Population level data Public health surveillance For public health decision making and Brings together info from facilities and generates info not only about those who uses communities to define problems and provide the services but also about those who do not timely base actions
Uses household services, census collection
In an outbreak situation- we would use public health surveillance to determine if it is an outbreak 3. Identify key indicators and targets used to measure health system performance (MO6). 4. Explain what a policy is (MO7). 5. Identify the steps in the policy process (MO3,7). 6. Identify a public-health related policy (MO7). 7. Discuss your views on a global perspective in public health policy (MO7).
